Silicon kanye compounds yayo. Silicon ngokwemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa Silicon

Omunye ethandwa kakhulu ubuciko umkhakha izakhi kuyinto silicon. Lokho ukweleta impahla yayo engavamile. Namuhla kukhona compounds eziningi ezahlukene kwalesi sakhi, okuyinto zidlala indima ebalulekile zamagama nokudalwa imikhiqizo lobuchwepheshe, glassware, ingilazi, imishini, izinto zokwakha, imigexo kanye nezinye izimboni.

izici Jikelele Silicon

Uma sicabanga isikhundla Silicon ohlelweni gqwa, kungenzeka ukuthi:

1. IV Itholakala subgroups eyinhloko iqembu.
2. Inombolo ukulandelana 14.
3. mass Atomic 28,086.
4. Uphawu chemical Si.
5. Igama - Silicon, noma isi-Latin - silicium.
6. Ukulungiselelwa electronic yangaphandle ungqimba 4e: 2e: 8e.

Eheleni crystal of Silicon iyafana eheleni idayimane. ISIZINDA ahlelwe ngama-athomu, uhlobo lwayo - ubuso ofiphele cubic. Nokho, ngenxa obuphelele enkulu ukuxhumana Izakhiwo zanoma Silicon kakhulu zehluke izakhiwo carbon allotropic ukuguqulwa.

Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali

Zimbili ukuguqulwa allotropic timphawu: amorphous ne crystal. Bafana kakhulu. Nokho, njengoba kunjalo nezinye izinto, umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwawo - eheleni crystalline silicon.

Kulokhu, zombili izinguqulo - powder anemibala ehlukene.

1. Crystalline Silicon kuyinto shiny grey powder-njengemicu yensimbi. isakhiwo sayo oluhambisana idayimane, kodwa izakhiwo ezahlukene. It has:

• fragility;
• ubulukhuni ongaphakeme;
• Semiconductor izakhiwo;
• Amazinga ukuncibilika 1415 ⁰ C;
• inhlanganiso 2,33 g / cm ^3;
• izinga lokushisa abilayo ka 2700 ⁰ C.

umsebenzi wayo kumakhemikhali ongaphakeme kuqhathaniswa nezinye ifomu allotropic.

2. Silicon amorphous - brown powder ensundu, has diamond isakhiwo silnorazuporyadochennogo. Reactivity siphakeme ngokwanele.

Ngokuvamile, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi usabela Silicon ukungathandwa. Ukwenza kube basabela, kudingekile lokushisa hhayi ngaphansi kuka 400-500 ⁰ C. abahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali akhiwa ka-silicon ngaphansi kwalezi zimo. Njenge:

• oxides;
• halides;
• abazibulalayo;
• nitrides;
• borides;
• carbides.

Mhlawumbe nokuxhumana Silicon nge nitric acid noma alikhali ebizwe inqubo etching. silicones okusakazekile, manje Sekuvamile ngaphezulu.

Ukuba nemvelo

Silicon abakuhlakulelayo ezitholakala ngempela esibalulekile. Kuyinto endaweni yesibili ngemva umoya-mpilo nokudlanga. Isisindo sayo ingxenyenamba imayelana 30%. Amanzi olwandle anezinga elingaguquguquki iqukethe isici okusebenzayo lokuhlushwa 3 mg / L. Ngakho-ke, asikwazi ukuthi Silicon ngokwemvelo - ke liyisici ezingavamile.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, kukhona amatshe eziningi ezahlukene kanye namaminerali, njengengxenye lapho kwenzeka futhi okuyindawo kungenziwa likhishiwe. Okuvame kakhulu Silicon zemvelo ezibangela yilezi:

1. Silica. I chemical ifomula Sio _2. Kukhona ngempela ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo amaminerali kanye amadwala kwesisekelo salo: isihlabathi, Flint, feldspar, asebenza ngebhethri, idwala crystal, i-amethiste, chalcedony, oniksi, itshe eliyigugu, nejaspi, nabanye.
2. Silicates kanye ne-aluminium silicates. Kaolin, feldspar, mica, silicic acid nosawoti, asbestos, talc.

Ngakho, ukusabalala kabanzi ngokwemvelo Silicon kanye compounds yayo ezidumile futhi sikhulu kakhulu isidingo abantu ukuba basebenzise ngezinhloso lobuchwepheshe.

Silicon kanye compounds yayo

Njengoba okumsulwa kubhekwe ukuba khona isici ayikwazi, Ngakho-ke, yiba ukubaluleka ezahlukene compounds yayo. Kusukela iphuzu amakhemikhali umbono kungaba isimo ezintathu namachibi +2, +4, -4. Zivela lokhu, futhi ngenxa inertia yabo, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi isakhiwo crystalline ngehele, uphehla lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo eyinhloko izinto:

• compounds kanambambili nge-non-izinsimbi (silane, Carbide, nitride, phosphide, kanjalonjalo;
• oxides;
• silicic acid;
• metal silicates.

Ake sicabangele ukuthi sibaluleke kangakanani-silicon futhi compounds yayo, kukhona ezivamile futhi ezithandwayo abantu.

silicon oxides

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama izinto ezashiwo ifomula:

• Sio;
• Sio _2.

Nokho, esetshenziswa kakhulu has dioxide. It likhona nemvelo ngendlela ngamatshe amahle kakhulu lulwimi eziyigugu:

• agathe;
• chalcedony;
• Itshe Eliyigugu;
• carnelian;
• nejaspi;
• amethiste;
• rhinestone.

Ukusetshenziswa Silicon kuleli fomu ithole isicelo yayo enkulu ekwakhekeni ubucwebe. Kuyamangalisa igolide enhle nezinto zokuhloba esiliva enziwe ngalezi semiprecious futhi amatshe semiprecious.

A ukuhlukahluka ezimbalwa Silica:

• asebenza ngebhethri;
• emfuleni futhi asebenza ngebhethri isihlabathi ;
• Flint;
• feldspars.

Ukusetshenziswa Silicon ezinhlotsheni ezinjalo ukusebenza ngo isakhiwo, ubunjiniyela, electronics, amakhemikhali umkhakha, yokusansimbi. Bobabili oxides efakwe ohlwini ubheke into eyodwa - Silica.

Karbid Kremniya kanye nokusebenzisa kwayo

Silicon kanye compounds yayo - a impahla ngekusasa nesamanje. Omunye izinto ezinjalo kuba Silicon Carbide noma Carbide timphawu. I chemical formula sic. Senzeka imvelo njengoba moissanite amaminerali.

Ngesimo okumsulwa carbon ne-silicon kwakwakhe - kuyinto enhle, zinhlayiya esobala, isakhiwo idayimane-like. Nokho, ngenhloso lobuchwepheshe esetshenzisiwe ababethi eziluhlaza nezimnyama impahla umbala.

Izici Main we ketshezi, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo umkhakha, ubuchwepheshe, amakhemikhali umkhakha, lokhu okulandelayo:

• ububanzi Semiconductor igebe;
• amandla eliphezulu kakhulu (7 Mohs isikali) ;
• ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphakeme;
• elektroustoychivost kakhulu futhi conductivity ezishisayo.

Konke lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa Silicon Carbide njengenhlangano impahla olwalwenza e yokusansimbi namakhemikhali zamagama. LED Futhi, kusekelwe ukukhiqiza spectrum ebanzi isinyathelo, izingxenye ukuba isithando somlilo ingilazi, Imibhobho esemzimbeni, izimbaqa, ubucwebe (moissanite baziswa FIANITE ngenhla).

Silane nalokho okukushoyo

Hydrogen Silicon kwakwakhe kuyinto silane kanye negama angeke etholwe zamagama ngqo kusuka ekuqaleni izinto. Ukuze uthole insimbi ehlukahlukene asetshenziswa silicides, okuyinto babhekana ukwelashwa acid. Ngenxa yalokho, i-gas silane ikhishwe futhi yakha usawoti metal.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kwakwakhe umbuzo akukaze ekhiqizwa wedwa. Njalo ekusabeleni ingxube ka mono-, thini futhi Trisilane lapho ama-athomu Silicon axhunyaniswa ndawonye ngamaketanga.

On the izakhiwo lezi zakhi - eqinile ekunciphiseni ejenti. ngaleyo ndlela ngokwabo oxidized kalula umoya-mpilo, ngezinye izikhathi ngokushesha okukhulu. ukuphendula okunodlame nge halogens njalo amandla amaningi ukukhululwa.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-silanes ezilandelayo:

1. Ukusabela of zamagama organic, ngenxa okuyinto kubalulekile silicones - abicah, iraba, sealants, uthambise, emulsions nabanye.
2. Microelectronics (LCD Abaqaphi, okuhlangene imidvwebo lobuchwepheshe, njll).
3. High ubumsulwa polysilicon.
4. emkhakheni wezitho zokwenziwa zamazinyo.

Ngakho, silanes ezweni lanamuhla kuphezulu.

Silicic acid silicates

Hydroxide timphawu - abayikho silicas ezahlukene. avelele:

• meta;
• o;
• polysilicon nezinye acid.

Bonke babe izici ezivamile - ukungalingani okukhulu esimweni khulula. Basuke ukubola kalula ukushisa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, kukhona isikhathi esifushane, ukuvula lokuqala ibe sol bese ijeli. Ngemuva omiswe, lo si Silica, izakhiwo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama. Asetshenziswa njengezitolo adsorbents e izihlungi.

Okubalulekile kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa umkhakha, kukhona nosawoti of acid silicic - silicates. Ziyakwazi ngesisekelo ukulungiselela izinto ezinjalo, njenge:

• ingilazi;
• aphathekako;
• usimende;
• zeolite;
• kaolin;
• zobumba;
• sobumba;
• crystal;
• izinto ezenziwe ngobumba.

Alkali metal silicates - encibilikayo, lonke - akukho. Ngakho-ke, i-sodium ne-potassium silicate ibizwa ngokuthi amanzi ingilazi. Jwayelekile zokubhala ingcina - lena usawoti sodium ka silicic acid.

Kodwa compounds ezithakazelisayo kakhulu yibo bonke enkomishini. Yikuphi nje izinketho zalolu ketshezi nakwazi! Namuhla, uma kubhekwa anemibala, optical, ongakhetha matte. Glassware is athusayo lisebukhazikhazini balo nokwehluka. Uma wengeza metal ezithile futhi oxides nonmetal le mithi bengathola ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo ingilazi. Ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ukwakheka efanayo, kodwa amaphesenti ezahlukene izingxenye kuholela umehluko izakhiwo ketshezi. Izibonelo zobumba futhi izindengezi, okuyinto ifomula Sio ₂ * AL ₂ O ₃ * K ₂ O.

Quartz ingilazi - kuwuhlobo okusezingeni eliphezulu ubumsulwa umkhiqizo, ogama Ukwakheka uchazwa ngokuthi Silica.

ku-Discovery Silicon compounds

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-silicon futhi compounds yayo - abahlanganyeli ezibaluleke kakhulu esimweni esejwayelekile yezinto eziphilayo. C ukuntula noma ngokweqile yesici inikezwe ezihambisana izifo ezifana:

• ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu
• sofuba;
• sokuqaqamba kwamalunga;
• ngwengwezi;
• uchoko;
• uhudo;
• rheumatism;
• kwesibindi abanye.

Aging izinqubo ngokwabo nazo ezihambisana nokuqukethwe ambalwa of silicon. ucwaningo eziningi ezincelisayo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukuntuleka isici kokuba nesifo senhliziyo, unhlangothi, umdlavuza kanye ne-hepatitis C virus icushiwe.