Isizinda imfundiso kaDarwin. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka zinhlobo

Engxenyeni ngekhulu XIX yesibili oye wabonisa ukuvuthwa kuso sonke preconditions ngoba ukuvela imfundiso kaDarwin. Kwakudzingeka isazi egqamile futhi ngokugqamile abangathanda ukwazi ukwakha umqondo omusha mayelana umsuka zilwane. Ngokuvamile, lezi zimo zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili - wesayensi kanye nezenhlalakahle.

ukugxekwa ngendalo

UCharles Darwin washayelwa ezingu eziyisisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, encwadini yakhe ethi "The Origin of Species," eshicilelwe ngo-1859. Elapho lokuqala esebenzisa inkulumo ethi "ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo." imibono Darwin baba revolution yangempela isayensi ukwazi komphakathi. Umphakathi wokuziphilisa is ngolaka wagomela, nomuntu ososayensi bengavumelani, abanye bangabaza. Isonto inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yasungulwa ngaleso sikhathi uyakulahlwa.

Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba eminyaka abantu bengawutholi abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi umhlaba wonke futhi wenze kudume izidalwa zawo adalwa uNkulunkulu. AmaKristu indaba echazwe eBhayibhelini. I unokuthile akucabangayo mayelana nokuthi ukubandakanywa ezinye Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke ngokudalwa ukuphila ngolimi isayensi owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi creationist. Lezi ukubukwa ungazange bafakwa imibuzo amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Futhi kuphela ngendalo XVIII leminyaka-mbono yaqale agxeke yizazi zefilosofi ongqondongqondo. Kwabe sekufika preconditions lokuqala imfundiso kaDarwin.

mayelana ubunjalo kokuhlukana imibono

Ngo sefilosofi XVIII leminyaka U-Immanuel Kant wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi umhlaba uye ngaso sonke isikhathi abe khona, futhi kwaba khona isikhathi esithile. "Universal Natural History futhi Theory Zamazulu," ngombono wakhe lwembulwe ngokuningiliziwe encwadini. Kwaba Kokunye ukuhlasela kuqala ku liBandla imibono yayo creationist.

Ngo 1830, umsunguli yokwakheka komhlaba yesimanje - semvelo Charlz Layel - yokuthola ubufakazi obuqinisekisa imfundiso yokuthi izinguquko surface eMhlabeni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuncike ekushintshashintsheni sezulu, mlilo nezinye izinto. Lyell lokuqala timidly wasikisela ukuba izwe organic Kwakungenziwa ngendlela efanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Umbono wakhe waqinisekiswa ucwaningo kwezazi zemivubukulo yakwa-semvelo French Zhorzha Kyuve. Lezi izimfanelo of imfundiso kaDarwin kwaholela ucwaningo olusha.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ubunye ezungezile

Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu XIX kwaphawulwa okutholakele, efakazela ukuthi imvelo ingenye. Ngokwesibonelo, Swedish Himik Yens Berzelius wafakazela ukuthi izitshalo nezilwane yakhiwa izakhi efanayo umzimba wezinto ezingaphili. wemithi German Fridrih Veler futhi udokotela ngesikhathi esifanayo olutholwa wokuqala wathola kuqala oxalic acid bese urea. Lezi abaphenyi luye lwabonisa ukuthi kungenzeka organic compounds umqondo kusuka wezinto ezingaphili. Nokuhlanzeka kwangaphandle nokuziphatha kwabo akuzange kudingeke okuphila anikeza saphezulu, njengoba kwenza ukuthi indalo yadalwa ngezinsuku.

Ngu baseYurophu XIX leminyaka ukungena emagumbini kude le planethi. Esikhathini amahlathi emvula e-Afrika uze emathafeni ase-polar Melika wathumela mikhankaso ucwaningo. Ososayensi ebuyela ekhaya, wabe imibono yabo. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani kwakhiwa ngokucace kakhudlwana ukuqonda ukuthi ezihlukahlukene futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi emhlabeni. Lezi preconditions ngoba ukuvela imfundiso kaDarwin baye bavumela usosayensi waseBrithani ukuba ahlanganise ichibi elikhulu ulwazi mayelana izinhlobo ezihlukene zezilwane nezitshalo kusuka emhlabeni wonke.

ukuvulwa yokwakheka

Ngo 1807, isazi sesayensi yezilwane German Alexander von Humboldt kwaba umsunguli imfundiso yokuthi kokwabiwa eziphilayo incike izimo zikhona. Abalandeli bakhe baye baqhubeka befundela ubudlelwano phakathi nezilwane kanye nemvelo.

Kukhona zindlela ezintsha zesayensi of imfundiso kaDarwin. eyala okusha wazithatha, kuhlanganise nokwakheka kwezilwane nezitshalo, ukuqhathanisa. Anatomy, ukutadisha Sakhiwo sangekhatsi zinhlobo ezahlukene bafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi enifana ngazo. Zezitshalo ngesikhathi esifanayo esenze intuthuko e Embryology.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokuzalela wezolimo

Ngaphezu ucwaningo, kukhona preconditions yomphakathi kanye nomnotho ukuze ukuvela imfundiso kaDarwin. usosayensi waseBrithani phambi ukushicilelwa encwadini yakhe edume kunazo zonke "The Origin of Species:" Sesifunde okuningi yokuzalanisa wezolimo. It ludabuka ezindaweni sibonga XIX leminyaka ukuba ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho WaseBrithani.

zigqila wayo owawubusa leli koloni. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abalimi ukuba basebenzise indawo ezihlukahlukene ipulazi isiko. izimfanelo senhlalo nesomnotho imfundiso kaDarwin wukuthi abanikazi ikakhulukazi engumthengisi amapulazi babé eyayenziwe ngcono izitshalo ukuze uthole izitshalo eziningi. Lokhu kwakwenziwa esebenzisa Ukukhetha. Ukushintsha amasiko ngoba nezimo zabo enkulu nezimo ezintsha emnothweni utshelwa Darwin ukuba umqondo wokuthi inqubo efanayo kwenzeka endalweni.

Ithonya izimfundiso umnotho emakethe

On the usosayensi oyiNgisi zazithonya ukubukwa olukhulu u-Adam Smith Economist. He qamba imfundiso yokuziphendukela emnothweni emakethe. It wagcizelela ukubaluleka umncintiswano phakathi abakhiqizi ezahlukene. Ngenxa izinkampani mncintiswano kudingeka siqhubeke sithuthukisa izinga imikhiqizo owawuyidinga wathi ufuna ukuthenga kubo.

Osebenzisa isimiso esifana ukwakha umbono kaDarwin Umsuka yomuntu kanye nazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Lo mthetho futhi iye yachazwa ngokuthi ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Darwin waphawula ukuthi ngokwemvelo ukusinda kuphela labo izinhlobo ingashintshwa ukuze izimo ezishintshayo. In imvelo, kwaba, njengoba umnotho emakethe. Ngiphikelela lo mbono kaDarwin (Ebantwini).

Ukubalwa kwabantu theory Malthusian

isikhundla owaziwa imfundiso kaDarwin wabonakala kuqala, futhi sibonga zocwaningo demographer IsiZulu Thomas Malthus. Lokhu usosayensi emibhalweni yakhe yokuthola ubufakazi obuqinisekisa embonweni wokuthi inani labantu ukhula kakhulu okusheshayo kuqhathaniswa nokwanda kwenani ekukhiqizeni ukudla. Malthus ayecabanga ukuthi lokhu okubonakala ekugcineni eyayiyoholela ukuba abantu abaningi balambe futhi ukwehla labantu.

umsuka zinhlobo theory ithwala lesi simiso wonke bemvelo bebonke. izinsiza Limited ngesinye kuholele belwa nezwe ophilayo - uCharles Darwin waphetha, esekelwe imibono ehlongozwayo ngu Thomas Malthus. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi isimo eyabo ukulinganisela phakathi kwezinhlobo, ukuze wonke zihlale zinokudla okwanele, indawo, nokunye. D.

KaDarwin kokuma

Ekugcineni, imfuneko wokugcina ukubonakala imfundiso kaDarwin kwaba uhambo sakhe emhlabeni wonke ababegibele "Beagle". Uhambo lwathatha cishe iminyaka emihlanu (1831-1836). Umcwaningi waba nengxenye eviyweni, ogama njongo kwaba ukutadisha ogwini Ningizimu Melika. Ngakho-Darwin saba nethuba eliyingqayizivele ukubona ngamehlo abo ubunjalo izindawo oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke futhi akude emhlabeni.

I eyiNgisi eqoqwe inani elikhulu amaqiniso ukuthi amvumele ukuba niqiniseke ngokunemba imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Okokuqala, wathola ukufana okukhona phakathi armadillos futhi Kumabheja yeNingizimu Melika izinsalela zamathambo beqinile, okuyinto ososayensi bathola phakathi izitobhi ezwekazini. Okwesibili, Darwin uyaqiniseka mathupha ukuthi, kanye noshintsho izindawo zokuma kwezwe ukushintsha ezilwaneni nasezimileni. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo ukuthi wahlala ogwini wase-South America, ayisekho wabanjwa ezindaweni ezishisayo, eduze nenkabazwe.

On the olwaluhlala Archipelago, Darwin bathola omunye iphethini. Isikhathi ngasinye kwezintathu iziqhingi kuleli qembu kwakufanele okungenani zenye siqu esiyingqayizivele kwezilwane (izikhova, izibankwa nokunye. D.). Lokhu okwashiwo yilo mlobi inikwe amandla usosayensi waseBrithani ukuba singaphethi ngokuthi ekuthuthukisweni ngamunye isehlane zone uyaqhubeka. Zonke iziphetho Darwin ngokufingqiwe ngokukhipha kubo njengendlela ithiyori entsha encwadini yakhe "The Origin of Species:" (1859). Umbono wakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo iye waphenduka izwe ngokwesayensi.