Isitayela seMbuso ekwakhiweni kwekhulu le-19 nelesimanje. Izibonelo zezakhiwo, izithombe

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ubuciko be-classicism bubuyiselwa yindlela entsha yokubuciko nobuciko - uMbuso. Esikhathini sobuciko saqala ukubonakala izici kuye - izimfanelo ezinkulu kakhulu ngezinto eziningi zokuhlobisa. Isitayela seMbuso savela ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaNapoleon. Nakuba abanye bebheka lo mkhuba kwezobuciko kanye nezakhiwo zokwakha ezincane futhi ezilinganiselwe, noma kunjalo zithembele kwifa lobuciko lobuGreki lobukhosi kanye neRoma yaseRoma, kuvela khona amandla namandla nobuciko bokuziqhenya kodwa amahle, kuyilapho isandulela-sigaba saso sasikhona, Ngokuyinhloko ezintweni ezithambile nezivumelanako.

Umsuka wesitayela

Umbuso wokwakhiwa yizindawo zokuqothulwa, ama-porticos amakhulu namakholomu, izimpawu eziningi zempi - ama- laurel amathanga, izikhali, ama-eagles, njll. Zonke lezi zakhi azizange zithinte imizwa, kodwa kunalokho, isikhundla somphakathi sabantu. Yilokho okwakubonakaliswa enkulumweni nasebukhazikhazi bezindlunkulu zasendlini ezidalwe yi-Fontaine nePercier. Ngemuva komkhankaso weNapoleon eGibhithe ngesitayela seMbuso ekwakhiweni, izindiza ezingavunyelwe zindonga nama-pylons, ama-sphinxes aqoshiwe aqala ukusungulwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, isici esithile sasiwukuthi amasiko aseGibithe ayehlanganiswe ngempela ngokomzimba namaRoma, hhayi ukudlula kuze kube izikhathi ezithile zibe eclecticism. I-Historicism ingenye into ehlukanisa isitayela seMbuso ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, okugcizelela ukuxhumeka nobukhulu babusi bamazwe basendulo.

I-ideology yesitayela

Ukumiswa okunengqondo kwezomnotho kunciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kwesitayela futhi kwaba yisizathu sokuthi amazwe amaningi awawamukelanga, ngoba "imperialism" yaphoqelelwa ngokuqinile yiNapoleon ngesikhathi sokunqoba kwakhe. Isibonelo, eJalimane nase-Austria "isiqondiso" se-Biedermeier sathuthukiswa ngaleso sikhathi, ngokuyinxenye sisebenzisa umbuso we-motif, kodwa siyaziphikisa. E-England, "isitayela sikaGeorge IV" savuka, ngezinye izikhathi sabizwa ngokuthi "isiNgisi".

Isitayela se-Imperial eRussia

Izwe kuphela lapho isitayela seMbusti ekwakhiweni, futhi hhayi kuphela kulo, lakhiwa, kwakuyiRussia. Lokhu kwachazwa ukuthi ukwazi ukuphula amandla kaNapoleon, ngakho-ke wathola izici zakhe siqu. Kwakuyinto elula futhi eningi kakhulu. Umsunguli wesitayela sobukhosi esakhiweni saseSt. Petersburg kwakunguK. Rossi, umklami waseRussia-waseNtaliyane owakwazi ukukhipha ubanda nokuqina kwakhe. Omunye umklami odumile kule ndawo u-V. Stasov. Ngokombono ochwepheshe, "uMbuso WaseMoscow" ngesitayela sezindawo ezisemaphandleni, okubizwa nangokuthi i-capitalic's classicism, yayinobuciko obukhethekile.

Ukuphela kwenkathi ye-classicism

Imithombo yokuphefumulelwa kokudala kwabadwebi kwakuyikhono leGrisi lasendulo phakathi nenkathi yokubusa kwezemvelo kanye neRoma lasendulo ngesikhathi sokuphela kwombuso kuhlangene nesiko sase-Etruria, iGibhithe lasendulo kanye neminye imiphakathi. Imibono yePulasitiki yokwakha yaseGibhithe lasendulo, ukuphakama okukhululekile okudongeni ngamakholomu amakhulu kanye namapyloni, ukunikeza ukucaca ngokujwayelekile kwe-geometri yeminyango eqinile, njll - konke lokhu okuvelele uMbuso. Ukwakhiwa kwekhulu le-19 kwaba yi-episode of laconicism, isikhumbuzo kanye nokulinganisela okuqinile nokulinganisa izingxenye. Lesi sikhathi kuthiwa yisikhathi sokuqinisekiswa kwenkazimulo yasempi nobukhulu besibusiso sobukhosi, kwaqaphela ngokusebenzisa izimpawu eziningi nezimpawu.
Emhlobiso wokuhlobisa wezinto zangaphakathi kanye nezakhiwo eziningi, ifenisha, kanye nezibani nezidlo, izimpawu zezinkazimulo zempi kanye nezifanekiselo, ezibolekwe ezintweni zasendulo zokuhlobisa zaseRoma njengama-trophies nama-laurel amathreaths, izinqwaba ezilandelanayo nama-eagles, izibani nezikhathi eziphindaphindiwe N .

Ukuhlobisa okunjalo okungahle kwenzeke kuphela kuqiniswa kwezemvelo ngaphakathi. Izibonelo zoMbuso ezakhiweni, ngokusho kochwepheshe, zicacile ngokucacile ukuboleka okuqondile kwezinhlobo ezithile namafomu kusuka ezweni lomgomo wangaphambili. Isibonelo, amatshe okuncintisana nama-obeliski esikhumbuzo akhiwe futhi ahlotshaniswa kahle.

Ngesisekelo sokulungiswa nokuqamba

Ngokufika kwesikhathi soMbuso, ubuciko buba namandla kakhulu futhi bukhulu kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, esikhundleni sobuqili obuhle ngesitayela sikaLouis XVI siza ukucabangela ngokweqile ngamaphesenti ngisho nama-pathos. Ezingxenyeni zezintombi zasemakhaya, ezanqoba futhi zishiya imfashini "yobukhosi," ngokulingisa impilo yansuku zonke noma amasiko amaRoma asendulo, kwakukhona inkundla enkulu yemidlalo noma eyinhloko. Emazweni athile aseYurophu, i-aristocracy ne-bourgeoisie enkulu, okwakungumdwebo wesiFulentshi wangaleso sikhatsi sikaLouis XVI nje kuphela eyisibonelo sokulingisa, yaqala ukulandela isitayela sombuso ngokungenakuphikiswa. Ngemuva kokuguquka eParis, abaculi abaningi kanye nabadwebi bezakhiwo bahlangana futhi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, abakhetha ukusebenzela lesi sitayela esisha. Umbuso wokwakha, izibonelo zezakhiwo ezingafani neze "ukuqoqa" i-classicism, ngokungafani nemikhuba yangaphambilini yangaphambili, yayinobuntu obuhle kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezimiso zomthetho, ukudala izikole zendawo. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akuzange kumise ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile ukuzalwa kwezihlobo zaseRussia zalesi sitayela.

ESt. Petersburg

Lesi siqondiso ngo-1810-1830. Uqale ukuzibonakalisa ngokwayo ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu ezisemadolobheni. Izibonelo zesitayela sobukhosi esakhiweni saseSt. Petersburg yizindawo ezidumile zeKazan Cathedral kanye nesakhiwo se-Admiralty, amaKhredithrals okuTjhuguluko kanye noZiqu-zintathu, i-Ostrovsky Square nezobuciko. Ngaphezulu kwabo basebenze abakhi bezakhiwo ezifana neKI Rossi kanye no-Voronikhin, uZh B. Toma de Tomon no-AD Zakharov, VP Stasov nabanye.

Umbuso waseRussia wangaphandle ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, izibonelo zezakhiwo ezihlakazeka ngokoqobo kulo lonke leli dolobha elisenyakatho, zihlasela kuqala ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokuhleleka, hhayi kuphela iTuscan noma iDoric. Ngemuva kwesikhathi sika-Alexander classicism kukhona isifiso se-chic, ubukhazikhazi nesikhumbuzo, kuhlangene nobukhulu. Umbuso wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, isithombe sezakhiwo ezifakazela ukulinganisa okunamandla nobukhosi, kanye nobufushane bezifomu zalo zigcwele izimpawu zempi.

"Okokugcina" kokugcina koMbuso waseRussia

Umbuso wokwakha, izibonelo zezindawo ezakhiwa kakhulu eRussia zingabonakala eSt. Petersburg, ziveza ngokucacile isimo sengqondo saleso sikhathi. Ukuphefumula kwalesi siqondiso saseRussia yiSthedral St. Isaac's Cathedral. Yakhiwa ngo-1858 ngomklamo ka-O. Montferrand. Amafomu elula kunazo zonke ahluleka kuwo: i-cube enekwele, unxantathu, isilinda kanye nedome elingasetshenzisiwe, okungezelelwe ubukhulu obukhulu, lanikeza ithempeli ezinye izikhumbuzo ezengeziwe futhi lenza umqondo wendabuko yobudala obungenasidingo. Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwethempeli, izixazululo zobuchwepheshe zaleso sikhathi zasebenzisa: ipulangwe eliqinile elenziwe ngamatshe, izimbambo zensimbi emzimbeni, amakholomu ama-monoliths aqinile. Ukuzama futhi kucebile umhlobiso wangaphandle nge-interiors enemibalabala.

I-Sunset "yobudala begolide"

Ngakho-ke, inkathi yesakhiwo seMbuso ekwakhiweni kweSt. Petersburg, eyakhelwe ukwakhiwa kwezikhumbuzo ezimbili ezinkulu kakhulu - izakhiwo zamaKatolika eziseKazan naseSt. Isaac, zaqedela isiteji ekuthuthukiseni umuzi, lapho kwenziwa imisebenzi eminingi eyingqayizivele yokwakha. Kodwa-ke, uma "i-golden age" ezincwadini zesiRussia, ukudweba nomculo kwakusanda nje ukuqala, ngakho-ke ekwakhiweni kweRussia kwakusondela ekushoneni kwelanga.