Izibonelo imishini izitayela ezahlukene. izibonelo Original bokwakha entsha

izakhiwo asethuthukile ngaphansi kwemithetho isonto elithile elivelele. izakhiwo zokuhlala zomphakathi wabheka ngempela nesizotha, ngesikhathi ithempeli wamshaya Ubukhosi bakhe. NgeNkathi Ephakathi isonto labo kwakudingeka izindlela eside ukuthi abefundisi ephakeme etholakele isimo, ngaphezu, iminikelo zabantu ziza yengcebo isonto. Ngale mali, futhi amasonto ezakhiwa kulo lonke elaseRussia. Izibonelo izakhiwo yomphakathi sikhathi kwesokunxele okuningi okufanele oyifunayo. Nokho, kusukela ekhulwini le-18, izinto zashintsha kakhulu. Ngapha nangapha amasonto amancane ezakhiwa kakade ngaphandle okunethezeka ezingadingekile, kodwa izigodi lawela, izindlu zasemaphandleni yenkosi ngisho buildings yizicukuthwane ukuzingela ezindaweni kakhulu ukungezwa intuthuko nobuhle. Isitayela izindlu, izakhiwo izakhiwo, emigwaqweni nasezigcawini abelokhu ngcono. Architects kubhekwe kwabantu abahlonishwa kakhulu.

isitayela Early Gothic

izibonelo abahlukile bokwakha lasendulo - thempeli, okwakhiwa kuso kusukela maphakathi nawo wangekhulu le-12 ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yeFrance. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke lamaGoth lakhiwa Amiens, e 1220. Kamuva lombhishobhi efanayo Gothic eyakhelwe emzini German Cologne, isakhiwo sayo laqedwa 1248.

In parallel Gothic ngekhulu le-12 - eminyaka 14 athuthukile kanye izakhiwo Romanesque Ephakathi. abaklami Italian sokwakha ibhilidi enezindonga ukujiya Amazing, indlu kunalokho ufana inqaba. Izibonelo izakhiwo Romanesque - ukwakhiwa efana izinqaba lempi. Isihlanganisi aphansi ubelokhu kakhulu, ayisisekelo, esitezi sesibili siqukethe i-tower ne yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili, round futhi letingemadayimenshini uhlelo, ezinkulu kanye nezincane. Zonke kwemibhoshongo ayemancane emlonyeni, amafasitela okusezingeni eliphezulu ezime njengesitebhisi imibhoshongo. izakhiwo Romanesque Ephakathi kuze kube isikhathi sakhe. kwamaqembu alwayo jousting kwakudingeka ayikwazanga kangcono sokuvikelwa ngempumelelo kusukela kuphangwa ukuhlambalaza kwesitha sayo, futhi umndeni castle nezinqaba le njongo.

izakhiwo zasendulo

Ezikhathini zasendulo, eziningi ukunakwa sakhokhwa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni. Lawa kwakungamadodana izakhiwo grand eyenzelwe inhlangano imibukiso mass. iforamu Roman, eyenzelwe amashumi ezinkulungwane izibukeli, esigcawini lwesiGreki sakuqala, kukhona indawo enkulu evulekile egcwele abantu nsuku zonke, nabakhandi, abathengisi. Umklamo waseGibhithe lasendulo wayeyisibonelo ngokuphongoza LamaRoma, okokuqala kunakho konke, ukuthi amaGibhithe neze isixuku esibalelwa ezinkulungwaneni bahlangana endaweni eyodwa. emlandweni waseGibhithe busekelwe ngekhulu le-15 BC, lapho izakhiwo kwaba bemvelo okunemibandela. Buildings zazakhiwa limestone kanye abomvu ubumba nezitini. Mayelana izitayela lutho wayaziwa nabaseGibhithe lasendulo babekhona alinandaba ukutayela izakhiwo zabo nendlela yokwakha izindlu ephakeme ukugwema izikhukhula kusukela izikhukhula iNayile.

ezigunyaza

Izakhiwo yamaGreki asendulo kwaba ingxenye enkulu igxile ukwakhiwa izakhiwo zethempeli, ezinye zazo Usufike esikhathini sethu. Kancane kancane kwaba sobala izitayela eziningana yezakhiwo:

• Doric - Izici, amafomu alula enamandla, ngisho ezinye esindayo-handedness yabo. amakholomu Doric kukhona ngomtshingo ebusweni, anemifantu ejulile, esukela base aphansi ukuze izihloko. Imigqa ovundlile ku Doric - lokhu architrave, okuyinto uxhuma kukholamu ezingeni abacus, phezulu ubabonisa frieze ehlanganisa izingqimba ezimbili - triglyphs futhi metopes. Zonke ndawonye ifomu entablement okuyinto surmounts gezimsom, cornice ephawulekayo protrusion kwangaphandle.

• ukuze ionic - kuqhathaniswa emikhulu ngezabelo Doric ezahlukene kalula. Isibonakaliso eyinhloko okuqondene oda ionic iyinhloko-dolobha ye curls ikholomu emise volute double okuhloswe phansi. ukuze ionic kubhekwa i yezakhiwo isitayela isifazane, njengoba elicwengisiswe futhi wanezela imihlobiso. Kube oda VI ekhulwini BC, ngo-Ionia, ku olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Aegean Sea. Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, elulele kulo eGrisi lasendulo. Lesi sakhiwo esikhulu e isitayela ionic - kuba nethempeli lonkulunkulukazi Hera esiqhingini Samos, elakhiwa ngo-570 BCE futhi ngokushesha labhujiswa komhlaba. Futhi isakhiwo stylish kunazo ngokulandelana ionic iyona Ithempeli Lika-Arthemisi e-Efesu - omunye "Wonders Eziyisikhombisa Umhlaba."

• ukuze aseKorinte - yakamuva, ihlukile kwezinye Ubukhosi ekhethekile. Amakholomu esithombeni bese entablature zifane izimpawu ye-oda ionic, kodwa i-abacus, inhloko dolobha awafani. AseKorinte isitayela egcwele zokuhlobisa, izihloko zawo samanje imiklamo ezimibalabala azungezwe ezimbili imigqa amahlamvu acanthus. Capital futhi kuhlobisa volyutok eziningi lily.

"Palladianstva"

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 kwaphawulwa ukuvela Umkhuba omusha e isiko emhlabeni - classicism. ukuma avamile, kwelivi ecacile futhi olinganise - lawa kwakungamadodana zindlela eyinhloko classicism yezakhiwo. Umlandeli ezithembekile isitayela izakhiwo zethempeli lasendulo, saseVenice master Palladio nalo mfundi Scamozzi obuqinisekisa kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela classicism lasendulo. Imfundiso liye labizwa ngokuthi "palladianstva" futhi baba kabanzi ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zangasese. Isitayela "classicism" bokwakha wazibonakalisa yempucuko futhi kusebenziseka kalula mayelana design futhi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo.

Sunset izakhiwo "Baroque"

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, izindleko izakhiwo elalizokwakhiwa e isitayela esisha, kwaba aphansi. Buildings kuhluke ukushaya emhloleni, "ophehliwe" into Late Baroque of esidlule, nge ziyalingana classicism-Axial ngezithako zawo futhi ukuzibamba wekuvana umhlobiso bathola abalandeli. Ongoti European yobuciko yezakhiwo ebesezilungele amshiye baraque futhi Rococo esivuna Chamber, namanothi we classicism zezemfundo, okunzima nenhle.

Ngasikhathi sinye, izindlu eziningana ezakhiwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa Andrea Palladio, edume kakhulu owawungumnyaka esigodlweni "Rotonda" eduze Vicenza. Isitayela "classicism" ngokushesha yatha- bokwakha. IParis ngokoqobo ivele igcwale ukwakhiwa. Ngaphansi uLouis XV yamisa lonke izakhiwo yezakhiwo, njengemoto Concorde. Futhi ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Louis XVI "classicism laconic" sekuyinto ukuthambekela okunamandla bokwakha ezisemadolobheni. Ngemva ukubulawa kwabo King French kanye kokugumbuqelwa ohlanga e 1793 e-Paris isikhathi eside uyakhile ngezikhathi futhi bayishaye.

Isitayela yezakhiwo Empire

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-18 classicism kwekhulu aqala ukuncipha, kwakudingeka kulungiswe wonke nempucuko jikelele kanye izakhiwo njengoba ingxenye yayo izingxenye.

Esikhundleni classicism kwavela isitayela esisha nezobuciko izakhiwo, ngokuthi Empire, nesuka futhi kwathuthukiswa kwaze kwaba France, phakathi nokubusa Napoleon I. Ukuvela Umkhuba omusha kwakubangelwa yomsebenzi encane ukuba ngezizathu zombusazwe. UHulumeni Napoleon Bonaparte bazama ukuphoqelela siqu okuthiwa "i-imperial" isitayela yayo bokwakha, lapho sekumcacela ukuthi classicism siyeza a close. Kanjani futhi wanelise abaqhoshayo Empire kanye nazo zonke ezinye izitayela 19 izakhiwo ekhulwini kufanelana ngokuphelele zingene agglomerates esigodlweni, kodvwa kugcizelela namanje "bobukhosi 'isiqondiso.

Esikhathini Russian Empire izakhiwo wabonakala ngesikhathi kubusa u-Alexander I, ngubani siqotho isiko French futhi bacabanga ukuthi uyakufanelekela ukulingisa. Shono umbusi abamenyiwe wezakhiwo abavela eFrance, u-Auguste Montferrand, ngoba ukwakhiwa edumile Cathedral St-Isaka. Isitayela bokwakha - uMbuso - kwakungeyona iyunifomu injalo, kwathiwa luhlukaniswe Petersburg naseMoscow, wadonsa kwaze kwaba phakathi nekhulu le-19. Ngaphezu Cathedral St-Isaka, elakhiwa ngo-1858, eSt kukhona ngomunye futhi umsebenzi wobuciko in the "bobukhosi 'isitayela iKazan Cathedral Andrei Voronikhin, futhi eMoscow" UJesu ungena Arch ". isitayela Russian bokwakha Empire - nenkathi yeminyaka engu-amathathu, ukwakhiwa yobuciko bangempela.

ezikhangayo Architectural Petersburg

Elinye lamadolobha esivelele kunazo zonke emhlabeni ukubaluleka yezakhiwo iyona edolobheni Petersburg, Northern Capital yeRussia. Ngenxa ngokuqhubeka European ukuhlela zasemadolobheni isipiliyoni Russian futhi Western ku XVIII - XIX eminyaka, Petersburg, a nhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yasungulwa. Lo muzi ubizwa emelelwa nanhlanu izitayela ezahlukene lathumela, Polyphony obunobunye okuyinto kwakha isithombe eyingqayizivele sihlangane lezinkathi zomlando eziningi kuphume esisodwa. Imingcele kwezinkathi akuyona zimakwe, "esilufifi", kodwa zonke izibonakaliso esidlule abakhona.

Petersburg izakhiwo kuhlanganisa izindawo ayisishiyagalombili evelele:

• Baroque "uPetru", ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18;
• Baroque "Elizabeth", phakathi nekhulu le-18;
• Gothic, engxenyeni kwekhulu le-18 yesibili;
• classicism, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18;
• Russian Empire, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19;
• Renaissance, phakathi nekhulu le-19;
• eclectic, engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 yesibili;
• Art Nouveau, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20;

baraque kaPetru - a iguqulwe Italian nesiFulentshi Baroque. isitayela eziningana artsy wemukelwa uPetru mina nethimba lakhe. Nokho, isikhathi lapho sokuthuthwa kwempahla Baroque, kwaba udlubulunda, nezimpi eziningi ezazihlupha yengcebo. Ukwakhiwa izakhiwo ezintsha underfinanced, futhi yaba nethonya izinga yabo. I Baroque isitayela yakhethwa kuphela mbumbulu, asiqokomisa izici eziyinhloko izitayela yezakhiwo: i pediments, pilasters nge volutes, nemibhoshongo ophahleni. I Interiors abadonsekela ngesisekelo suite, ke iyehlisa izindleko ukwakhiwa. Petrine Baroque wabusa Petersburg kusuka 1703 kuya 1740, ngemva kokufa umbusi 1725 Umsebenzi ngaphansi inkontileka abaklami European kunqatshiwe, kodwa umsebenzi waqhubeka iminyaka engu-15.

Ubani esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1741, indodakazi uPetru mina Elizabeth wafuna ndawonye amandla, ngaphezu, yena wayelwazi sokunethezeka, ubukhazikhazi, amadili okuphuma phambili kanye amabhola. Izakhiwo ukwanda kwezindawo zasemadolobheni phakathi nokubusa Elizabeth baba pomposity kulandeleke futhi pretentiousness, ukuze ngokwayo kwavela isitayela "baraque Elizabethan". Umakhi oyinhloko isikhathi kwaba Bartolomeo Rastrelli, odale ngobuciko sesakhiwo ukubaluleka izwe - Winter Palace, ise-Palace Square, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi yaziwe "Hermitage" njengoba Museum.

Uhlu bokwakha, yamisa phakathi nokubusa Elizabeth le baraque:

• Anichkov Palace (1741 - 1753).
• Summer Dvorets Elizavety (1741 - 1744), engakaze balondolozwa.
• Grand ePeterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
• Ekateringofsky Palace (1747 - 1750), engakaze balondolozwa.
• Smolny Cathedral, ezakhiwe Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• Vorontsov Palace, Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• Okuhambayo Palace Central Slingshot (1751 - 1754), engakaze balondolozwa.
• I Catherine Sigodlo ekhatsi Tsarskoye Selo (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Palace, saseNevsky Prospect (1753 - 1754).
• Nicholas-Epiphany Naval Cathedral (1753 - 1762).
• Indlu Shuvalov emgwaqeni Italian (1753 - 1755).
• Winter Palace (1754 - 1762).
• Mansion Yakovleva (1762 - 1766), engakaze balondolozwa.

Gothic Petersburg

Umuzi ku iNeva ingenye yamadolobha esiyingqayizivele kunazo zonke emhlabeni lapho isiko wehlukile ngakho. izakhiwo Gothic uvele Petersburg ngo 1777, kwaba Chesma Palace futhi Chesma Church. Njengoba kunjalo nge "baraque kaPetru", lezi zakhiwo angahlangabezani ngokugcwele isitayela. Gothic izakhi isebenza njengenhlangano zobungoma yangaphandle - mbumbulu, nemengamo, turret amaningi, nemibhoshongo ephakeme. Ukunikeza izakhiwo zezakhiwo kusetshenziswa isikimu lula. Empeleni, kwaba mbumbulu, Nokho ekhulwini le-19 inani elikhulu emasontweni kanye nasezindlini zombuso wokuziphilisa ezakhiwa.

Isitayela yezakhiwo "classicism" lakhiwe esikhathini kusuka 1760 kuya onyakeni 1780. Petersburg ngesikhathi wayesekulungele ukuqala umsebenzi ushintsho. Isakhiwo, yakhiwa kuleli isitayela classic, ukulingana kahle phakathi esezithuthukiswe. Phakathi kwezakhiwo enhle kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:

• "Imperial Academy of Fine Arts", eyakhelwe Vasilevsky Isiqhingi eminyakeni 1764 -1788.
• Yusupov Palace (1771-1773).
• I Hanging Gardens we Hermitage Encane (1764-1775).
• Inkonzo ye-Armenian (1771-1776).
• Marble Palace (1768-1785)
• Tauride Palace (1783-1789).
• Imayini Institute uMbusikazi uCatherine (1806-1808).

Classicism kwaba kwandulela ngokuvakashela Petersburg of the Empire, Russian. Ushintsho isiqondiso livelile engabonwa. Nakuba isitayela yezakhiwo Empire kwaba ezifunwayo France njengengxenye yokuguquka ezenzeka kuleli zwe. Ukushintshwa kwalo kwabonisa indlela izifiso of kukaNapoleon waba uphawu lokuhlala impilo entsha ukuze French. A Empire Russian esikhundleni classicism, akukho okunye. Petersburg izakhiwo akhiwa imithetho yayo siqu. A nomthelela obalulekile lasungulwa ayebambelela French.

Architecture izithombe

Ukwakhiwa zokuhlala kanye sacral, Manor izindlu namasonto, emajele nasemakamu Amahhovisi babe ekhaya. Noma isiphi isakhiwo esingagcina efanele ekuphileni komphakathi kwakufanele izici ezakhiwo. Ezinye izindlu ezakhiwa ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile aesthetics imithetho wokwakha, umakhi ngokuvamile wakwazi ukufeza imiphumela umxhwele. Ubuciko of art yezakhiwo kwase ugobe, ngoba izithombe wayengakamazi khona. Photo art kwavela futhi basungula kuphela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19. Nokho, hhayi ngokushesha uyakwazi esikhundleni isithombe isithombe. Architecture - uhlale isithombe kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi, nge shades eziningi amathoni kanye evamile akazange abanike daguerreotype, phezu plate uthola kuphela endaweni ayisicaba wabuka ezicashile. Futhi abaculi baqhubeka ukudweba.

Kodwa iminyaka yayihamba, ukucinga indikimba yendaba ngcono, bese kufika isikhathi lapho yiliphi ibhilidi yenziwe yaba khona ifotho. Architecture, zakudala siyifanekisela, kuyinto "umculo eqandisiwe", futhi abaningi bangathanda ukuwususa umculo egcinwe kumemori ngesimo izithombe. Abantu ezibangelwa ngokumelene isizinda emizini yabo noma uzama ukuhoxisa eduze ezinye izakhiwo ezidumile. izitayela ezahlukene izakhiwo, lapho izithombe ube nohlobo ezinhle ekhaya kubhekwe, kwaduma. Ezinsukwini zokuqala of Photography, izithombe eziningi uyabanda umndeni, noma ngemifanekiso zezakhiwo.

Izitayela izakhiwo izibonelo

Izibonelo ezihlukahlukene ezakhiwo izitayela, ngamunye wabo inezici ezithile agcwele endaweni, okujwayelekile ubunikazi kanye inkathi yesikhathi lapho lokhu Isakhiwo sakhiwa.

Endaweni ehlukile, izitayela edume kunazo bokwakha anganikeza izibonelo ezishaya emhloleni zendlela azisebenzisa:

• Empire - "Arch of the Jikelele Abasebenzi" Petersburg sika Palace Square (1819 - 1829), wezakhiwo Carlo Rossi;
• classicism - "Ziqu-zintathu Cathedral Alexander saseNevsky Monastery" (1776 - 1790), umklami elidala. Petersburg;
• Gothic - "Sevastyanov House" (1863 - 1866), wezakhiwo isithuthwane, Ekaterinburg;
• Baroque - "Stroganov Palace" Petersburg, phezu saseNevsky Prospect (1752 - 1754), wezakhiwo Rastrelli;
• Renaissance - I Cathedral ethi "Santa Maria del Fiore" e Florence (1417 - 1436), wezakhiwo Brunelleschi;
• Nouveau - "iNdlu Umculi" eSt Petereburge (1902 - 1904), wezakhiwo Suzor.

Izibonelo izakhiwo kufakazela ukuthuthukiswa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.

izibonelo Original bokwakha yanamuhla

Namuhla, izwe abaklami ngokwanele zokudala abasebenzelana imiklamo sesimanje. Okunye maphrojekthi uhlamvu luyingxenye utilitarian, kodwa kukhona lezo kungenziwa ngokuthi yasekuqaleni. Ngokwesibonelo, eJapane, udumile ekhaya phezu amabhola. Njengoba izwe ngokusagolide lapho ilanga liphuma khona ukuzamazama komhlaba, abakhi Japanese ukubekela izindlu ku amabhola elikhulu eliphakeme ngemitha elilodwa impahla eliqinile le kakhulu. Ngakho, phakathi endlini ukuzamazama komhlaba nje uqala ufake, iyehla iyenyuka Ukundindizela Awukwazi ukwenza noma yikuphi ukumlimaza.

Kukhona izakhiwo yasekuqaleni, okuyinto zibangelwa zokudala design imibono. Adume edolobheni iSpanishi Barcelona, okuyinto kufanele zibalwa kuqala emhlabeni kunombolo izakhiwo yokuqala, bamapulani wadala ngomunye futhi umsebenzi wobuciko. Lokhu indlu, ziphenywe "sibheke phansi". Isakhiwo imele phezulu ophahleni futhi kuyamjabulisa engavamile izivakashi zayo.