Isiqhingi Hogland. Iziqhingi eGulf of Finland

Gulf of Finland Petersburg, naphezu ukuzibamba kwangaphandle ngisho "abandayo" has a lot of zindawo ezimangalisayo, egcwele ubuhle bemvelo nomlando okukhulu. Omunye amagugu - Hogland - isiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke-Leningrad esifundeni. Wonke umuntu ovakashele Hogland, ukukhuluma ngakho njengoba izwe ngokubabazekayo futhi eyingqayizivele.

etymology

Swedish igama Hogland esiqhingini ihumusha ngokuthi "endaweni ephakeme." Ngempela, kukhona izintaba kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu, amahlathi, ogwini olunamadwala, kusale cishe thwi emanzini. Lonke landscape kuyisici sobuntu Eastern Fennoscandia. I Finns obizwa nangokuthi kusukela kudala esiqhingini Suur-Saari, ukuhumusha - "iZwe Omkhulu."

Ubukhulu

Hogland Island - kwekulu emanzini Russian kwe-Gulf of Finland. Itholakala 10 kilometres, ukusuka we Russian umngcele zasolwandle nge Finland. Enyakatho kuya eningizimu ibizwa welulela ngo-11 km, kanti ububanzi kusukela 1.5 kuya ku-3 km. Yonke indawo kulesi siqhingi - 20,65 km ^2.

indawo

isiqeshana ebonakala engahlali muntu okwakukhona kuyo umhlaba ngendlela elula futhi-ke isikhundla ebalulekile amasu. Ngakwesokudla, itholakala 180 amakhilomitha Petersburg, kukhona iGulf of Finland nge Kronstadt inqaba, ube izimbobo ezinkulu Russian (Primorsk, Vysotsk, Vyborg, Ust-Luga). Kwesobunxele - Finland nase-Estonia.

Lesi siqhingi uhlukanisa entshonalanga, ezijulile kakhulu futhi okunosawoti eGulf of Finland, kusukela esempumalanga - a engajulile futhi fresh. Ukuxhumanisa ezindawo ka siqhingi:

• 60ᵒ01 '- 60ᵒ06 ka-. w.
• 26ᵒ56 '- 27ᵒ00' e. d.

Eliseduze nedolobha IsiFinishi of Kotka itholakala 43 km kuya enyakatho-mpumalanga. Eningizimu nogu Estonia kwe-Gulf imayelana 55 km, futhi isiqhingi Omkhulu Tyuters - eningizimu-mpumalanga, at ibanga 18.5 km kusuka eningizimu Cape. Ibanga emgceni locondzile kuya Ust-Luga - 85 km.

Iziqhingi eGulf of Finland: Hogland

Impumuzo yalesi siqhingi kakhulu dissected, awalethe ngokuphelele isukela 108 m esenyakatho ingxenye (Poheyskorkia amagquma) ukuze 175,7 m eningizimu (Lounatkorkia amagquma). Ngokuvamile kukhona emaweni anezinguzunga zamadwala phezulu ngamamitha angu-10 noma ngaphezulu, ukuphakama esiphezulu (50-70 m) befinyelela emithambekeni esentshonalanga yeziNtaba zase amagquma Myakiinpyayallyus Haukkavuori.

Kanye emikhawulweni esempumalanga nengxenye esentshonalanga kukhona coves amancane iziqhingi eziningana ezincane. Shore ikakhulukazi enamadwala, e amatheku - ne ezinkulu itshana, futhi kuphela Bay Suurkyulyanlahti - ebhishi ahlanzekile anesihlabathi. Lokhu ivaliwe futhi ezanele imikhumbi Bay isendaweni enyakatho-mpumalanga yalesi siqhingi. It ivikelwe imvukuzane isiteshi has a ka 4.2 m at itheku ukujula, ngesikhathi ububanzi emnyango 90 m. ENingizimu bay elise Suurkyulyanlahti ubudala emathuneni Finnish.

Lighthouses

Esiqhingini kukhona ezimbili yesibani. North Hogland yesibani, elise entabeni Poheyskorkia eyakhelwe ngaphansi uPeter Omkhulu e 1723. Wik Hogland yasungulwa ngo 1905 by esinqumweni uNicholas II. Kusukela 2006 imisebenzi esiteshini kokulandela akude lwemikhumbi, ezakhiwe eduze South Lighthouse. Okuwukuphela ukungcola umgwaqo sidlula sonke leso siqhingi, ohlanganisa izakhiwo ezimbili.

kwezesayensi

Gulf of Finland Ososayensi kuyinto laboratory esiyingqayizivele zemvelo, lapho, naphezu komsebenzi womuntu asebenzayo, semvelo liyalondolozwa ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni. mikhankaso Inxanxathela emvelweni Biological Research Institute Petersburg State University lapho kutadishwa eziqhingini ingxenye Russian kwe-Gulf of Finland, kufaka esiqhingini Hogland, enziwa minyaka yonke kusukela ngo-1991 kuya ku-1995 ekuthatheni isinyathelo futhi iqhaza ngqo loMnqophisi D. V Osipova.

Base waqhubeka 2003-2004 kohlaka amaphrojekthi ngokuhlanganyela BiNII kanye Finnish Environment Institute (TSOSF). Ngo-2004 ucwaningo wathola usizo lwezimali lokusiza Environmental Fund Leningrad esifundeni. ukuhlola Geological yalesi siqhingi yaqala ngo-2001 futhi waqhubeka enza 2003-2004. Qoqa izinto ukuchaza izimila labetibambile the Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1994-1998 futhi 2004-2006. Indaba zanqwabelana ovunyelwe ukwenza Botanical, ibalazwe etshalwe futhi Geological esifundeni, futhi ukulandelela izinguquko ubunjalo ngesisekelo wathola ngaphambilini idatha.

UNESCO ifulege

Hogland IsiQhingi Ukukhangwa okungokwemvelo hhayi kuphela. Ngo 1826 esiqhingini isazi sezinkanyezi German-Russian, umqondisi we-Pulkovo Observatory V Ya. Struve eyasungulwa into eyingqayizivele okungukuthi yeprojekthi wokuvelela ukubala isayizi shape Zomhlaba. Okubizwa ngokuthi "Struve Geodetic Arc", elula evela ogwini Arctic Ocean ukuze iDanube, obonwa UNESCO njengoba World Heritage Site.

Ngokusho irejista, izinto ezimbili - "iphuzu Z» futhi «Isigaba Myakipyallyus" (isihloko igama elifanayo idwala) - ahlelwe kule kude ingxenye ogwini ezweni. Lapha Victor Ya ukubukela engeli futhi azimuths, uma idatha ezibalulekile yezinkanyezi. Lokhu kufakazela ukuthi kubaluleke kuyinto eGulf of Finland.

Petersburg isingathwe inkomfa elalinikezelwe izinto "Struve Arc". Wathatha uhambo olukhethekile wathunyelwa siqhingi, eye kulinganiselwa isimo sangempela into UNESCO. Ukuze kugujwe lesi senzakalo esingokomlando kukhona uphawu ezimbili yezinkanyezi ezifakiwe. Eyokuqala - kwi Myakiinpyayallyus egqumeni. Kuyinto qwembe lwesikhumbuzo okudweba nombhalo othi "amaphuzu geodetic Myakiinpyayallyus eyasungulwa ngo 1826. U. Struve. Ngaphambi Ismail 841.657 toise ukuba Gammerfasta 660130 toise. Isilinganiso lokuqala arc Meridian eRussia kusukela 1816 kuya 1855. ".

Suurkyulyanlahti eduze bay, emahlathini, ekuphambukeni e umgwaqo oya North beacon, elamiswa omunye lesikhumbuzo, libuye anikezelwe nesilinganiso Meridian V Ya. Struve. Lesi sibonakaliso yezinkanyezi "Hogland Z» ifakiwe abasebenzi Pulkovo Observatory.

dweba zomlando

Iziqhingi eGulf of Finland elinabantu kusukela kudala. Sabo sokuqala yingcweti Sami. Lokhu kufakazelwa izinto ezingcwele wathola phezu kwezihloko amagquma - amatshe, izigqoko, Sadie, "i-altare", kepha efaniswe izindawo zokukhulekela zamaKhanani Saami yeNhlonhlo Kola.

Ngokuzayo ngokomlando engenzeki Hogland wawuyingxenye Sweden. I zinganekwane bathi amadlozi ezikude abahlala kulezi ziqhingi babe pirates futhi beshushumbisa. Lezi zindaba zasendulo zihlanganisa kukhona ingase ibe yiqiniso, ngoba lesi siqhingi eduze Umzila wezohwebo ezibalulekile kanye enamadwala landscape liyisiphephelo emangalisayo ngoba kumaBhakabhaka, aphanga imikhumbi ababevela entshonalanga ku iNeva futhi Novgorod.

Ukuze Russia siqhingi wasuka e-1743 ngemuva kokuphothulwa isivumelwano sokuthula Sweden. Ngo-July 1788 ngesikhathi Hogland kwaba impi asolwandle phakathi mabutho Russian futhi Swedish, eyaziwa ngokuthi Battle of Hogland. Yaphela ngokukhululwa yokunqoba ngoxhaxha isiRashiya, okwaphumela Russia waqinisa ubunikazi bayo kulesi siqhingi.

emathuneni imikhumbi

Hogland Isiqhingi itholakala kuyo yonke eGulf of Finland, e kakhulu inhliziyo, ngakho eduze endulo labetibambile indlela yasolwandle eshubile. Inani elikhulu ngwenya bese ebusweni amadwala imbangela umkhumbi njalo ngasogwini Hogland. Kumemori kubantu besikhathi sakhe ukuba alondoloze umlando ukufa Russian enezinsika ezintathu umkhumbi "iMelika" lase, eyaqala Okthoba ebusuku 1856. Lo mkhumbi yayigcwele izingodo nensimbi e Tallinn, kodwa ngemva kokuba isiphepho esinamandla ngasogwini enyakatho-mpumalanga, hit edwaleni yacwila eduze North Lighthouse. Ngesikhathi emathuneni eduze nedolobhana Suurkyulya ungabona amathuna ezimbili lapho 2 izikhulu kanye amatilosi 34 kusukela umkhumbi yaphihlizeka bangcwatshwa elithi "iMelika". Ngo-1999, izinsalela omunye badayisa isikebhe lushone atholakele ngamalungu club Estonia "Ichthyander" Maahelli Bay ngasogwini olusentshonalanga ye siqhingi.

Ukuzalwa umsakazo

Ngiqinisile jikelele udumo esiqhingini alethwe yesayensi ucwaningo A. S. Popova, lapho ekupheleni Januwari 1900 lamiswa ukuxhumana phakathi yocingo engenawaya siqhingi IsiFinishi of Hogland Kutsalo eduze Kotka. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isizathu ukuhlola lomsakazo futhi yaphahlazeka umkhumbi. Battleship "Jikelele-Admiral Apraksin", silibangise ebusika Kronstadt e Liepaja port, Novemba 13, 1899 hit idwala kwamanzi ngasogwini eningizimu-asempumalanga.

Kususe edwaleni ngaphansi ukuqala sezulu ebusika futhi kumiswa okusheshayo ice ngasogwini walesi siqhingi kwakungumbusi akunakwenzeka. Ngoba inhlangano emsebenzini wokutakula kwadingeka ukusungula yokukhulumisana ezibushelelezi komnikazi eliseduze, lapho umuzi Kotka, futhi ngalo - ku Petersburg. Ngemva inamba yokuzama engenazithelo ukusungula lokuqala umsakazo zokuxhumana line ngo-January 24, nge ukuphakama Lounatkorkia (manje ebizwa ngokuthi Volcano Popov) Ekugcineni umyalezo umsakazo lokuqala yimpumelelo wadluliselwa. Kumemori kwalo mcimbi kusayithi ye-Transmitter efakwe Itshe lokuqala futhi isikhumbuzo A. S. Popovu.

XX leminyaka

Kusukela 1917, lapho ubuqotho ithola uzibuse, esiqhingini Hogland waya Finland. Kwakukhona amadolobhana amabili Finnish - Suurkyulya (elihunyushwa ngokuthi Isigodi Esikhulu) kanye Kiiskinkyulya (Ershov isigodi), elinabantu abantu abangaba yinkulungwane, ikakhulukazi wahlanganyela ukudoba futhi usigcine ukuzingela. Ngakho, ngokwale ndlela, esiqhingini abantu 896 ephila ngokuvumelana 1929 yokubala abantu. izisekelo eziqinile kwezindlu, izindonga zawo zamatshe, usule ensimini - bonke ubufakazi ayengaphansi ukuphila okunokuthula abahlala kulezi ziqhingi wahlala esakhiweni emadolobhaneni wangaphambili. Ngemva kokuphela kwempi Soviet-Finnish we imibandela yalesi sivumelwano ukuthula (1940) Hogland wayiswa eSoviet Union.

Izenzakalo ezimangalisayo ezenzeka emzimbeni siqhingi phakathi Second neMpi Yezwe. Ngo-Agasti, 1941 imikhumbi, ebhodini yayo yayingaphambi ababaleki - izingane, abesifazane, wazama ukwephula aphume Tallinn ovinjezelwe ukuba Kronstadt, kodwa baqothulwa izindiza German. Amatilosi lamabutho lwemikhumbi ngaphansi Admiral IG Svetova ehlenga abantu abangaphezu kuka-12 abayizinkulungwane emanzini. Ngaphansi intando Admiral, wembelwa 1983 ogwini ethekwini Suurkyulyanlahti eduze lengcwaba amasosha liwile. On kule ndawo lakhiwa Obelisk.

Phakathi Gulf Omkhulu Patriotic yaseFinland wagcwala ngxabano Soviet-German. izimpi Fierce zalwelwa phakathi amabutho aseSoviet, Finnish nesiJalimane ku Hogland. Isikhumbuzo amasosha bawa kuyinto cross ezindala zamapulangwe ibekwe echibini Liivalahdenyarvi.

isimo samanje

Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi esiqhingini zadalwa ezivikelweni, efakwe muva radar ukuzivikela enamandla adiliza. Manje lapha kukhona kuphela okuthunyelwe umngcele amancane bukhoma abasebenzi navigation inkonzo ukukhonza zezibani, kanye nabasebenzi esiteshini Meteorological, ezisebenza esiqhingini kusukela maphakathi nawo XIX leminyaka.

Hogland ingxenye nezokuphatha Kingisepp District, (Gulf of Finland, Leningrad esifundeni). Esikhathini bay Suurkyulyanlahti ekuthuthukiseni izivakashi isikhungo. Yakhelwe esinezitezi ezimbili ehhotela euroclass kakade ethola izivakashi. Ngakho, kusukela esiqhingini eliqaphile e Russian amanzi indawo umngcele Hogland kancane kancane kuphenduke izivakashi Mecca Eastern iBaltic.