Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe "Kronstadt Fortress" Petersburg: incazelo, Uhlolojikelele, umlando ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Ngo 1723, ngesinqumo somthetho kaPetru mina eduze Petersburg, ku Kotlin Island, le nqaba sase sibekiwe. iphrojekthi wakhe uye wazakhela unjiniyela lempi AP Hannibal (France). Kwakuhlelwe ukuba isakhiwo ngeke azisizi zibuswa eziningana bahlanganiswe okuvimbezela itshe.

idolobha Kronstadt

Lo muzi edume isendaweni esiqhingini Kotlin kanye ezungezile iziqhingi elincane eGulf of Finland. Kuyinto kuphela zikamasipala waleyo Kronstadt lesifunda saseSt Petersburg. Inani labantu muzi ezingaphezu kuka ezingamashumi amane nantathu namakhulu.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside (kufika ku 1995) edolobheni yavalwa. Ngo-1996, i-Government of ezweni, kwanqunywa entry khulula lapha izakhamuzi Russian kanye nezivakashi zakwamanye amazwe. By the way, izivakashi ukubavakashela kule ndawo. Ngempela, lo muzi omncane has eziningi ezikhangayo - nangapha amasonto amancane namakhulu, iminyuziyamu kanye eziqoshiwe, amatshe ezikhumbuzo abantu abadumile.

Mangisho ukuthi edolobheni amathempeli - akuyona kuphela indawo yokukhulekela, bayizithunywa nabanakekeli ezingcwele eliyigugu eziphathelene emlandweni ngoxhaxha Russian. izivakashi abaningi bakhangwa ukuthi iminyuziyamu zaleli dolobha. Bahlale ngokwayo ukunkenketha kulamalanga lendlulile. Omunye edume kakhulu kubo ezweni lethu - ". Krondshtadskaya inqaba" Museum On ke sizokutshela kabanzi namuhla.

Kronstadt inqaba umlando

Ekwindla ka-1724 u-Admiral P. I. Sivers kwaholela umsebenzi kwakhiwe le nqaba. Esikhathini ingxenye esentshonalanga ye-zibuswa eziyisithupha eyayibizwa ngokuthi yokudumisa isimo, Butyrskaya, Semenov, Ingrian, Marine futhi Lefortovo regiments ezakhiwa. Umhlabatsi embankments, okuyinto Kwakuseshwa umsebenzi wokwakha ezwekazini ekhishwe ngesandla. Sasiphatha phezu isizinda esikalini umsebenzi izinqaba. udonga, ibekwe lakhiwa isibhamu, umbhoshongo yakhiwe emabhalekisini, njll Engxenyeni esempumalanga le nqaba Kwakuhlelwe sokwakha zibuswa ezimbili, futhi enyakatho - .. ezine.

Ngaphansi uPetru mina, leli cebo awuzange Kwasetshenziswa, noPetru II waba lula inqaba. Ngo-1732, isiphepho sabhidliza nasekuqiniseni engxenyeni esentshonalanga. Buyisela obonakele isici izakhiwo kwadingeka khona iminyaka eminingana. Umsebenzi wokwakha enyakatho le nqaba laqedwa 1734-th. Kronstadt inqaba ubekade njalo ukulwa ukulungela ngenxa kosongo owabuzwa abaseSweden. War neFrance 1805 futhi 1806 Turkey waveza isidingo sokuqinisa izindonga. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze Kronstadt nqaba yayingahlalisa ukumelana i ilangabi evulekile.

Ngemva kokunqoba kuka-French e 1812, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukuphila okunokuthula. Nokho, ukuhlaselwa njalo izici ezenziwe ukuvuselela njalo nezivikelo yokhuni evikelwe enqabeni. Kronstadt ngo-1824 yabekwa yizikhukhula ezinzima. Umphumela waba umonakalo impi isibhamu babhujiswa ezivikelweni, zakhukhula kwezinye zezakhiwo.

Kronstadt inqaba ibuyiselwe iminyaka engaphezu kweyisithupha. Lavuselelwa ngokuphelele kocingo. emabhalekisini ezimbili enamathiselwe itshe polubashnyami uvele engxenyeni esentshonalanga. polubashni amathathu ngaphezulu (owodwa esigabeni) kwakhiwa ohlangothini lwasenyakatho. Nazi emabhalekisini ezine ukuzivikela ayenendawo. Uhlangothi lwasempumalanga, lakhiwa umxhwele inqaba odongeni lokuvikela zobumba. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX ikampu lalinabashumayeli amasosha angaphezu kuka ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesikhombisa namakhulu, futhi senyuselwa izihlalo ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu emva umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo emabhalekisini Isikhwama.

Castle namuhla

Eminyakeni we mpi esabekayo kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu e Kronstadt wathatha ekuqaleni yawo Umgwaqo oxhumanisa i-Leningrad ovinjezelwe nge lizwe. Namuhla, amanxiwa nezivikelo sikhathi is azigcine ngokucophelela. Namuhla Kronstadt inqaba izindonga ezindaweni zabo esikoleni lokufundela ukushayela imikhumbi ye Navy (emabhalekisini ukuzivikela), i-Marine ubusosha Corps. Ezinye izindaba zika-emabhalekisini kuto Navy inkonzo. idamu Avikelayo, ibhethri Cha 1-7, polubashni №1-3, №1-5 emabhalekisini ukuzivikela kukhona ezikhumbuzo emlandweni futhi yokwakha ukuthi zivikelwe isimo.

Njengoba Museum zivela?

Ekuqaleni ngo-October 1953 setfulo enikelwe umlando edolobheni edume wavulwa ngesisekelo Nautical Club. Kusukela ebuntwaneni Museum. Ekuqaleni 1973 kwaba igatsha Central Maritime Museum komuzi. Ingxenye ukuchayeka yakhe emva umlilo oLwandle Club iye okwesikhashana wathuthela esakhiweni se-Naval Cathedral. Kufanele wathi lo mbukiso ukhangwa kakhulu isithakazelo izakhamuzi nezivakashi. Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe "Kronstadt Fortress" (Petersburg) yakhoselisa emphakathini ngo-May 1980, ngosuku olwandulela Usuku Victory. Namuhla kuba ezikhangayo ethandwa kakhulu futhi avakashelwa njalo.

Petersburg. Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe "Kronstadt inqaba": incazelo

Okokuqala kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi lokhu Museum esiyingqayizivele wadalwa iqhaza kwabakhileyo zabomdabu edolobheni. Baye babonisa isithakazelo emangalisayo ekugcineni futhi aqhubekisela umlando Kronstadt. Balapha banikela izinto ezindala yasendlini, izincwadi zomlando, izithombe, igcinwe endaweni yokugcina umndeni njengoba izinsalela ezibizayo.

Namuhla, i-Museum "Kronstadt Fortress" Petersburg has iqoqo Isikhwama esiyingqayizivele, ne ziphephile ezingaphezu kweziyisikhombisa eyinkulungwane. Siqukethe amakamelo eziyisikhombisa endaweni ingqikithi cishe angamakhulu ayisithupha square metres, esesikhundleni ziphephile ezibonisa umlando edolobheni futhi aseBaltic Fleet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona dioramas ezimbili, okuyinto sifanekise ngokunembile kakhulu izenzakalo ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu yamasosha.

Dioramas

Omunye wabo usitshela ukunqotshwa kwezinhloko zamaviyo Swedish ngo-1705 esiqhingini Kotlin. Maphakathi ungabona izinduna regimental yebutho Russian: Gamontova futhi Mikeshina kanye noColonel Tolbukhina. Ngakwesokudla kuyinto emseleni, futhi sizophelelwa isikhathi amasosha ngegazi. Ngemuva bubonakala ifulegi ebomvu, okubonisa ekuqaleni impi. I diorama yesibili libhekisela izenzakalo 1941, lapho Kronstadt heroically bavikela kubahlaseli.

ukuchayeka

Lalinezingoma Museum zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezine zomlando. Omunye wabo iyalandisa ekusungulweni edolobheni futhi ukhona ngaphambi Okthoba Revolution. Ingxenye yesibili ukhuluma ngezenzakalo ezihlobene kwesikhathi kusuka 1917 kuya ku-1939. Ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona omunye yokuvukela enkulu emlandweni Russia, eyaqala ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi "Amandla amaSoviet, hhayi amaqembu." Ngenxa yalokho, isijeziso wahlupheka hhayi kuphela izihlubuki kodwa futhi cishe zonke izakhamuzi zomuzi wakubo. abantu kungathi izinkulungwane ezimbili badutshulwe. Eziyisithupha ngaphezulu ezinkulungwane zabantu ziye ejele. Ngo-1922, abahlali baqala ngempoqo kusukela izwe lazo lendabuko. Ikhumbule zonke izisulu yale nhlekelele wadala ethuneni elilodwa elikhulu, okuyinto njalo okuphakade ilangabi ukusha.

Izivakashi Ungakwazi ke hlola isikhathi zomlando ezilandelayo, esehlanganise mhlawumbe isikhathi okubi kakhulu emlandweni wanamuhla wezwe lakithi - yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Phakathi amabhomu we-German Air Force Luftwaffe (1941), idolobha kwaba cishe bawubhubhisa phansi. Bakhandwa Ngishoné nangemikhumbi eminingi, izindlu ngamabhomu, libhujiswa Marine Yard. Njengoba lizungezwe izwe amabutho amaNazi edolobheni ezazihlala ngaphandle kokudla. Ngokusebenzisa Kronstadt phakathi nempi wathatha "indlela Small wokuphila", okuyinto exhumene ngayo impungushe ekhaleni futhi Orienbaumom.

Esinye isigaba zomlando ibonisa ukuphila owayephila ngesikhathi edolobheni ziyaphawuleka, kanye indaba ekululameni kwakhe ngemva kwempi. Phakathi izingcezu ezibalulekile Museum Kumele kuqashelwe omasha esifubeni Decembrist nomlobi DI Zavalishin insalela umsele ukuthi walondolozwa kusukela ngekhulu XIX, kwesibonakude kwakungekaNkulunkulu Admiral M. P. Lazarevu, isithombe albhamu esiyingqayizivele port asolwandle ka Kronstadt.

Namuhla, i-Museum ine embukisweni ezithakazelisayo "Umlando umkhumbi." Lapha ungathola izinto baye bakhuliswa umkhumbi ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene Gulf.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Phakathi izinqaba of Kronstadt okwami-wezikhali isikhundla yayakhiwe ngo-1854 (kuphela ngesikhathi emhlabeni). Abaphila Besikhathi wakhumbula ukuthi ukuba khona kwabo, yena uyesaba kude imikhumbi isitha. Forts ngo-1990 zifakwe Petersburg World Heritage Site. Ensimini ka Fort u-Alexander I futhi uConstantine nineties Ngaqala umkhosi "Fort Dance", owathatha iminyaka engu-9.

Kanjani ukuze uthole Museum?

Uma unquma ukuvakashela Museum "Kronstadt inqaba", kubalulekile ukwazi ikheli: endaweni Ihange, inombolo yendlu 2. Lapha Petersburg ( "Endala Village" metro station) kuzokusa ezikhangayo inombolo ibhasi 101. Kusukela "Black River", ungasebenzisa inombolo itekisi 405, kodwa kusukela "Prospect of Yokukhanyiselwa" wena dovezot zokuhamba zomphakathi ngaphansi inombolo 407. ehlobo Museum engafinyelelwa ngesitimela ivela esiteshini Baltic sesitimela. Kufanele ufake "Oranienbaum" esiteshini ke ukuthatha isikebhe noma Meteor, okuyinto isuka le Makarov Embankment.