Isikhala biology. izindlela zesimanje ucwaningo yemvelo

Isayensi Biology kuhlanganisa eziningi izigaba ezahlukene Sciences ezinkulu nezinkampani ezingaphansi encane. Futhi ngamunye kubo kubaluleke kabi, hhayi kuphela empilweni yomuntu, kodwa nezalo lonke iplanethi.

ngekhulu lesibili e abantu irowu uzama ukutadisha hhayi kuphela zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni zonke izinhlobo zawo, kodwa futhi ukuze uthole ukuthi ngabe kukhona okunye ukuphila ngale kwalokhu iplanethi, umkhathi cosmic. Lo magazini kuyinto ekhethekile isayensi - isikhala biology. On kuzoxoxwa kule isibuyekezo.

Isigaba wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo - isikhala biology

Lokhu isayensi ngokulinganiswa ayemncane, kodwa wakwenza ngokuzimisela okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni. Letincenye eyinhloko cwaningo:

1. Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza ka emkhathini umthelela eziphilayo nezidalwa, imisebenzi ebalulekile ngokubhujiswa kwazo zonke izinhlangano abahlala isikhala noma izindiza ophilayo.
2. Ukuthuthukiswa eziphilayo eplanethini yethu, ne iqhaza yendawo ezungezile, ukuvela izinhlelo ophilayo futhi ematfuba khona biomass angaphezu ibikwe kulembulunga yethu.
3. The kungenzeka ukwakha isimiso avaliwe futhi ukudala kuzo izimo zangempela zokuphila sokuchuma ukhululekile nokukhula eziphilayo emkhathini.

Isikhala imithi eziphilayo ezihlobene eduze komunye nomunye wesayensi, ukuhlola ngokuhlanganyela imibuzo zombuso bokuphila izidalwa endaweni yonke, esiphelweni sabo esikhaleni interplanetary nokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Ngokwenza ucwaningo lezi eyala sebekwazi ukukhetha izimo elikhulu kubantu emkhathini, futhi akakubangeli yimuphi umonakalo empilweni. A ingcebo zokwakha khona sokuphila space, amathuba zezitshalo nezilwane (unicellular, ezinamangqamuzana amaningi) uphile futhi ukhule zero amandla adonsela phansi.

Emlandweni wesayensi

Roots Space Biology kuhlehlela emuva ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho izazi zefilosofi ongqondongqondo - zemvelo-Aristotle, Heraclitus, uPlato nabanye - ukubukela izinkanyezi, uzama ukukhomba Ubuhlobo of the Moon kanye Sun uMhlaba, ukuqonda izimbangela umthelela wabo yokulima nezilwane.

Kamuva, phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, kwenziwa imizamo ukucacisa ukuma Umhlaba futhi incazelo Ukujikeleza yayo. Kwaphela isikhathi eside ekulalelweni kwaba inkolelo-mbono, adalwe lukaPtolemy. Uthe Emhlabeni - lena enkabeni yonke, futhi wonke amanye amaplanethi nezindikimba zasezulwini uhamba eduze nayo (uhlelo geocentric).

Kepha kwakukhona nolunye usosayensi, YETHUSI Nikolay Kopernik owaba ubuze besimo kwalamatleyimi wanikela yakhe, isakhiwo heliocentric kohlelo ezweni maphakathi - ilanga futhi wonke amaplanethi ukuhambahamba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ilanga - futhi inkanyezi. ukubukwa bakhe emkhunjini kusekelwa abalandeli Giordano Bruno, Newton, Kepler, uGalileo.

Nokho, kwaba biology cosmic njengoba isayensi eyavela kamuva kakhulu. Kuphela usosayensi Russian XX leminyaka Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky uhlelo elivumela abantu ukuba zingene ekujuleni isikhala futhi ufunde kubo kancane. He kubhekwa uyise lokhu isayensi. Futhi indima enkulu kuleli cosmobiology ukuthuthukiswa kudlalwa okutholakele-physics kanye ne isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini, i-chemistry kanye quantum Mechanics, Einstein, Bohr, Planck, Landau Fermi Kapitsa, Bogolyubov nabanye.

Ucwaningo olusha ngokuvumela abantu ukwenza kusukwe efanayo eside kuhlelwe esikhaleni, angakwazi ukuhlonza lezo olukhethekile lwezokwelapha nezinto eziphilayo ukuphepha KUSEKELA umthelela off-iplanethi izimo owasungulwa Tsiolkovsky. Laliyini iphuzu zabo?

1. Ososayensi baye isisekelo theory imithelela weightlessness ku eziphilayo mammalian.
2. Yena abalingisa izindlela eziningana ukudala izimo isikhala egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela.
3. Osomkhathi ezihlongozwayo ongakhetha ukuthola ukudla ngamanzi esebenzisa kwegazi zezitshalo izinto.

Ngakho, Tsiolkovsky zonke Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo Astronautics babekwa ukuthi awalulahlanga ukuqondana abo namuhla.

weightlessness

Ucwaningo lwamuva begazi kokuhlola Umthelela izici ashukumisayo emzimbeni womuntu ezimweni isikhala ukuvumela esiphezulu yokutakula osomkhathi kusukela umthelela ongemuhle lezi zici ezifanayo.

Kukhona izici ezintathu eziyinhloko ashukumisayo:

• vibration;
• ukushesha;
• weightlessness.

I engavamile kakhulu futhi kubalulekile isenzo emzimbeni womuntu ke awunzima neze. Lesi isimo lapho amandla adonsela phansi ubalekela futhi akuyona esikhundleni ngeminye imiphumela inertial. Kulokhu, lo muntu olahlekelwe ikhono ukulawula isikhundla umzimba emkhathini. isimo esinjalo iqala izingqimba engezansi Isikhala alondolozwe kuzo zonke isikhala salo.

ucwaningo Biomedical selukhombisile ukuthi zisesimweni weightlessness izinguquko ezilandelayo zenzeka emzimbeni womuntu:

1. Ophilisayo kwenhliziyo.
2. Imisipha uphumule (ngaphandle ithoni).
3. Linganciphisa umthamo wamandla ukusebenza.
4. Okungenzeka ukusangana ngekwendzawo.

Man e weightlessness bakwazi ukuba kufikela kuzinsuku ezingu-86 ngaphandle umonakalo empilweni. Lokhu uye wabonakala empirically futhi baqinisekisa kusuka umbono wezokwelapha. Nokho, enye yezinkinga isikhala biology imithi namuhla ekuthuthukiseni a eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kuvikelwe imithelela weightlessness emzimbeni womuntu ezilinganisweni jikelele, ukuqeda ukukhathala, uthuthukise futhi abalondoloze operation evamile.

Kunezindlela eziningi izimo ukuthi athobele osomkhathi izithathe ukuze ixazulule leyo weightlessness, futhi silondoloze ukulawula umzimba:

• izindiza design ithobela namazinga adingekayo sokuphepha abagibeli;
• osomkhathi njalo abethela ngokucophelela ezihlalweni zabo ukuze ugweme indiza esingalindelekile phezulu;
• zonke izinto umkhumbi ube indawo kahle ichazwe futhi kuvikelwe kahle ukuze ugweme izimo kuhlasimulise;
• uketshezi zigcinwa avaliwe, iziqukathi hermetically ezipakishiwe.

Ukuze zithole imiphumela emihle ekunqobeni weightlessness, osomkhathi kuthiwa ziqeqeshwe kahle emhlabeni. Kodwa, ngeshwa, yesimanje ucwaningo ayivumeli ukudala izimo ezinjalo egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Eplanethini yethu, ukuze unqobe amandla adonsela phansi akunakwenzeka. Libuye omunye imisebenzi ikusasa Aerospace eziphilayo yezokwelapha.

Ukuminyana emkhathini (ukusheshisa)

Esinye isici esibalulekile ezithinta ntu emkhathini, kukhona ukusheshisa noma sindisa. Ingqikithi lezi zici kuyehla kube ukuhanjiswa umthwalo engalingani emzimbeni ngesikhathi iminyakazo eqinile in the velocity isikhala. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko of ukushesha:

• lemfisha;
• eside.

Njengoba sciences zokuphila, kokubili ukusheshisa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthonya isimo bokuphila we-astronaut umzimba.

Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yesenzo accelerations emifushane (bona isikhathi eside ngaphansi kuka-1 yesibili) kungenzeka ushintsho engelapheki e i umzimba ezingeni yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Futhi, uma iziphathimandla azifundisiwe ngokwanele ababuthakathaka, kukhona ingozi ukudabuka of ulwelwesi. ukuchayeka okunjalo kungaba kwenziwe nge gumbi capsule nge Spaceman emkhathini, nge ejection yayo noma kokufika mkhathi emzileni.

Ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi osomkhathi kwavele ahlolwe kahle emzimbeni wezokwelapha kanye nokulungiselela ethize ngokomzimba ngaphambi indiza emkhathini.

Long-esebenza ukusheshisa kwenzeka ekuqaleni kanye kokwehla rocket, kanye ngesikhathi indiza, kwezinye izindawo isikhala bendawo yonke. Isenzo accelerations enjalo emzimbeni idatha ezinika cwaningo yezokwelapha zesayensi, njengoba kulandela:

• ophilisayo kwenhliziyo uhlanganise;
• umoya quickened;
• waphawula okuvela nesicanucanu ubuthakathaka, ukuphaphatheka isikhumba;
• Ehlupheka umbono phambi kwamehlo avele ifilimu obomvu noma omnyama;
• mhlawumbe lokujabulela ubuhlungu emalungeni, izitho zomzimba;
• tonus kwemisipha izicubu uwela;
• izinguquko esimisweni somthetho Neuro-humoral;
• Kuba ezahlukene negesi lokushintshisana in amaphaphu emzimbeni wonkana;
• kungadala ukujuluka.

Ngokweqile futhi weightlessness ophoqelelwe abacwaningi bezokwelapha beveza ngezindlela ezahlukene. ukuvumela ukuba ulungise, ukuqeqesha osomkhathi ukumelana imiphumela yalezi zici ngaphandle kwemiphumela ngoba ezempilo ngaphandle kokulahleka ukusebenza kahle.

Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokwenza abantu kusheshiswe ukuqeqeshwa zezinkanyezi - idivayisi Centrifuge. Lona lapho ungakwazi ukugcina izinguquko ezenzeka emzimbeni ngenxa yesenzo overloads. Iphinde ikuvumela ukuba baqeqeshe futhi ukuzivumelanisa imiphumela yalesi isici.

indiza Sikhala imithi

Flying emkhathini, yebo, sibe nomthelela omkhulu empilweni zabantu, ikakhulukazi ongaqeqeshiwe noma abanezifo. Ngakho-ke, isici esibalulekile ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha konke imininingwane indiza, zonke ukusabela komzimba ezihlukahlukene imiphumela Amazing off-iplanethi amabutho.

Zero-G-Flight kwenza inqubo yokwelapha yesimanje kanye biology baziqambela futhi uyiqaphuqaphu (ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuze afeze, vele), iqoqo izinyathelo zokuqikelela ukuthi osomkhathi umsoco ofanele, ukuphumula, umoya-mpilo umncane, silondoloze kahle nokunye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithi yakhelwe ukuqinisekisa osomkhathi usizo ehloniphekile uma eziphuthumayo, izimo eziphuthumayo, kanye nokuvikelwa emiphumeleni amabutho esingaziwa eminye imihlaba isikhala. Kunzima, kudinga isikhathi esiningi nokuzikhandla, nsuku ezinkulu theory, besebenzisa kuphela yakamuva imishini yesimanje kanye nemithi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithi par physics kanye biology inomthwalo ukuvikela osomkhathi kusukela izici ezingokomzimba kwezimiso isikhala, njenge:

• lokushisa;
• ngemisebe;
• ingcindezi;
• emkhathini.

Ngakho-ke, ukutadisha zonke lezi zinto futhi izici kubaluleke kakhulu.

Izindlela Ucwaningo e Biology

Isikhala biology, njenganoma iyiphi enye isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, has a isethi ezithile izindlela isifundo, indaba theory buthelela futhi uqinisekise iziphetho salo esisebenzayo. Lezi zindlela ezingezansi isikhathi akusho zihlala zinjalo, ibhekane Ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo kanye sesimanje ngokuhambisana isikhathi samanje. Nokho, ngokomlando amasu biology zisekhona efanele kuze kube yilolu suku. Lezi zihlanganisa:

1. Okubukwa.
2. Isilingo.
3. ukuhlaziywa zomlando.
4. Incazelo.
5. Qhathanisa.

Lezi zindlela begazi ucwaningo base, wamanje ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kodwa kukhona abanye eziningana ukuthi zibe ukuthuthukiswa isayensi nobuchwepheshe, i-physics electronic ezinto eziphilayo nasemkhakheni wezinto. Kuyinto ba ababizwa kuze kube manje futhi udlale indima ngobukhulu ekuhloleni begazi, amakhemikhali, wezokwelapha kanye izinqubo bokuphila.

izindlela zesimanje

1. Izindlela genetic engineering kanye bioinformatic. Lapha libhekisela ukuguqulwa agrobacterial futhi ballistic, PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Indima izifundo begazi plan onjalo mkhulu ngoba zisisiza ukuba uthole izixazululo zezinkinga umsoco oxygenation of iziqhumane nezindlwana ngoba isimo okunethezekile Cosmonauts.
2. Izindlela wamaprotheni chemistry histochemistry. Bavumela ukulawula amaprotheni enzyme eziphilayo izinhlelo.
3. Ukusebenzisa fluorescence microscopy, superresolution microscopy.
4. Ukusetshenziswa ezinto eziphilayo nasemkhakheni wezinto biochemistry, nezindlela zocwaningo.
5. Biotelemetry - indlela, okuyinto ngenxa umsebenzi inhlanganisela onjiniyela kanye odokotela biobased. It ikuvumela ukulawula yonke imisebenzi physiologically ebalulekile umzimba buqamama esebenzisa umzimba womuntu yokuxhumana umsakazo nekhompyutha-Registrar. Isikhala biology isebenzisa le ndlela njengesisekelo ukuqapha imithelela yezimo isikhala kwi osomkhathi eziphilayo.
6. inkomba eziphilayo isikhala interplanetary. Indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthola isikhala biology, okuvumela ukuba ahlole isimo medium interplanetary, ukuthola ulwazi mayelana nezici amaplanethi ezahlukene. Ngesisekelo ilapha ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ne izinzwa ehlangene. Lokho izilwane test (amagundane, izinja, izinkawu) luthathe ukwaziswa kusuka umzila wenyanga umhlaba okusetshenziswa ososayensi for ukuhlaziya netiphetfo.

izindlela zesimanje ucwaningo begazi ongaxazulula hhayi kuphela inkinga eziphambili isikhala biology, kodwa futhi jikelele.

Izinkinga of Space Biology

Konke lokhu izindlela zocwaningo bezokwelapha, ngeshwa, babengakabi ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga isikhala biology. Kunezindlela eziningana nezindaba nezokusigcoba ezibalulekile kuze kube yilolu suku. Izinkinga main ezibhekene isikhala imithi eziphilayo.

1. Ukukhethwa abaqeqeshiwe indiza emkhathini, isimo sempilo ezingase ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo lodokotela (kuhlanganise ezongenza osomkhathi ukumelana ukuqeqeshwa ezinzima futhi ukuqeqeshwa indiza).
2. Izinga ehloniphekile ukuqeqeshwa ukunikezela zonke ezidingekayo ukusebenza isikhala nabasebenza.
3. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha zonke nemingcele (lekufaka leto letitsatfwe izici engaziwa noma angaphandle nethonya kusuka kwamanye amaplanethi) imikhumbi isebenza futhi aviakonstruktsiyam.
4. nokuvuselelwa Psychophysiological zezinkanyezi uzobuya emhlabeni.
5. Ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuvikela zezinkanyezi kanye mkhathi kusukela ngemisebe.
6. Ukuqinisekisa izimo zokuphila ezivamile e apholile ezindizeni emkhathini.
7. Ukuthuthukiswa isicelo ubuchwepheshe ikhompyutha yesimanje isikhala imithi.
8. Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa isikhala Imithi ehanjiswa kanye biotechnology. Ukusebenzisa izindlela lezi komkhakha wezesayensi.
9. Isinqumo of izinkinga lwezokwelapha kanye engokwesayensi ukhululekile osomkhathi Undizela Mars futhi kwamanye amaplanethi.
10. Synthesis ejenti kwemithi ezokwenza ukuxazulula inkinga imishini umoya-mpilo emkhathini.

Sikhanyisiwe, ngcono futhi kuhlanganiswe ku isicelo izindlela zocwaningo bezokwelapha sizophendula yoke imisebenzi efaneleko nezinselelo. Nokho, lapho kuba - umbuzo eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngempela ezingalindelekile.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ikhambi zonke lezi imibuzo ukwenza ososayensi Russian nje kuphela, kodwa lo mkhandlu yesayensi wonke amazwe emhlabeni. Futhi a plus elikhulu. Ngemva zokucwaninga ngokubambisana kanye search ngeke uhlasela fast and omuhle. Eduze namanye amazwe ekuxazululeni izinkinga isikhala - isihluthulelo sempumelelo kakhulu ekuthuthukeni off-iplanethi isikhala.

kwentuthuko kwakamuva

Ukufinyelela izinto ezinjalo kubonisa eziningi. Phela, okuyinto eyenza umsebenzi olunzulu eyenziwa nsuku zonke, kuphinde emikhulu ukuze uthole izinto ezintsha kakhulu, sifinyelele eziphethweni bahlanganise imicabango.

Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu Cosmology ka ngekhulu xxi kwaba kokutholakala kwamanzi kuyi-Mars. Lokhu ngokushesha emenza lokuzalwa inqwaba imibono eyayisinesikhathi mayelana nokuba khona noma ukungabi khona kokuphila emhlabeni, kungenzeka Ukuthuthela Earthlings on Mars, nokunye.

Enye ukutholakala kwaba ukuthi ososayensi baye bathola ibanga lobudala ngaphakathi lapho umuntu lihlale kahle ngangokunokwenzeka futhi kungabi nemiphumela emibi kungaba esikhaleni. Lokhu kuqala kweminyaka eyi-45 futhi uphela eminyakeni engaba ngu-55-60. Abantu abasha abaya isikhala, kakhulu sihlupheke nasengqondweni futhi physiologically esephindele Earth, kunzima ukujwayela futhi uhlele.

Amanzi the Moon kwatholakala (2009). mercury kanye nenani elikhulu esiliva ayengawokukhanda futhi ezitholakele ku satellite eMhlabeni.

Izindlela izifundo yemvelo, kanye ubunjiniyela kanye nezinkomba ngokomzimba uvumele kuphephile ukuphetha ngokuthi ukuphepha (okungenani, umonakalo kusaba khona, kuka Emhlabeni) umthelela emisebeni ionic nemisebe emkhathini.

Ukucwaninga kososayensi okuye kwenziwa kuye kwabonisa ukuthi kokuhlala isikhathi eside isikhala akusho ukuthi abeke uphawu isimo sempilo emzimbeni zezinkanyezi. Nokho, izinkinga ahlale ngokuya ngokwengqondo.

Sekube izifundo ezikhombisa ukuthi izitshalo ephakeme basabela ngokungefani khona emkhathini cosmic. Imbewu yezinye izitshalo kulolu cwaningo Akabonisanga izinguquko zofuzo. Abanye ngokuphambene yabonisa uhlobo esobala ezingeni yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Ukuhlolwa eyenziwa kwamangqamuzana nezicubu eziphilayo (ezincelisayo) ukufakazela ukuthi isikhala akuphazamisi esimweni esejwayelekile nokusebenza kwalezi.

izinhlobo ezahlukene ukucwaninga kwezokwelapha (ukuhlolwa tomography, i-MRI, egazi noma omchamo, ECG, CT scan, nokunye) okwaholela esiphethweni sokuthi bokuphila, kwamakhemikhali, izici morphological amangqamuzana omuntu zihlala zinjalo uma uhlale emkhathini kufikela kuzinsuku ezingu-86.

Ngo-laboratory, liye ukusungulwa uhlelo yokufakelwa elikuvumela ukusondela esimweni weightlessness nokunye ukuhlola zonke izici imiphumela yalesi simo emzimbeni. Lokhu kwenza ukuba yena, ukuthuthukisa uchungechunge izinyathelo ukuvimbela umthelela lo isici flight womuntu zero amandla adonsela phansi.

Ezenye exobiology baba ubufakazi bokuba khona amasistimu engokwemvelo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli eMhlabeni. Kuze sekungenzeka ekwakhiweni kuphela ezincwadini lezi ezicatshangwayo, kodwa ngokushesha ososayensi ukuhlela ukukhiqiza futhi ubufakazi esisebenzayo.

Ngokusebenzisa izazi zezinto eziphilayo ucwaningo, izazi zesayensi, odokotela, izazi zemvelo kanye bamakhemikhali ziye zakhomba izindlela ezijulile isenzo sabantu kwi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu okuye kwafezwa ngokwakhiwa kweMvelo yokufakelwa planethi futhi babanike nomphumela ofanayo, njengoba Emhlabeni.

Akukona yonke impumelelo isikhala biology, Cosmology nemithi namuhla, kodwa kuphela labo eliyinhloko. Kunamathuba amahle kakhulu, ukuqaliswa okuyinto umsebenzi lezi sciences lekusasa.

Ukuphila isikhala

Ngokusho nombono wanamuhla sokuphila space angase abe khona ngoba eziningi eziye zatholwa uqinisekise khona ezinye amaplanethi izimo ezifanele ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuphila. Nokho, imicabango yabantu wezazi mayelana nalolu daba zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili:

• Life alikho kuphi ngaphandle Earth, ayikaze futhi ngeke ube naso;
• ukuphila kule expanses enkulukazi isikhala, kodwa abantu abangazange okwamanje wathola ke.

Yikuphi umbono ilungile - kukuwe umuntu ngamunye. Ubufakazi futhi rebuttals, futhi ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa, kanye nezinye kwanele.