Isihloko kanye Informatics imisebenzi. imiqondo Basic computer science. Informatics Izinhloso

Lesi sihloko Sizokwenza Ukucabangela nezindaba ezifana nesihloko kanye Informatics imisebenzi. Ngaphambi kokudlulela Ukusabalala zabo, sichaze, ukubaluleka lapho kufanele kumakwe ngokucacile.

Igama elithi "isayensi" saqala ukuvela eFrance ngo 60s kwekhulu elidlule ukuze ubheke endaweni, lapho ukwenza ngaphandle lokucubungula okuzenzakalelayo kolwazi, abuye asebentise loku amakhompyutha electronic. Leli gama lalisetshenziselwa ezakhiwe nokuhlanganiswa abanye ababili - "Okuzenzakalelayo" futhi "ulwazi". Kusho ukuthi lokucubungula okuzenzakalelayo kolwazi noma ezishintshayo ulwazi. Leli gama sifana elithi "computer science" emazweni abakhuluma isiNgisi, kuba isayensi netheknoloji yamakhompyutha.

Umfundi Kunconywa ukuba sibandulele kuhlolwe nezindaba ezifana isihloko kanye nezinhloso ze-isayensi, ukufunda ngomlando ivela khona.

Umlando ukuvela Informatics

Singathola umsuka ulwazi namanje in the mists isikhathi. Isidingo sokuveza futhi khumbula lokhu kwaholela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule kuze ukuvela inkulumo, i-akhawunti, ngokubhala. Okhokho bethu wazama ukuqamba futhi sithuthukise izindlela kolwazi isitoreji, ukucubungula nokusabalalisa. ubufakazi abahlukahlukene yokuzama ukulondoloza abantu ezikude esidlule ke eyayitholakalé kuze kube yilolu suku. Lokhu izindlela ezifana ezibhebheni zobumba ukuqopha kanye birch namagxolo, aqoshiwe, bese imibhalo yesandla.

Ngekhulu le-16 kwaba khona umshini wokunyathelisa. wakhe wokusungula nomthelela nokwanda okuphawulekayo ikhono ukugcina bese ukucubungula ukwaziswa okudingekile. Ulwazi olunikiwe anyathelisiwe, kwakuyiyona ndlela eyinhloko ukwabelana kanye isitoreji, futhi kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-20, aqhubeka kokuhlala kwawo. Kuphela ukuvela computer ngokuyinhloko entsha, izindlela eziphumelelayo kakhulu yayo isitoreji, iqoqo, kudluliselwa, ukucubungula, ziye zavela futhi isihloko imisebenzi ikhompyutha.

Inchazelo jikelele ikhompyutha

Unganikeza yakhe eningi izincazelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokusebenza kwalo ngezindlela eziningi esingokwemvelo izindlela, amafomu, izici nemisebenzi. Inchazelo elandelayo "isayensi" umqondo ingenye ezivame kakhulu.

Computing yisici imisebenti yebantfu okuhlotshaniswa Imininingwane izinqubo ezahlukene ukuguqulwa, ukusebenza esebenzisa amakhompyutha, kanye nokuxhumana zabo lunikeza isicelo imvelo.

Cybernetics kanye Informatics

Ngokuvamile kukhona ukudideka imiqondo emibili: "cybernetics" futhi "informatics". Ake uchaze ukuthi ukufana kwabo futhi ihluke kanjani nomunye.

Cybernetics - isayensi ezinye zezimiso jikelele ukuphathwa, senze izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene: kwezenhlalo, begazi, yezobuchwepheshe, njll Isihloko kanye Informatics imisebenzi Kuthi ezahlukene .. Sidingida inqubo ebanzi zendalo futhi ushintsho kolwazi, cishe ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ikhambi izinkinga ezihlobene nokuphathwa walabo noma ezinye izinto, njengoba enza cybernetics. Khona kanye ukubukeka kwawo okuye kwafezwa ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe bama-computer, ogxile, futhi engacabangeki ngaphandle kwalo. ukuthuthukiswa Cybernetics kwenzeka lazivulekela futhi, nakuba lisebenzisa ngenkuthalo impumelelo computer, akusiyo uthembele kuyo, njengoba ekwakheni izakhiwo ahlukahlukene ukuphathwa imodeli.

isayensi Computer ngomqondo ezibanzi emincane izwi

Ngomqondo ebanzi izwi isayensi - kuyinto ubunye ahlukahlukene amagatsha yesayensi, ezokukhiqiza kanye nobuchwepheshe, okuyizinto ezihlobene information processing. Futhi lokho ngomqondo ewumngcingo? Kungenzeka ukwaba ezintathu oxhumene izingxenye Informatics.

1. Computing njengemboni ebhekelele komnotho

Eyokuqala wabo - emkhakheni wezomnotho. Ngalo mqondo, nekhompyutha siqukethe sebuningini amafemu eyohlobo ukunikela elithile ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene ibhizinisi ukukhiqiza isofthiwe, zekhompyutha ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi processing ubuchwepheshe. Value, ngokucacile, izinhloso kanye nemisebenzi ye informatics ngalo mqondo kuchazwa iqiniso lokuthi incike yona enkulu ukukhula ngezinga umkhiqizo emikhakheni eyehlukene yomnotho. A imisebenzi ehlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke namuhla, ifakwe ezishintshayo.

2. Informatics njengoba isayensi eyisisekelo

Njengoba ikhompyutha isayensi eba indlela eyisisekelo ulwazi noma yini engathathwa kunikeze ukulawula izinqubo ezihlukahlukene esekelwe ulwazi lwezinhlelo zama-computer. Ungakhetha ekhona e-Europe elandelayo ezindaweni ezinkulu ucwaningo: Informatics wezokwelapha kanye nezomnotho, ikhompyutha ihlanganiswe yokukhiqiza, ukuthuthukiswa isakhiwo inethiwekhi, kwemvelo informatics imvelo kanye nekuvikeleka kwetenhlalakahle, professional zezokwazisa.

Thina ukuchaza Izinhloso ezinkulu kanye nezinhloso ze-computer science ayisisekelo. Inhloso yayo ukuhlinzeka ulwazi jikelele kolwazi izinhlelo ezehlukene, kanye ekukhombeni operation yabo nokwakhiwa kwemithetho jikelele. abangababi bemisebenzi yaso kanje:

- uhlole izimfundiso ezihlukahlukene ezithi izinhlelo ulwazi kanye nobuchwepheshe;

- ukuthuthukisa indlela kanjani ukwakha ulwazi ukusekela izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene computer.

3. osetshenziswayo isici

Echaza isihloko ikhompyutha isayensi njengephuzu isayensi osetshenziswayo, siphawula ukuthi ukuthi ukwenza ngaphandle kokuhlela:

- ukuthuthukiswa ahlukahlukene ulwazi onobuhle yokuxhumana, ukusebenza ezindaweni eziningi umsebenzi womuntu;

- isifundo kwemithetho ezikhona Imininingwane izinqubo (ukusatshalaliswa, ukudlulisa, ukugcina);

- ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe nolwazi izinhlelo ezindaweni ezithile, kanye nokwenza izincomo eziphathelene umjikelezo wokuphila izigaba ezihlukahlukene (design, ukukhiqizwa, ukusebenza, njll).

Yezinjongo eziyinhloko Informatics

Umsebenzi eziyisisekelo ngayo ukuhlakulela amathuluzi nezindlela yedatha ukuguqulwa, kanye ukuzisebenzisa enhlanganweni izinqubo ezahlukene processing yayo.

Le migomo elandelayo esemqoka computer science:

- ekutadisheni Imininingwane izinqubo, engenalo nelincane nemvelo;

- ukubhekana ubunjiniyela kanye nezinkinga yesayensi kokusebenza, ukudalwa, ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele-computer nemishini emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yokuphila yomphakathi;

- ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe, kanye ukudalwa ngesisekelo ngemiphumela yocwaningo kolwazi izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zanamuhla information processing ubuchwepheshe.

Computing njengendlela isiyalo eziyinkimbinkimbi

Kufanele wathi ukuthi akekho ngokwalo akusho. Computing - kuyisiyalo esiyisa esibanzi (Science and Technology), okuhloswe ngalo ukudalwa entsha ubuchwepheshe ulwazi kanye namasu. Zisetshenziswa ukuxazulula izinkinga kwezinye izindawo. Esikhathini umphakathi ulwazi kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi umkhakha yayo ihamba phambili. Ezweni kukhona mkhuba maqondana ukuqaphela okuthuthukayo. It kuncike kakhulu entuthukweni yale emkhakheni othize ulwazi, ngobunye bayo njengoba isayensi, umkhakha nobuchwepheshe.

izicelo Informatics

ubuchwepheshe Imininingwane manje kabanzi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwethu: kwezesayensi, ibhizinisi, imfundo kanye nezinye izindawo eziningi. Isidingo ucwaningo ezibizayo futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi nakanjani kuphakama ngokuqondene ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi yanamuhla. Njengoba isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa Fusion sikhungo. Indima Informatics iwukuba esikhundleni real umshini ucwaningo. Lokhu kusindisa nezimali ezinkulu, enikeza nekhono lokusingatha amathekhiniki esimanjemanje kakhulu ngemiphumela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo ngendlela efanayo isikhathi esiningi esingaphansi yangempela. Futhi kwezinye izindawo ulwazi lwesayensi (isibonelo, isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini) kumane nje akunakwenzeka ukuqhuba ukuhlola yangempela. Khona-ke basisize computer science. Ikakhulu lezi zindawo zonke zocwaningo kwenziwe ngosizo yokwakheka nokulandelana Computing ucwaningo.

ukuqhubeka computer science, kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye isayensi kuholela izinto ezintsha kanye impumelelo. Kukhona izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha ukuthi ngaphambili Kwakunzima nokuyicabanga.

Informatics Ukuxhumana kwamanye amagatsha yolwazi

Ikhompyutha isayensi - endaweni ebanzi ulwazi lwesayensi, esadaleka empambana wesayensi osetshenziswayo ayingqalasizinda. Ngenxa isiyalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi ihlobene amagatsha alandelayo yolwazi:

- Psychology nefilosofi (ngokusebenzisa imfundiso yokuziphendukela ulwazi kanye nolwazi mayelana nemfundiso);

- wezibalo (ngokusebenzisa wezibalo leyehlukene, imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukumodeliswa zezibalo kanye ubuchule obuphezulu, logic zezibalo);

- kuhlobene yezilimi ngokusebenzisa emfundisweni izinhlelo uphawu nezilimi esisemthethweni;

- cybernetics, njengoba sesiphawulile - Umbono ka ukuphathwa kanye nolwazi;

- umsakazo ubunjiniyela, electronics, chemistry yemvelo - ngokusebenzisa impahla izinhlelo ulwazi kanye computer.

Emkhakheni wesayensi informatics iwe isayensi yezamakhompyutha ukuthi ufunda izindlela nezimiso lenhlangano kumakhompyutha izinqubo ezihlukahlukene, global and local amanethiwekhi endaweni ikhompyutha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi siqukethe nesayensi yebuhlakani, okuyinto zenzelwe ekutadisheni imizamo ukucabanga kwabantu kube ngcono izimfanelo bokusungula amakhompyutha.

Computing njengemboni ebhekelele komnotho

Njengoba igatsha umnotho informatics iqoqo izinhlangano zamabhizinisi, okuyinto zenzelwe abasebenzisi inkonzo (ulwazi), ukukhiqizwa ukucutshungulwa izindawo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa software. Kukhona isimo ushintsho umphakathi zezimboni, lapho konke kuhloswe zokukhiqiza ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla, ulwazi.

Namuhla, izindlela ezihlukahlukene computer science kabanzi emnothweni. Zisetshenziswa umkhuba:

- kwezohwebo, izimboni kanye nokuphathwa yasebhange;

- imisebenzi audit ezimali;

- inqubo kwesabelomali izikhungo kamasipala kanye nesimo;

- e-ibhizinisi kanye e-commerce;

- Ukuphathwa Treasury, izindali kanye Ukuhwebelana ukuhweba.

informatics Economic - isayensi, okuhloswe ngalo ukwakha imfundiso yokuziphendukela akhombe umsebenzi nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zomnotho ahlukahlukene, kamasipala, isimo kanye ezisebenza kulengxenye esikuyo yezwekazi. izinhloso zayo zinqunywa izimpokophelo umnotho. Okungukuthi, zingabantu ukunikeza izinhlangano ibhizinisi, imisebenzi kamasipala kanye nomphakathi, kanye nezinhlangano ulwazi nobuchwepheshe. Siyini isihloko of Informatics kwezomnotho? He is ukuthola regularities ezikhona ukumodeliswa idatha, kanye nezindlela yolwazi phezu ezomnotho nezinhlangano (amabhizinisi) Umnotho kanye elinye ibhizinisi, ukuqaliswa ukuphathwa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe.

amasu yokwakheka nokulandelana ekutadisheni izinqubo zezomnotho

Zikhona izindlela eziningi yokwakheka nokulandelana ekutadisheni izinqubo zezomnotho. Bobabili isayensi ethile kanye nalolo olwejwayelekile. Imisebenzi Scientific: zamagama, ukuhlaziywa, lokungeniswa, ukususa, Abstraction, isifaniso, esifakiwe. Bonke embule amaphethini ezikhona imihlola esitebeleni noma izinqubo. izindlela Specific bagxile Imininingwane sibonakalisa kwezomnotho izinqubo izenzakalo ezifana:

- izibalo: deterministic, stochastic, ukumbumbuluzwa, nokwenza kahle, futhi inethiwekhi yokumodela, izibalo usongene, zezibalo, oluhleliwe ngokwesimo, ekuhlehleni nezinye cwaningo;

- Ulwazi-okunengqondo amashadi kanye imidvwebo, emagrafu, luzwakala futhi okwakha lokumelela Imininingwane notshwala futhi izinqubo zebhizinisi.

Kuyini i-computer?

nemiqondo eyisisekelo ikhompyutha zihlanganisa amakhompyutha ahlukahlukene, ngoba kuyizinto ezinkulu izindlela lobuchwepheshe ukukhonza ukuze iphatheke yayo. Bangakwazi ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka izimpawu ezinhlobonhlobo: ngesivumelwano, isimiso isinyathelo, usayizi, ukucutshungulwa amandla, inhlangano ye yezamakhompyutha inqubo, ukusebenza, kanye nabanye.

Ukwahlukanisa kumakhompyutha injongo

Ungakwazi bahlukanise ikhompyutha nezinye izinjongo kumaqembu 3 ezilandelayo.

1. Jikelele-injongo (jikelele). Ziklanyelwe ukuba uxazulule izinkinga ezihlukahlukene yezobuchwepheshe: zezibalo, kwezomnotho, ulwazi kanye nezinye, okuyinto zihlukaniswa umthamo omkhulu idatha alunge, kanye yinkimbinkimbi ubuchule. izici Isici lezi amakhompyutha kuyinto kahle zabo eziphakeme, kanye ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo idatha alunge (uhlamvu, idesimali, kanambambili), ezihlukahlukene ikhompyutha imisebenzi (ekhethekile, okunengqondo, izibalo), inkumbulo ezinkulu umthamo, futhi lakhiwa okokufaka-okukhipha ulwazi uhlelo .

2. Iqembu lesibili - inkinga ngamakhasimende. injongo yayo ukuxazulula ibanga ezincane eziningi zezinkinga avame nezinto ezi zobuchwepheshe, ukunqwabelana, ukubhaliswa kanye ukucutshungulwa nengcosana idatha.

3. izixazululo Akhethekile zisetshenziselwa ibanga elincane kakhulu kwezicelo. Lokhu kunciphisa tindleko nokuba yinkimbinkimbi ikhompyutha ezinjalo, ngenkathi sigcina ukuthembeka nokusebenza kangcono.

yelwati

Echaza nemiqondo eyisisekelo computer science, kubalulekile ukusho amazwi ambalwa mayelana nobuchwepheshe ulwazi. Kuyinto inhlanganisela isofthiwe ethize kanye hardware ezisetshenziswa ukwenza ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi ezihlobene ngokucubungula ulwazi kuzo zonke izindawo ezimpilweni zethu. ubuchwepheshe Imininingwane ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi osetshenziswayo Informatics nobuchwepheshe computer. Lo mqondo kwakuvela kumiswa nemphakatsi welwati lapho isisekelo ka nekwehlukahlukana kutenhlalo kukhona ulwazi, kunokuba bendabuko nezinto zethu ezibonakalayo. Kuyinto isayensi, ulwazi, ukuhlakanipha nekhono, izici yenhlangano, lokusungula, isinyathelo, nabanye. Lo mqondo, ngeshwa, kubandakanya futhi jikelele ukuze ochwepheshe namanje abakazi a ekwakhiweni esicacile ke. Inchazelo yimpumelelo kakhulu ke wanikezwa Academician Glushkov, ahumushe abuye ahlaziye ulwazi nobuchwepheshe njengoba ukudluliselwa kwabantu imishini yobuchwepheshe, ukucubungula, ukuqoqwa kolwazi, ngokusekelwe ukusetshenziswa imishini ehlukahlukene computer. Kuye lakhula ngokushesha futhi ihlanganisa ezingaphezu imisebenzi yomphakathi: ukuphathwa, ukukhiqiza, imfundo, kwezesayensi, kwezokwelapha, ezezimali kanye yasebhange, ukuphila nabanye.

School of Informatics Course

Umsebenzi oyinhloko isihloko esikoleni "Ulwazi" ukunikeza ukuguqulwa abafundi isikhathi eside futhi bayazi kahle ulwazi mayelana izinqubo ukuthola, ukusetshenziswa, ulwazi isitoreji. Kulesi sisekelo, uthisha isayensi kufanele futhi ukudalula yendima yayo ekuqhubeleni kumiswa isithombe yesayensi zezwe eliye lakhula ngayo kulezi zinsuku, ukubaluleka computer kanye nokwaziswa nobuchwepheshe ekuthuthukisweni emphakathini wanamuhla. Inselele ukuthi ukunikeza abafundi ngamakhono ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo futhi abazi amakhompuyutha imfundo eyengeziwe imisebenzi okhokhelwayo.

Izinkinga ezilandelayo kufanele ukugqamisa uthisha abafundi isayensi:

- Ulwazi, ulwazi izinqubo ezihlukahlukene, kanye izilimi lokuzithoba yayo;

- Imininingwane ukumodeliswa;

- izinhlelo kanye algorithmization;

- computer njengendlela yokuthola i-information processing,

- ekhona namuhla entsha i-information processing ubuchwepheshe yayo.

Lezi imigqa babe imvelo cross-cutting, ie, ukutadisha kwenzekani zabo kuzo zonke izigaba (kusuka 2nd Grade 11). Ihlukaniswe amazinga amathathu computer science esikoleni. La mazinga acabangele engu-abafundi, kanye nokulungiselela yabo.

Izinga lokuqala - kokuqala (kusuka 2 kuya ku-6 ekilasini), owesibili - base (7 kuya ku-grade 9), eyesithathu - iphrofayli (10 no-11 amakilasi). Uhlelo emabanga 2 kuya ku-9 - Ingubuncane saziso. Lapho efunda esikoleni esiphakeme, kwenziwe esikhathini esingamahora anga-ukuqeqeshwa kwikhompyutha isayensi kumphrofayela ahlukahlukene. Linikeza ukuze siqeqeshelwe umsebenzi okhokhelwayo. Kuxoxwa kabanzi izindikimba useqede ukufunda amakilasi ezihlukahlukene izinhlelo.

Informatics: ukuhlolwa

Kuleli EGE kuncike - omunye izivivinyo eside, okuyinto Uthatha amahora ama-4. Ngo-2014, okungenani Ukudlula score kwaba 40. ukuqeqeshwa kufanele uqale kusekude ukuba lufike usuku test, kanye nemiphumela emihle kulesi simo zizonikezwa.

Amatshe Informatics ihlukaniswe amabhlogo ngokuya eyinkimbinkimbi yabo. A1-A13 - eyisisekelo ezingeni imibuzo ngokukhetha izimpendulo eziningi. Ngayinye uzokhetha 1 iphuzu Kusolwa. Ukubandakanyeka ikhompyutha B1-B15 - lena eyinkimbinkimbi anda yenkinga. Inombolo noma izinombolo zokugcina kuyizinto izimpendulo kubo. Imisebenzi enzima kakhulu e-computer isayensi - C1-C4. Kuyadingeka ukuba sinike impendulo ephelele kakhulu kubo.

Ngo samuntu izinhloso somunye computer science ngamunye zihlobene ngandlela-thile ne-computer. Nokho, ekuxazululeni imisebenzi womhlobo C kungavunyelwe ukusebenzisa wokubala PC.