Isigaba sama-amphibians: izici ezijwayelekile, izici, izindawo zokuhlala

Ama-Amphibians, noma ama-amphibians, angabokuqala kunawo wonke ama-vertebrates asemhlabeni. Bahlala endaweni ephakathi kwamanzi nezilwane zasemhlabeni ngoba ukukhiqizwa nokuthuthukiswa kwazo kwenzeka endaweni eyodwa (emanzini), nokuhlala kwabantu abadala komunye (emhlabathini). Lezi zidalwa ezingavamile futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezimangalisayo.

Lesi sihloko sihlinzeka ngolwazi ngemvelaphi yekilasi lama- Amphibians, izici ezijwayelekile zesigaba, isakhiwo kanye nesistimu.

Ingemuva

Izimo ezidingekayo ekuthuthukiseni kwamanzi ama-vertebrate izilwane zasemhlabeni ezenziwe phakathi nesikhathi se-Devonian, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-385 edlule. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yokusungulwa kwesimo sezulu esifudumele nesimanzi, ukutholakala kwesisekelo sokudla esihle (izilwane ezivela ezingenalutho). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalesi sikhathi, eziningi zezinto eziphilayo zitholakala emzimbeni wamanzi eMhlabeni ngenxa ye-leaching, futhi lokhu kwaholela ekujuleni kwe-oksijini emanzini futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwehla ekugxilweni kwalo. Inhlanzi ifanelana nalokhu ngokuphefumula emoyeni womoya.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo: ngokufishane

Okhokho bama-Amphibians ekilasini lanamanje, abanikazi bawo abajwayelekile abahlinzekwa ngezansi, babonakala ekupheleni kwe-Devonian emzimbeni wamanzi ahlanzekile, abizwa ngokuthi ichthyostegids. Babeyindlela eguquguqukayo phakathi kwezinhlanzi ze-brisket kanye nama-amphibians wangempela.

Ukuguquka okuvela emanzini kuya emhlabeni kwakuhambisana nezinguquko ezimbili eziguquguqukayo: ukunyakaza eduze kwe-substrate eqinile nokuphefumula emoyeni womoya. Ngamanye amazwi, kancane kancane ukuphefumula kwe-gill kwathathwa esikhundleni se-pulmonary, futhi amaphiko aguqulwa abe yizitho zomlenze ezinhlanu. Ngokufanayo, kwakukhona ushintsho lwazo zonke ezinye izitho: isimiso sezinzwa kanye nokusakaza, izitho zokuzwa .

E-Carboniferous, kwavela iqembu lesibili lama-amphibians asendulo-i-leposondyls. Babencane futhi bajwayele ukuphila emvelweni wamanzi, futhi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zalahlekelwa izitho zabo futhi. Ama-amphibians anamuhla aqala ukuphela ngesikhathi seMesozoic.

Systematics

I-systematics yanamuhla yahlukanisa ama-amphibians ngomqondo obanzi waba yizicathulo ezincane: i-Labyrinthodonts, i-Thin-vertebral ne-Bespancicum. Amaqembu amabili okuqala ezilwane afela eMesozoic nasePaleozoic, ngokulandelana. Zonke izilwane zasolwandle zanamuhla, futhi lezi zinhlobo ezingaba ngu-6700, zingezansi ye-Bespantsirnye. Futhi, ihlukaniswe ibe yimilayezo emithathu eyavela esikhathini seJurassic.

• Ukungazi lutho. Manje kunezinhlobo ezingu-5602, ezihlangene emindenini engu-48. Kuleli qembu kungukuthi wonke ama-frogs nama-toads aziwayo.
• Kungenamthetho noma izibungu (okufanekiselwe ngenhla). Iqembu elincane kakhulu elimelelwa izinhlobo ezingu-190, elihlangene emindenini engu-10.
• Ama-amphibians alayishiwe. Le nqola ihlanganisa ama-salamanders nezintsha, ezinama-570 ezihlobo (imindeni eyi-10).

I-Class Amphibians: izici ezijwayelekile kanye nezici zesakhiwo

Isici esivelele sama-amphibians yisikhumba esincane futhi esincane, esine-permeability enhle kakhulu yegesi neziphuzo. Isakhiwo sawo sinezici zamagciwane. Isikhumba (i-corium) kanye ne-epidermis ekhethiwe kakhulu ehlukile. Kuhlinzekwa ngokugcwele ngezingubo zokukhishwa kwe-mucus. Imfihlo ingaba yimihlobo emibili: inobuthi futhi ithuthukisa ukushintshwa kwegesi. Ama-horny formations noma ossifications esikhunjeni sama-amphibians azivamile.

Umzimba unomsila (emsila), i-trunk nekhanda (ukukhuluma okuhambayo), kanye nemikhawulo emihlanu emibili. Umgogodla uhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine: trunk, sacral, caudal kanye nomlomo wesibeletho. Inombolo yama-vertebrae ingahluka kusuka ku-7 ukuya ku-200.

Ngokunikeza incazelo emfushane yekilasi lama-amphibians, umuntu akanakusiza kodwa akhulume ngemisipha yalezi zilwane ze-vertebrate: i-trunk kanye neziphetho. Okokuqala kuhlukaniswe. Imisipha ekhethekile inikeza ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomzimba. Ekhanda kukhona ukuhlunga nokunciphisa imisipha. Isibonelo, isibhamu somlilo, njengabanye abameli be-tailed, senze kahle imisipha ye-caudal.

Uhlelo lokuphefumula

Olunye ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo somzimba wokuphefumula cishe lukhunjulwa esikoleni se-biology (bafunda izici ezijwayelekile zabamphibians ebangeni lesi-7).

Izitho zokuphefumula eziyinhloko yama-amphibians zingamaphaphu. Zitholakala ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ngaphandle kwama-salamanders angenamaphaphu kanye ne-frog yaseBalimantan barbury. Imifula yomsindo omncane, unesimo samasaka omzimba omncane, agcwale emanzini aminyene emizila yegazi. Ngamunye wabo uvula engxenyeni yezintambo zokuvuthwa ngokuvula okuzimele. Ngokunyuka nokunciphisa ivolumu ye-oropharyngeal cavity, ukuphefumula kubonakala.

Izitho zokuphefumula ezengeziwe ziyi-lining of the oropharyngeal cavity kanye nesikhumba. Ezinye zezilwane zasemanzini, kanye nama-tadpoles aphefumula ngokusebenzisa izigulane.

I-Circulatory System

Yiqiniso, ukunakwa okukhulu kakhulu ekutadisheni izici ezijwayelekile ze-amphibians ebangeni lesikhombisa lesi sikole kunikezwe ohlelweni lokujikeleza. Ukufunda amaqembu ahlukahlukene ezilwane ze-vertebrate, ukuguquka kwawo okuvela ekuthomeni kokuqala kuya ekuthuthukiseni kakhulu, isici sezilwane ezincelisayo.

Ama-Amphibiya anesimiso sokujikeleza esivaliwe ngenhliziyo emithathu, ukuxuba igazi kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-ventricle. Ukushisa komzimba wama-amphibians kuncike emvelweni, bangabesilwane esinezibandayo.

Uhlelo lwe-circulatory lwama-amphibians lubonakala ngemibuthano emibili yokujikeleza kwegazi: encane nenkulu. Ukubukeka kokuqala kubangelwa "ukuzuza" kokuphefumula emaphashini. Inhliziyo ihlukaniswe ngama-atria amabili kanye ne-ventricle eyodwa. Igazi elimnyama emaphashini nasesikhumba singena emzimbeni nasesikhathini somzimba, futhi igazi elibhebhethekayo liya ekhanda ngokusebenzisa umthambo we-carotid. Kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, igazi elixutshwe liholela emagcekeni e-aorta.

Uhlelo lokugaya

Bonke abameleli bekilasi le-amphibian, isici esijwayelekile esinikezwe kulesi sihloko, sebenzisa izilwane ezidlayo kuphela. Ulimi lusetshenziswe phansi kwe-oropharyngeal cavity. Ngokwezinhlobo ezingenalutho, kufakwe emathangeni aphansi. Ulimi lusetshenziselwa ukubamba izinambuzane, luphonswa ngaphandle komlomo, kanti inyamazane iyabamba phezulu. Amazinyo emilenzeni asebenza kuphela ukuze abambe ukudla.

Imfihlo yezingqungquthela ezithambile, amathanga avulekele esigodini se-oropharyngeal, ayinayo ama-enzyme okugaya. Ukudla kungena ku duodenum ngokusebenzisa isisu. Kungaphakathi kuyo kuvula amadada we-pancreas nesibindi. Amathumbu amancane avuleka ngaphakathi kwe-rectum, ekwenzeni isandiso esibizwa nge-cloaca.

Isistimu ye-Excretory

Izici ezijwayelekile zesigaba sama-amphibians, kufaka phakathi ama-amphibians, afaka ulwazi olususweni lwe-excretory. Limelelwa izinso ezihlangene, ezivela kubo futhi zivule i-cloaca yi-ureters. Kukhona isambatho e-cloaca, yilapho umchamo ungena kuwo. Indlela yokukhipha uketshezi iqondile kakhulu. Lapho nje isifiso sigcwele, izindonga zayo ziyancipha futhi umchamo ogqamile ukhiphelwa kwi-cloaca, ekhishwa ngaphandle. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kubangelwa isidingo sokuba ama-amphibians agcine umswakama okuningi. Ingxenye yemikhiqizo ye-metabolic kanye nenqwaba yamanzi ikhishwa ngesikhumba. Lezi zici zemvelo azizange zivumele i-amphibian ukuba ishintshe ngokuphelele endleleni yokuphila emhlabeni.

Uhlelo Lokukhathazeka

Ukuziphatha okuqhubekayo kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyisisindo esikhulu sobuchopho uma kuqhathaniswa nenhlanzi kuzo zonke izithunywa zekilasi le-amphibian. Isici esijwayelekile:

• Ubuchopho bubhekene nokukhona kwezigaba ezinhlanu: phakathi, oblong, okuphakathi, i-anterior (ene-hemispheres amabili) kanye ne-cerebellum engenamandla;
• Isisindo sobuchopho njengephesenti yesisindo somzimba esingu-0.29-0.36 ema-amphibians tailed kanye no-0.50-0.73 ekudlileni kuka-0.06-0.44% ezinhlanzi ezinqamule;
• Amapayipi ayishumi wezinzwa zekhanda ashiya ebuchosheni kuma-amphibians;
• I-NS enozwela, ekhonjiswe ikakhulukazi ngamathambo amabili asezindaweni zomgogodla, ithuthukiswe kahle;
• Izisindo zomgogodla zakha i-lumbar ne-plexus ye-brachial.

Izitho zeSense zama-amphibians

Ukulethwa ezifundweni ezijwayelekile zezikole zamamphibians (iBanga lesi-7, i-biology) linikeza ulwazi olungathí sina mayelana nezitho zomzwelo ezihlukahlukene zazo. Isidumbu sokuzwa sithole ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo umnyango omusha - indlebe ephakathi. I-membrane ye-tympanic ixhunywe kwi-stapes (i-auditory ossicles) futhi ivala i-orifice yangaphandle yokuhlola. Ezingxenyeni zombili zalo, isikhumba sensimbi esiphakathi sixhunywe ngethubhu lokuhlola nge-oropharyngeal cavity.

Ukwakhiwa kweso kuyashintshwa ukuze kuphile emoyeni. Futhi nakuba izixhobo ezibukwayo zifana nenhlanzi, nokho ihlukile futhi ayinayo igobolondo lokucabangela nokucubungula, inqubo enemihlobiso. Ama-amphibians aphezulu anejwabu leso leselula nelingaphansi. I-membrane ekhanyayo iyisibonelo sama-amphibians aphansi. Yenza umsebenzi wokuvikela endaweni yejwabu leso elincane. Ukuma kwe-cornea kuyi-convex, i-lens ngesimo se-lens biconvex, ububanzi bayo buhluka kuye ngokukhanya. Abaningi bama-amphibiya banombono wombala.

Isikhumba sabo bonke abameleli bekilasi le-amphibian, isici esivelele esivela kulo mbhalo, senza umsebenzi wokuthinta, ngoba uqukethe ukuphela kwezifo ezinzima. Izilwane zasemanzini kanye nama-tadpoles anomugqa olandelayo.

Izikhwama ezinama-pair ezihlanganisiwe "zisebenza" kuphela emoyeni. I-epithelium ene-olfactory evela ngaphakathi iphinde ivuleke ngamakha, futhi ama-choan angene e-oropharyngeal cavity. Kulezi zinsuku nazo ziyizitho zokunambitha.

Uhlelo locansi

Ngokunikeza isigaba esijwayelekile ekilasini lama-amphibians, ukukhiqizwa kanye nomjikelezo wokuphila wezokuthuthukiswa akukwazi ukunakwa noma. Wonke ama-amphibiya ayilwane le-dioecious, futhi abamele abaningi bayakhulelwa emvelweni wamanzi. Izigulane zocansi zihanjiswa.

Kubesifazane, ama-ovarie ama-granular agcwalisa cishe wonke umzimba womzimba entwasahlobo awamiswa emathunjini. Eceleni kwayo kukhona imizimba enamandla, iqoqa izakhi futhi ngaleyo ndlela inikeze ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo yezocansi ngesikhathi se-hibernation. Ama-Oviducts amashaneli amakhulu futhi amancane amancane ase-Muller. Ngamunye wabo uvula emzimbeni womzimba. Amaqanda aluhlaza ngokuphuka kwezindonga ze-ovary angena kuwo futhi eduze kwama-oviducts, kancane kancane, azibandakanya ngendwangu yamangqamuzana amaphrotheni, angene e-cloaca, avela kuwo.

Abesilisa banama-testes ahlangene omumo ohlangene nezidumbu ezinamafutha eduze kwazo. Bobabili banamathele emasendeni eduze nemiphetho yangaphakathi yezinso. Ama-ducts omzimba avela ku-testes angenele ema-ureters, asebenza ngesikhathi esifanayo njenge-vas deferens. Lezi zinsuku zidluliselwa ku-cloaca.

I-Cycle Life

Umjikelezo wokuphila cishe wonke ama-amphibians uhlukaniswe ngokucacile zibe yizigaba ezine.

1. I-egg. Ema-amphibians, njengezinhlanzi, amaqanda ayenawo igobolondo elingenawo amanzi futhi adinga ukunyuka njalo. Iningi lama-clade ezinhlobonhlobo zenziwa emzimbeni wamanzi ahlanzekile, amanye ama-amphibians (ama-worms, ama-salamanders amakhulu , njll) - emhlabathini, abanye - abagqoke emizimbeni yabo (inhlanzi, i- Surinamese pipa).
2. I-larva. Uqothula iqanda futhi uhola indlela yokuphila yamanzi. Ukwakhiwa kwezimpungushe kufana kakhulu nenhlanzi: ukungabi khona kweminye imikhakha emibili, ukuphefumula kwegill, inhliziyo enezinhlangothi ezimbili kanye nenqubo eyodwa yokujikeleza, ukutholakala kwezitho zangasese ze-lateral. Futhi ngabanye abameleli bama-amphibians abaphuthelwa ngalesi sigaba nangomuso, bebonakala ekukhanyeni kakade ngendlela yamaxoxo amancane angenalutho.
3. I-Metamorphosis. Kuye ngohlobo, ukuguqulwa kungahle kwenzeke ngokushesha, njengabaningi bama-amphibians amaningi, noma ukubambezeleka ngesikhathi, njengama-salamanders asendulo.
4. Umuntu omdala.

Ikakhulukazi indlela yokuphila yama-amphibians

I-alley ikhona ibhokisi lokugcina lwazi mayelana nekilasi lama-amphibians - isici esivelele kanye nezici zendawo yokuhlala, indlela yokuphila.

Iningi lezinhlobo zezakhamuzi ezihlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama, okunye okunye okuhlala kuwo emhlabeni nokuphila emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinkuni namanzi ama-amphibians kuphela. Ukuzivumelanisa nokungeneli kokuphila emhlabathini kwenza izinguquko ezinkulu ezihambisana nokushintsha kwezinkathi. Ama-Amphibians ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi zemvelo awela isikhathi eside. Basebenza kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezifudumele, izinhlobo eziningi ezifa ku--1 ° C - ziyafa. Umsindo wokuphila wezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo uhluka nsuku zonke.

Iningi lama-amphibians izakhamuzi zemizimba yamanzi ahlanzekile futhi ingxenye encane nje ingaphila emanzini anosawoti, isibonelo, umkhumbi wamanzi (okufanekiselwa ngezansi).

Emkhakheni omdala wonke ama-amphibians yizilwane ezidliwayo. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe izilwane ezincane, ikakhulukazi ezingenayo imvelo kanye nezinambuzane, izinhlanzi zezinhlanzi, ezimweni ezingavamile - izinyoni zamanzi kanye namagundane amancane.