Inkhululeko umthwalo ngamunye. Inkinga senkululeko kanye umthwalo womuntu

Isihloko e mbuzo uyafaneleka kakhulu esikhathini sethu. Ilungelo lenkululeko iphathwa njengoba ithuba ngamunye umuntu ngamunye ukwenza noma yiziphi izenzo emihle uma bebona kunesidingo futhi bebodwa ngaphakathi kohlaka nomthetho ofanele, njengoba ehlonipha amalungelo nenkululeko yabanye.

Inkinga senkululeko kanye umthwalo womuntu

Ukuze uqalise iwukuba ukuhumusha le miqondo emibili. Freedom - esisodwa sezigaba main eziyinkimbinkimbi zefilosofi ezichaza okushiwo indoda. Kuyinto ikhono komuntu ukucabanga futhi enze izenzo ezithile, ngenxa nje yokuthi izinhloso zabo siqu, izithakazelo kanye nezifiso, hhayi obala ngaphandle.

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, ngokoMthetho ijubane yashesha we kwemvelo impucuko, indima ekhethekile yomuntu kohlaka yezenhlalakahle kwaqinisa fast ngokwanele, yingakho abaningi ngokuvamile kunenkinga senkululeko kanye umthwalo ngamunye ukuze umphakathi.

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla cishe zonke izinhlelo zefilosofi athuthukiswe futhi abanothando the Umqondo wokuba nenkululeko. Umzamo wokuqala ukuchaza ubudlelwane organic wenkululeko isidingo kokubonwa yayo kungokwalabo Benedict Spinoza. Yachazela lo mqondo ngokuya isidingo okucatshangelwayo.

ukuqonda okwengeziwe ubunye dialectical Union uzwakalise Fridrihom Gegelem. Kusukela ngombono wakhe yesayensi, dialectical isixazululo izinto yenkinga ukuqashelwa inkululeko njengoba kudingeka kwenziwe umgomo.

Esikhathini umphakathi kwabantu inkululeko yabo babe izithakazelo kanzima kuwo. Kule ndaba, kukhona inkinga: womuntu oyedwa - is umuntu futhi izifiso zakhe ngokuvamile musa uqondane izithakazelo umphakathi. Ngakho-ke, umuntu kufanele alandele imithetho yomphakathi, ngoba uma kungenjalo kubabangele nemiphumela.

Ngaleso sikhathi samanje (esiqongweni ukuthuthukiswa yeningi) yenkinga inkululeko ngabanye ikhula isimo global. Manje zingaxazululwa ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele. Ukuze wenze lokhu, zonke izinhlobo "ukuphepha" umthetho, elikhombisa lamalungelo nenkululeko basuke ehlelekile athuthukile kanye yokutholwa. Kuyinto emhlabeni wanamuhla isisekelo sanoma ibuphi inqubomgomo. Nokho, akuzona zonke izinkinga ukugxila usuku ixazululwe emhlabeni futhi, ngokukhethekile, eRussia.

Kufanele futhi ingasaphathwa iwukuxuba kwemiqondo efana nenkululeko futhi umthwalo wemfanelo womuntu, ngenxa yokuthi kuqala akuyona ukuyekelela, futhi amalungelo wesithathu nenkululeko yomuntu unesibopho ngokuhambisana nomthetho ophasiswe umphakathi. Umthwalo - intengo okuthiwa inkululeko. inkululeko futhi umthwalo kuyinkinga ekhulayo kunoma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni, okwenza kube yinto eza kuqala, futhi ukufuna amakhambi - umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu.

A uhlobo lwenkululeko kusukela iphuzu umbono wakhe ngefilosofi

Kungaba:

• kwangaphakathi (yamaSoviet, ezingokomoya, inkululeko engqondweni, isivumelwano sakhe ngomoya futhi al.);
• ngaphandle (ephakama nokuxhumana nezwe elingaphandle, indaba ka inkululeko, inkululeko isinyathelo);
• civil (inkululeko kwezenhlalo, okungadingi kukhawulwe inkululeko yabanye);
• zezombusazwe (ukukhululeka ethonyeni ka despotism zezombusazwe);
• inkolo (choice leNkosi);
• zemimoya (okuthiwa amandla lomuntu phezu akhe khe ego, imizwa yakhe yokona izinkanuko);
• zokuziphatha (ukukhetha abantu mayelana isimiso sabo esihle noma esibi);
• kwezomnotho (inkululeko njengoba ekuchitheni yonke impahla yayo kwalo yedwa);
• kweqiniso (isifiso sokuba inkululeko zokuthambekela kobuntu);
• Natural (itlhogeko ukuba siphile ngokuvumelana omisiwe imithetho yemvelo zemvelo);
• isenzo (ikhono ukwenza ngokuvumelana ukukhetha bayazi);
• kokukhetha (endowing kwekhono lomuntu ubuyekeze uphinde ukhethe iyamukeleka kunazo zonke, wawatshela umphumela umcimbi);
• ngeke (ukunikeza ithuba ngamunye ukukhetha ngokuvumelana nezifiso zakhe kanye nezinto ozikhethayo);
• ngokuphelele (isimo lapho i-intando yomuntu ngamunye e akusiyo kuncike sokwephulwa kwe phezu ingxenye intando abanye abahlanganyeli).

nabalawuli inkululeko

Ziyakwazi obuhlukahlukene degrees ibeke umkhawulo. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• nenkululeko yabanye;
• State;
• isiko;
• nokuziphatha;
• uhlobo;
• imfundo;
• imithetho;
• nokuziphatha;
• amasiko siqu abutment;
• ukuqonda nokuqaphela isidingo.

Izibonelo inkululeko futhi umthwalo meet, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, at zonke sinyathelo. Uma sicabanga kubo kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa inkinga mayelana lezi zigaba, isimo lapha akunakubangelwa: ukulimala noma ukubulala isephulamthetho ngokuhamba ukuzivikela, ukweba ukudla kwakhe belamba umama, ezinganeni nakwabanye.

izindlela zefilosofi cazelo of umqondo

Abamele lasendulo nefilosofi (USocrates . UDiogenes, uSeneca, esingumGreki, nabanye) babengakholwa ukuthi inkululeko - injongo yokuphila komuntu iyisikhathi esingakanani.

zesikole Medieval (Anselm Kenterberiysky, Albert Veliky, foma Akvinsky et al.) Ukuze wamukele-ke njengoba isizathu, futhi noma yiziphi izenzo uzibophezele ngalesi kungenzeka kuphela ngaphakathi umbhedesho isonto, ngaphandle kwalokho inkululeko ukubizwa ihlelo, isono esindayo.

abameleli okusha isikhathi (Paul Anri Golbah, Thomas Hobbs, Pierre Laplace Simon et al.) Freedom esichazwa njengesono esiphambene isimo semvelo sezifunda zaleli umuntu maqondana ngobuqotho nokulingana emphakathini.

uzifunde ngokucophelela daba ifilosofi German classical. Ngokwesibonelo, U-Immanuel Kant babekholelwa ukuthi inkululeko - into stroke (umqondo), okungokukaNkulunkulu kuphela indoda, kodwa Ioganna Fihte ke - ngokoqobo ngokuphelele kuphela.

inkolelo yokungafi umthwalo

Kuyinto isigaba umthetho nemigomo, okutshengisa ubudlelwane zokuziphatha nezomthetho nezenhlalakahle ngakunye lonke lwesintu ngokuvamile futhi ngokuqondile umphakathi. Ukwakha nokuphula emphakathini wanamuhla, eqinisa isici bayazi kohlaka ukuphila bezehlalakuhle, inhlanganyelo abantu sokuzibusa ukuphathwa umphakathi, futhi konke lokhu kanye nomthwalo lokumukelekako ngamunye.

Uhlaka lomthetho zokuphatha, isigebengu futhi zamanje civil icala, lapho, ngaphezu ukuthola icala, acabangele lezinyathelo lokumukelekako lowo okonile (izimo ingxenye yemfundo yakhe, nomsebenzi, ezingeni ukwazi wecala, ukuzimisela ukulungiswa eminye). Ngenxa yalokhu, i-benesibopho futhi ezingokomthetho okwakuthandelene (inqubo ukuqonda izithakazelo ngazinye umphakathi kamuva kuholela kuvisisa imithetho nokusimama ukuthuthukiswa komlando).

Ukuhambisana zonke amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu, kanye ukuba khona umthwalo phambi komthetho ukuze amacala - isici esiyinhloko umthetho.

Evolution kanye ngcono impucuko womuntu balawule isidingo ukuthuthukiswa eziphucuzekile futhi izici ezingokomthetho, ukuze esethula umqondo wezwe luyingxenye zomthetho, okuyinto wayeba njengompristi okulingana kunoma isiphi isimo.

Ngaya namthetho kokuba (amalungelo esintu kanye nenkululeko akusho enikeziwe hhayi evikelwe). Kuze kube manje, umphakathi uye ekuchithweni kwayo izindlela ezintsha zokuthola izinsuku ilungiselelo lomthetho lomuntu oyedwa, ukuhlinzeka kuye nethemba ngekusasa.

Iwukuxuba we imiqondo mayelana ungubani

Umqondo inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuthinta isici yefilosofi ukuphila. Ngenxa yalokhu, le mbuzo ongadinge mpendulo: "Ingabe umuntu inkululeko yangempela, noma noma yini akwenzayo nje isuke ibangelwa imithetho kwezenhlalo kanye nezinkambiso, ngaphakathi kwalo la i umuntu lapho?" Okokuqala inkululeko - bakhethe ngokolwazi mayelana umbono nokuziphatha. Nokho, umphakathi kukhawulela ngokunamandla izindlela zayo imithetho ehlukahlukene neziqondiso, okuyinto zibangelwa Inhloso ekwakheni ukuthuthukiswa avumelanayo muntu ngaphakathi esimisweni sezenhlalo.

izingqondo Omkhulu wazibuza: "? Buyini ubuhlobo senkululeko kanye umthwalo" Baphetha ngokuthi umthwalo - isisekelo core womuntu wangaphakathi, elawula isimo sokuma zayo zesimilo nokuba ingxenye ugqozi ngezenzo ezithile nokuziphatha bebonke. Esimweni lapho umuntu ulungisa ukuziphatha kwakhe ngokuvumelana benemibuthano, kuziwa amakhono kwangaphakathi wendoda njengenhloko unembeza. Nokho, ukuhlanganiswa ezinjalo imiqondo ziyangqubuzana ezingaphezu kuka ukuvumelana ezicashile. Kunalokho, inkululeko kanye umthwalo ngamunye ayahambelana ngokulinganayo futhi ahlobene.

Izibopho

Kuyinto:

• nomphakathi;
• zokuziphatha;
• zezombusazwe;
• zomlando;
• umthetho;
• ngokuhlanganyela;
• siqu (ngabanye);
• iqembu.

Kunezibonelo ezihlukahlukene umthwalo. Lokhu kungabandakanya kunjalo lapho inkampani "Johnson & Johnson" atholakala iminonjana cyanide e amaphilisi "Tylenol", sazilahla ukukhiqizwa lo mkhiqizo. Ukulahlekelwa Imininingwane kulokhu zaba $ 50 million. Ngemva kwalokho, ukuphathwa kwenkampani isimemezela ukuthi zithatha zonke izinyathelo kungenzeka ukuvikela labantu. Lesi isibonelo yokuba nesibopho emphakathini. Ngeshwa, izimo ezinjalo kukhona emakethe umthengi yesimanje kungaba ivelakancane.

Ungakwazi ukuletha izibonelo yasendlini wemfanelo futhi wenza njengokwesifiso inkululeko, nalapho umuntu inkululeko yokuzikhethela umculo afuna ukulalela, kodwa kukhona futhi isikhathi izingqinamba ukuwudlala (uma umculo uphezulu kakhulu ngemva nanye ntambama, icala zokuphatha, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi kuba nazo inhlawulo).

Model somphakathi wesintu nobudlelwano

Kukhona kuphela ezintathu:

1. Emzabalazweni wenkululeko (ukungqubuzana ezingahlangani nezigaba ongaphandle idatha).
2. Ukuzijwayeza imvelo (ngamunye ngokuzithandela lulandela imithetho yemvelo, benza imihlatshelo isifiso namandla akhe abe nesifiso sokugcina khulula).
3. Escape kusukela ngokoqobo ezungeze (abantu, uyazi ubuthakathaka zabo emzabalazweni wenkululeko, it is ethunyelwe Isigodlo noma umonyukela yena).

Ngakho, ngo-inqubo ukuqonda inkululeko kanjani oxhumene kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo, kufanele acabangele ukuziphatha komuntu. Uma lowo muntu uyazi ngokucacile kulokho kwenza ngesenzo esiqondile futhi ngokuzama ukuba singabonisi ezingqubuzana ezimisiwe izindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nemithetho, isigaba kubhekwa ngendlela ephelele nomunye.

Man njengomuntu kungenziwa igcwaliseke kuphela isimo lokuthi uyawasebenzisa inkululeko yakhe njengomKristu ilungelo lokuzikhethela. Ungase futhi wazi ukuthi lokhu okusezingeni eliphezulu kanjani isikhundla ekuphileni, njengoba nje indlela nezindlela ukufeza kuzoba ngokuvumelana nemithetho ukuvela ngokoqobo. Umqondo icala, yena, kuhlobene ne isidingo enze ukukhetha abaqaphela izindlela ukuqinisekisa ekuzuzweni kwemiPhumela umgomo oyifunayo.

Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi inkululeko kunomthelela ukubonakaliswa umthwalo ngabanye, futhi umthwalo wemfanelo izenzo zalo ukuqondisa umfutho.

Inkinga ukuthi bangobani kohlaka ifilosofi existentialism

Lo mqondo ngokombono existentialism - kuwumgomo ngokwako, kodwa abasebenzi kulokhu - kodwa indlela ukuthi yenze khona impahla abantu bayo ephambili. Kulokhu, lo umphakathi ihlose ukwenza etholakalayo ukuthuthukiswa khulula ezingokomoya zomuntu ngamunye ngamunye, eqinisekisa oda zomthetho mayelana nokungena ku inkululeko yakhe. Nokho, indima umphakathi Okokuthola negative, kanye nenkululeko olunikezwa umuntu, nasemseni inkulumo ethile (inkululeko yezombusazwe, ezomnotho, njll).

Abameleli lokhu ifilosofi babekholelwa ukuthi senkululeko yangempela siwukuzibusa oluqondakalayo kuphela isici esingokomoya (okuphambene nomphakathi), lapho abantu ithathwa njengokuhlola khona, kunokuba izikhonzi ubudlelwane zomthetho.

Inkinga eyinhloko yezinkolo ubuntu e ifilosofi existentialism - elihlukanisiwe wakhe kusukela umphakathi, okuyinto aqondwe njengokufaka ekuguquleni imikhiqizo imisebenzi ngabanye yamandla ezimele nobudlova, kuhlanganise njengoba isimo sokuba itholane phezulu womuntu ngamunye kanye nenhlangano iyonke zomsebenzi, izikhungo zomphakathi, nezinye amalungu omphakathi, kanjalonjalo ..

Ikakhulukazi ngo-ukujula lokhu ifilosofi ihlola nakho subjective ngokuthi singobani bokuhlukaniswa kwesintu emhlabeni ngaphandle (isibonelo, umuzwa nokunganaki, ukunganaki, isizungu, ukwesaba, njll).

Ngokwe existentialists, indoda bephikisa intando yakhe ibekwe kuleli zwe eziyinqaba ngaye, ukuba nesimo esithile. Kule ndaba, lowo muntu othintekayo njalo ngezinkinga eziphathelene nenjongo yokuphila kwakhe, izizathu ukuba khona ezingosini ezisezindongeni emhlabeni, kukhethwa endleleni, nokunye. D.

Naphezu ingokomoya oweqisayo wokuba nomthwalo indoda (engenangqondo), existentialism edlale indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni izindlela ezahlukene zefilosofi, lapho umuntu ebona njengomuntu, zihlose ukuthola umnyombo womuntu.

Inkinga zobuntu e ifilosofi existentialism kubonakala isici yesimanje lalo magazini. Iqukethe ngokuzitika ngokweqile okuthiwa, kodwa engakunqamuli wakhe ukuletha zinegalelo elikhulu bezibona ethile kwabantu nasemphakathini. Ifilosofi existentialism ngezimiso zalo bakhomba isidingo ukubuyekeza loluphelele ekhona okwamanje bamanani aqondise umphakathi nabantu njengomuntu.

Right njengoba ayenenkululeko nomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu

It uba esilinganisweni esemthethweni nenkululeko akhona kwemingcele yayo Isikhombi ezidingekayo futhi kungenzeka, kanye kuyinsakavukela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unelungelo - yisiboniso inkululeko kuxoxa ngazo, izindlela zokuvikeleka walo nasekusindisweni. Ngenxa yokuthi kuba ngesilinganiso esisemthethweni, ilungelo uyakwazi elibanzi kubonise izinga izuzwe yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Ngalo mqondo, kulesi sigaba - ngezinga elithile intuthuko. Umphumela salokhu sifika esiphethweni sokuthi ilungelo - lena ayenenkululeko njengoba zokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo uhlobo kwezenhlalo yokukala.

sefilosofi German F. Hegel bekubona njengoba khona ngempela kwemiqondo efana nenkululeko futhi umthwalo ngamunye. Yaziwa isikhundla Kant sika ngokuqondene nalokho okushiwo kwesokudla - yindawo yezihlahla inkululeko, okuhloswe ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela elingaphandle ubuntu ngabanye. kuphela umlobi enkulu Russian uLeo Tolstoy babekholelwa kubo bonke lobo bunzima ukuthi ilungelo - udlame olubhekiswe umuntu.

zomthetho ekhona - lena yinto evamile ukukhuluma inkululeko, okuyinto ngokomthetho futhi wazwakalisa yimithetho isimo. Njengoba siye saba sobala, iphuzu ezogxila kulo izici ezingokomthetho inkululeko - Ukuvikelwa ngabanye nokusondelana ingaphandle nangobudlova phezu ingxenye iziphathimandla, futhi ezinye izakhamuzi.

Efingqa ngenhla, singaphetha ngokuthi izigaba ezifana namalungelo, inkululeko kanye umthwalo ngamunye, eduze ezihlobene: okokuqala yisiboniso yesibili wesithathu.

umqondo umthwalo

Bangakwazi kwachazwa ngokuthi zakudala ze-non-classic. Ingqikithi yalo umqondo wokuqala - ngamunye kufanele aphendule ngalokho akwenza kuzo. Kulokhu, isihloko kufanele kube mahhala futhi azimele. Kuleli qophelo waphinda lembula isitatimende ukuthi inkululeko futhi umthwalo ngamunye - imiqondo ahlobene eduze.

kuncike Okubukwe owenza isenzo, kumelwe akuqonde ngokucacile imiphumela kubo. Iphuzu lokugcina ukhiye umqondo classical - ngamunye kufanele kube banesibophezelo sezenzo zabo (isibonelo, ngaphambi induna, inkantolo, unembeza wakhe siqu, njll ...). Kulokhu, izenzo isihloko umangalelwe.

izimiso umthwalo - ingxenye zokuziphatha kwaleso senzo. Kule ndaba, isitatimende namandla: "Akukho senzo - akukho umthwalo ke." Uma kukhona isimo lapho khona isihloko eyilungu leqembu, futhi ngakho akunakwenzeka ukubikezela imiphumela yezenzo ezithile, kukhona isidingo umqondo omusha. Sekuvele umqondo-non-classic. Mayelana nale ndaba manje ekuqaleni ngeke banesibophezelo sezenzo zabo ezimbi ngaphansi uhlaka ekhona, futhi kokuphothula ibhizinisi yemfanelo ayiphathisiwe. Futhi lapha, naphezu kokwesaba zamanje, ngamunye uyayixazulula inkinga ngenhlangano ukuphathiswa izindaba efanele (ukuphathwa inqubo nokuqaliswa kwalo). Manje, umqondo-non-zasendulo umthwalo akuyona umqondo wokuphathwa sinenkululeko engenamingcele yomuntu, futhi imisebenzi kanye nemithetho yomphakathi wentando yenengi.

Ngakho, uma uqala ukuba baqonde indlela oxhumene nenkululeko futhi umthwalo wemfanelo mayelana nale ndaba, into yokuqala ukucacisa icala ezithile ukuqaliswa salezi zigaba. Khona-ke kufanele ufake i-accessory ye kulokho noma ukuthi umqondo. Ngenxa yalokho, ababili ongakhetha ingatholakala: inkululeko nomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu bumbana futhi ngokuvumelanayo oxhumene noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umahluko izimo co-okukhwantabalisayo, kuncike linqoba imithetho kwezenhlalo kanye nezinkambiso.