Ingozi ukukhishwa of izinto radioactive ku imvelo

Ukuze uthole umsebenzi ovamile wobuntu kudinga amandla. Ubulwelwe ngayo ukudla ngesikhathi ukuphefumula. Uma ukhuluma ngezilonda impucuko iyonke, kubalulekile ngezinhloso zokukhiqiza amandla. It ikhiqizwa izitshalo ezinkulu ngamandla. emithonjeni eyehlukene asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla. Abaningi babo ukudala nkinga yembulunga yonke hhayi nje ngobe kutawutfutfukisa imvelo sisonke, kodwa nezalo impilo labantu emhlabeni ngokukhethekile.

Nazi izinhlobo izitshalo amandla futhi imiphumela yomsebenzi wabo

Ukwahlukanisa lwalezi nhlelo amandla ezenziwe kuncike imithombo basebenzisa. Ngakho, kukhona ezishisayo izitshalo amandla. Basebenza ku zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi (igesi yemvelo, amalahle, uwoyela). Ngo inqubo ukukhiqizwa energy imikhiqizo amandla omlilo akhiwa okwaba nemiphumela ubunjalo, ukungcola ke. Ngu izitshalo Hydropower, amanzi asetshenziswa. Umsebenzi wabo akuphazamisi emoyeni. Kodwa amadamu eyakhelwe abenzele izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukusakaza ezedlulayo, wenza isahlulelo sokulahlwa phezu zezilwane nezimila kwendawo. Umoya izitshalo amandla ukusebenzisa umoya notshwala. Kodwa, futhi, kungaba inhlekelele. Ngokwesibonelo, ophephela komoya ungawela, okubangela umonakalo izakhiwo ezizungezile.

Ingozi ukukhulula imithi enobungozi

usongo okukhulu owabuzwa izakhiwo zezimboni besebenzisa emsebenzini wabo amakhemikhali. Imiphumela izingozi eziteshini ezifana ngezomhlaba wonke ngokwemvelo. Umlando igcwele Ezimweni ezinjalo. Izingozi nge kwekhabhoni chemical iwusongo kakhulu nemvelo, yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. ezikhona elikhulu compounds eziyingozi ku zokuwuhluza uwoyela, ukuzivikela, uginindela umkhakha ephepheni. Izingozi engenzeka kwekhabhoni bamakhemikhali e izitshalo steel, lezisekelo kwezohwebo, inyama kanye dairies. A isamba esikhulu compounds eziyingozi ekhona amaminerali Umanyolo ukukhiqizwa amabhizinisi. Kulezi Izigayo nge ukungasebenzi kungenzeka ukukhululwa kwe-ammonia ingozi. Le ngxube kuthinta abantu ipheshana zokuphefumula. Le ngozi lapho kukhululwa ammonia kungabangela ukufa kwabantu ezindaweni inhlekelele. Ngokuvamile, zezakhi e izakhiwo zezimboni asesimweni gaseous noma uketshezi. Eyesibili isetshenziswa kaningi.

Ngo senqubo yokukhiqiza, ngesikhatsi isitoreji, ezokuthutha onomfutho compounds ngokuvamile gaseous futhi ulethwa kusimo ketshezi. Lokhu kungaba ngokuphawulekayo ukunciphisa ivolumu yabo. Nokho, ingozi kulokhu akusho yehle. Usongo ekhethekile kubantu nasemvelweni kukhona yengozi lapho kukhululwa amagciwane. Abakwazi senziwe izakhiwo onesandla ekukhiqizeni wokugoma, emafektri, laboratories. Endabeni ikhiphela imvelo amagciwane kwenzeka ukutheleleka, nakho kusho legciwane okukhulu kwabantu.

ngezigaba

Ingozi ukukhulula ezinobuthi ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka esikalini. Ngakho, ukwaba global, yesifunda, zendawo into. Zonke izinhlobo zezingozi ukukhululwa ezinobuthi zinezikhathi ukwakheka okuhambisanayo lesion ndawo. The ephansi lokuhlushwa compounds ku ibhizinisi, ezincane kuyoba nemiphumela. Nokho, noma yimuphi uma kwenzeka ingozi amakhemikhali ukukhulula abe nomthelela ongemuhle abantu abahilelekile eziyinkimbinkimbi ezimbonini.

ukukhululwa engozini emisebeni

Izibonelo izingozi ezinjalo zaziwa ngokwanele kahle. ERussia futhi emhlabeni ngobukhulu wabo kugqamuke amalangabi esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi eChernobyl. Kwathi ngo-1986, ku-26 Apreli. Ngalolo suku, ukuhlolwa Kwakuseshwa omunye izinhlelo zokuphepha. Phakathi nomsebenzi, kwakukhona ukuqhuma ezimbili. Ngenxa yalokho, egumbini lenjini kanye iqhaza ophendulayo iyunithi kwabhujiswa. Ngo-April 26 kuya ku-May 10 - okwamanje we esitobhini yokugcina wabhubhisa ophendulayo - emkhathini kwaba mayelana 190 amathani imfucumfucu enemisebe. Umonakalo omkhulu kwakwenzelwa Ukraine, eBelarus futhi entshonalanga Russia. Imiphumela yalokhu ingozi ukukhulula izinto radioactive abathintekayo 20 uthi.

Ngo-1975, November 30, yabe seyaziwa ngengozi lapho kukhululwa PB at Leningrad NPP. Imbangela yengozi ukuncibilika fuel izinduku eziteshini nophethiloli. Ngenxa yalokho, ngakwazi ukubona kancane wabhubhisa zone lokuqala asebenzayo we ophendulayo iyunithi. Isibhakabhaka waphonswa mayelana 1.5 million curies ka-radioactivity. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izakhamuzi ezizungezile usongo empilweni yabo awazange waxwayisa.

Izinkundla yengozi ne kwekhabhoni enemisebe nakwamanye amazwe. Ngakho, ngo-1952, ngo-December 12, kwakungekho ingozi kwezwe yokuqala yalolu hlobo. Ngenxa yalokho yephutha kwabefundisi iphutha ukuncibilika okweqile kanye lokunye core ophendulayo. Ayemane nje ethuswa zezakhi kwaba emkhathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-oda 3800 m ³ amanzi angcolile elachithwa ku angajulile emseleni ngenhloso p. Ottawa. Ngo-1966, kwenzeka ingozi ngesikhathi yenuzi ES "Enrico Fermi" e-United States. Lesi sigameko senzeke ngenxa ukuncibilika olungaphelele ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Abasebenzi usethe isikhathi sabo siqu ukumisa ophendulayo. Ngo-1969, e-France ES enuzi "St Laurent" opharetha wenza iphutha. Ngenxa yalokho, ingaphakathi igobolondo ophendulayo eseke oda 50 kg fuel esibunjiweyo. semali imfucumfucu enemisebe wadedelwa emkhathini. ukusebenza kwe-ophendulayo zivalilwe isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka.

imiqondo eyisisekelo

Kushisa bhé kule ndawo izinto eziyingozi eziyinkimbinkimbi neyaziwayo, okuyinto kusetshenzwe, egcinwe, athuthwe noma kusetshenziswe ethile izinto radioactive. Ngesikhathi kubhujiswa yayo noma ezinye inhlekelele e ngemisebe yalo angenzeka hlangana abantu, izitshalo nezilwane, okwakhiwa ngalo kanye nezinye izinto zemvelo. Ingozi ukukhulula emisebeni - enhlekeleleni, ezivela ekwaphulweni wemithetho ukusebenza okuphephile ukufaka eziyinkimbinkimbi. Phakathi isimo esiphuthumayo akube kusakhulunywa imikhiqizo kwamazinyo noma ngemisebe ionizing ngoba imikhawulo ebekiwe okweqa kwezinkambiso kusungulwa. Lapho ingozi ukukhulula izinto radioactive kumelwe Cima amandla eziyinkimbinkimbi, imishini, amadivayisi equkethe izinto ezilimazayo.

into izinhlobo

Ingozi ukukhulula izinto radioactive kwamanzi kungenzeka ngesikhathi:

• izitshalo amandla Nuclear (NPP, NCP).
• Izinto nge amandla enuzi (shipboard, ibutho-AE, isikhala).
• Of zenuzi fuel umjikelezo kanye nokwe-uranium umkhakha radiochemical. Lezi izinto lihlanganise indawo yokungcwaba kabusha.
• Emafektri nge sezikhali zenuzi.

Ukusebenza fuel

Lapho kulungiselelwa uranium dioxide etholwe (powder). tableted kwalo bhila izakhi fuel nemikhulu. Ngemva kwalokho, babebiza le ophendulayo. I-fuel wachitha ingase ithunyelwe ukuze kuyolahlwa. Kwezinye izakhiwo, imfucuza bavuselele futhi kukhishwe izakhi ezidingekayo. Kungenzeka ingxenye (re) esetshenziswa. fuel ukucutshungulwa olwenziwa izitshalo ezikhethekile. Burial Kwenziwa emathangini ekhethekile aphathekako izimbotshana bokuzenzela noma ezingokwemvelo.

NJENGOBA

Nuclear izitshalo amandla kukhona izakhiwo lapho ukuguquka amandla enuzi ku energy ezishisayo kanye namandla kagesi. Ukushisa okuyinto zakhishwa ophendulayo isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza umusi, okuyinto eyenzeka ngo-Ukujikeleza turbogenerator, futhi ngokwengxenye Ukushisa uketshezi. AU ukufaka imishini kagesi umusi, uhlelo elakhiwe ukushisa okukhipha namandla Amapayipi amakhulu, kaNeri. Namuhla, zombili izinhlobo sikhungo esetshenziswa eRussia. Esikhathini sokuqala - vodovodyanyh - izinzwa njengoba umengameli kanye amanzi kokupholisayo. Ngo ezinkulu ophendulayo amayunithi kwamandla isiteshi isetshenziswa ngaphezu kwalokho-graphite. Kusebenza njengomnyombo umengameli sezinzwa. Izingozi nge kwekhabhoni enemisebe kungenzeka ngenxa:

• Ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abasebenzi setha ubuchwepheshe, amaphutha ukuqeqeshwa yabo.
• izimfuno okuphansi nokuntula usizo phezu ingxenye ejensi, zezinkonzo, ejensi, amabhizinisi kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezingokomthetho nezikhulu abanomsebenzi nokuqinisekisa nokuphepha ngesikhathi insiza inqubo ukuklanywa, ukwakhiwa kanye ne-operation okwalandela.

umkhumbi izakhiwo

Lezi izinto ukufaka yenuzi anemisila ukukhanya-amanzi sikhungo futhi uketshezi uhlobo metal. ukungaboni ngaso linye kwabo eliyisisekelo kusukela amayunithi isikhulumi aqukethe ku:

• Ukusetshenziswa uranium abasizakali kakhulu uphethiloli.
• Usayizi elincane.
• Izinga eliphezulu of ukuvikelwa.

Izizathu okuyinto ingozi kungenzeka kwekhabhoni izinto ezinemisebe esakhini esithile kulezi zindawo kukhona depressurization lokuqala iluphu ophendulayo kanye Ukungena emanzini wokuvikela.

EAEC nesikhala NPS

On the zenuzi lempi isebenzisa nitrin. Kuyinto oluvuthayo kanye amakhemikhali enobungozi. Izimbangela izingozi phezu EAEC bangaba depressurized lokuqala ophendulayo wesifunda futhi umonakalo lokukhanda. Isikhala esikhungweni samandla enuzi incane ngobukhulu. Ubukhulu ezincane siyithola ngokusebenzisa kakhulu uphethiloli equkethe plutonium-238 futhi Sesithombe-90 emakamu eliphezulu. Izizathu okuyinto ingozi kungenzeka nge ekushayweni izinto radioactive kulezi izinto izimo normal futhi okungagunyaziwe ophumayo umthamo afakwa uma kwehla nobe ibuyiswe.

sezikhali

iziqhumane kanye zenuzi zigcinwa sokuthula ezitolo ezikhethekile. Ziyakwazi lapho ikulungele Ukukhishwa kanye nokusetshenziswa. Ezinye zazo asetshenziswa uqaphile. Ngokuvamile izingozi zenzeke ukushayisana komhlaba ukuthuthwa sezikhali zenuzi, umlilo esitolo inhlangano, agcine, eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngaphansi kwethonya umbani.

Enterprises NFC

On the izakhiwo wocwaningo lwezindaba zenuzi fuel umjikelezo, njengoba umthetho, izingozi zenzeka lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• Ukuvuvukala izinto ezinemisebe esakhini esithile futhi izakhi nophethiloli.
• amazinga okweqile uyaca abagxeka fissile compounds.
• Ukuvuza futhi amakhefu e amathangi USB.
• Ingozi kusukela umkhiqizo wokugcina.

Enterprises fuel zenuzi umjikelezo wokusebenza wenziwa for the isizinda uranium-ore, sitfutfukise lwati kubafundzi bayo. Kulezi izakhiwo nazo kuphunywa yeseli yokubasela kaNeri, ukucutshungulwa kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi, kanye isitoreji yabo kanye nokulahlwa sokugcina. Wonke amabhizinisi zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu:

• izitshalo Radiochemical.
• Izakhiwo embonini uranium.
• Eziningi izinto radioactive.

Ukuze izakhiwo of uranium umkhakha zihlanganisa izinto lapho silo ore isizinda noma indlela evulekile, kanye ukucutshungulwa kwalo okwalandela. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa ibhizinisi yokusebenza yokuhlanza impahla e Izigayo ekhethekile nokunonophala yayo usebenzisa igesi okusheshayo.

Izenzo uma isignali ye-alamu

Uma kwenzeka ingozi nge kwekhabhoni enemisebe ngokungabi bikho imiyalelo esigijimini kumelwe bazivikele ukuchayeka. Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukusizakala imishini esezingeni-udaba (buso, respirators), futhi uma engekho yabo - iduku, ibhandishi, isikhafu nokunye. Kuyadingeka ukuba ayokhosela esiphephelweni isakhiwo esiseduze noma ifulethi yakho siqu. izingubo zangaphandle izicathulo kufanele ibekwe ifilimu noma esikhwameni, uvale amafasitela nezicabha bengena, futhi izimbobo. Qiniseka ukuthi uvule i-TV, umsakazo zilinde kokuthola eminye imilayezo senzo. Ikamelo kufanele kube kude amafasitela. Izinyathelo saziso zithathwa bonyana batshidze amafulethi. Ngenxa yalesi izindlela ngokurhaba uphawu yonke imifantu. imikhiqizo Outdoor kufanele ibekwe izikhwama noma ifilimu, wafaka efrijini noma ekhabetheni ngezicabha. Le ndlu kufanele kube amanzi. Inzuzo yayo izigubhu nge tight isikulufa ofeleba. Phezu kokuthola izincomo abezindaba ezidingekile ukuze uvimbele izidakamizwa iodine (potassium iodide, isibonelo). Uma kungenjalo, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa 5% of the isixazululo (3-5 lehla per 250 ml abadala kanye 2.1 kuya ku-100 ml izingane). Ngemva 6-7 amahora reception kufanele liphindwe. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amalungiselelo iodine akunconywa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Yonke imikhiqizo ukuthi ukumelana namanzi, esidlweni, futhi ngesikhathi ukulungiselela kumelwe sihlanzwe.

ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi

Uma uthola umlayezo, kufanele ukuqoqa zonke izinto ezidingekayo. It arekhoda, nemithi, imali, ukudla, izinto zokuzivikela, kubandakanya ngokurhaba. Isisindo nobukhulu balezi nojosaka kanye izikhwama kumele ibe ngendlela yekutsi ongashadile angase usiphathe kubo. Ekulungiseleleni ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi kumele ngokucophelela ukulalela imiyalezo. Izincomo uzonikezwa kubo mayelana nini futhi kanjani ukusebenzisa imishini zokuzivikela. Uma kokuthola isignali ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi ngaphambi kokushiya indlu kumele asuswe imikhiqizo esiqandisini, izinto okonakalayo athwale ukuze uvale wonke nemishini (igesi, ugesi). Kufanele ukulungiselela ipuleti, lapho uzobe zilotshwe 'kuyi sq. ___ inombolo abaqashile akudingeki. " Ukuza aphume ekamelweni, hang-ke phezu komnyango. Ukuba emgwaqeni, kubalulekile ukuvikela umgudu wokuphefumula nesikhumba. Sidinga ukuhambisa buthule, ngaphandle kokuba izinga uthuli. Ungabeki izikhwama nojosaka phansi, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa iphepha noma plastic. Ngaphandle kokuba ahlale phansi futhi akudingekile ukuba uthinte izinto, ungahambi ngokusebenzisa notshani utshani. Phakathi ukunyakaza amasayithi enobuthi kwenqatshelwe ukubhema, ukudla nokuphuza.

Indawo on endaweni elinegciwane

Ngemva esiphuthumayo emuva emzaneni kungenzeka kuphela imvume amasevisi abanekhono. Kuye ugesi bese ivolumu izinto ezilahliwe kunqunywa emisebeni yangemuva emhlabathini. Uma uhlale endaweni lapho ngezinga ukungcoliswa namazinga ngenhla, kodwa umkhawulo esisongela ukuphila ephansi, usungula umbuso ekhethekile yokuziphatha. Kanye nalezi izinyathelo zokuvimbela kuyenziwa, isixwayiso Ukungena compounds eziyingozi e umzimba womuntu ukuze amanzi nokudla. Le ndawo yokuhlala ngqo kumele wetted uma luthi alufane okuqinile. Uma kungenjalo, khona-ke sika utshani, inhlabathi phezulu sisuswa Soi. Le ndawo kahle moisturized.

Lapho besebenza eziqiwini ezizimele kubalulekile ukusebenzisa indwangu uthuli buso, armbands noma respirators. Kumele kube isethi ezisele izingubo ezivikelayo futhi bengenazo izicathulo, Isigqoko. enhlabathini ekwenzeni umanyolo, umcako kanye nezinye umquba Peat ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa izinto radioactive. Yonke imikhiqizo esekhulile ibhekane ukuhlolwa okukhethekile. Akumele udle izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasemanzini ezindaweni itheleleke. Bekha amajikijolo, amakhowe, amakhambi, futhi okwalandela ukuvunwa imisebenzi eyenziwa kuphela kwemvume izikhulu zendawo imiphumela zokuqapha ngemisebe.

Endabeni nengozi yezempilo ngenxa ingozi amazinga emisebeni ekushayweni ukukuxwayisa iziphathimandla amacala ukuzivikela futhi eziphuthumayo civil. Olunye ulwazi lungatholakala UMnyango wezeZindlu kanye nezinye izinhlangano ogunyazwe, izikhungo zemfundo, abaphathi kanye nabasebenzi ezahlukene izinkampani kusengaphambili. Ikakhulukazi, kubalulekile ukuthola indawo fallout zokukhosela, izinhlangano, okuyinto okuzokhishwa esebenzisa Ukuvikelwa ngesikhathi kwehla ingozi. Kufanele bazi ikheli sibaleka, wezokwelapha amaphuzu (eliseduze), izingcingo izikhulu ugunyaziwe ukuqhuba ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi kanye nezinye izinyathelo ezimweni eziphuthumayo.

Ekuphetheni

Njengoba kunezingozi eziningi lezinto enemisebe, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa izinyathelo ngempumelelo ukuze kugwemeke izingozi, ngcono emsebenzini abasebenzi AU. Kuzo zonke lezi zenzakalo, iziphathimandla abanekhono kufanele ukuba nengxenye. umthwalo kakhulu ezokuphepha isezandleni uhulumeni.