Ingilazi Quartz: imininingwane ukukhiqizwa, GOST. Optical asebenza ngebhethri ingilazi: ukusetshenziswa

Glass - yezinto endala, okuyinto kabanzi zonke izindawo esisebenzayo sibonga umsebenzi womuntu ukuze iqoqo izimfanelo ewusizo futhi izakhiwo. Engakabi yayo (ngaphezu kuka-5 izinkulungwane. Iminyaka), ifomula ayo chemical uselokhu cishe kuyafana, kodwa izinga layo ishintshile.

asebenza ngebhethri ingilazi

Iminyaka, indoda uye wafuna ukudala ekhanyayo ngaphezulu futhi livikela nezici ezihlukahlukene elimazayo. Ngenxa yalokho ngcono okubhekiswe uvele ingilazi asebenza ngebhethri - uhlobo olusha ngokuphelele impahla ezinezici ezithinta ukwazi. Mhlawumbe lokhu ingilazi eyonquma indlela yokuthuthuka okwengeziwe lesintu. ingilazi Quartz - umkhiqizo encibilika okumsulwa Silicon oxide (Sio _2). Ngokungafani ingilazi evamile, lokhu okokusebenza isimo amorphous, isb alinaso ukuncibilika lokushisa eliqondile uma ukufuthelana kusuka okuqinile endaweni emananzi isimo ukuqhutshwa kancane kancane. Kubangelwe lokhu impahla asebenza ngebhethri noma Silica, ingilazi wathola isicelo eziningi kangaka okudingeka e umkhakha.

Isakhiwo ingilazi asebenza ngebhethri

Amorphous impahla ngenxa isakhiwo yayo, ogxile Silicon--mpilo tetrahedra. Ama-molecule Sio ₂ "ukuxhumana" nomunye ngenxa mutual ama-athomu-mpilo Luhambo. Bebonke bakha grid ngakuthathu, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi esiqinile ukuze isihlobo komunye nomunye alikho elungiselelweni yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Yingakho ingilazi asebenza ngebhethri ube izakhiwo izinto amorphous.

A ingilazi silicate, njengenjwayelo, ezivezwa encibilika a feedstock. Ngenxa yalokho ingasetshenziswa Silica okumsulwa - rhinestone, umthambo asebenza ngebhethri, Silica isihlabathi, futhi Silica etholwe ngemishini.

Ukwahlukana kusuka ezivamile Silica ingilazi

Kuye uhlobo izinto zokusetshenziswa futhi ukunquma izakhiwo ezithile umkhiqizo wokugcina. Ngakho, ukuze uthole impahla acwebile futhi esobala isetshenziswa rhinestone.

Umehluko omkhulu kusuka ezivamile silicate ingilazi kuyinto okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuncibilika lokushisa - ¹⁵⁰⁰ C. Uma lokhu oxide Silicon uqala ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana okukhulu ukukhanya emisebeni e bohlu ebonakalayo, okungukuthi sikhanya.

Ngenxa isakhiwo amorphous we eluhlaza impahla ukuncibilika nqubo ingathatha isikhathi eside. Ukwakheka oncibilikisiwe has a viscosity okusezingeni eliphezulu, okwenza kube staplivat noma ukuhambisa. Lokhu inkimbinkimbi umkhiqizo ingilazi asebenza ngebhethri efanayo odongeni ukujiya.

Izici ukukhiqizwa

Ngenxa yakho konke izici ngaphezu ukukhiqizwa ingilazi silicate kungenzeka kuphela imishini ephambili. Esikhathini lokushisa ukuncibilika kumele igcinwe okusezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nokuvulwa kwamathuba omsebenzi glassware ilangabi evulekile jet kuyadingeka ukuze balondoloze izinga lokushisa ^ka 1800 C no ngenhla.

izidingo ezikhethekile kanye izakhiwo - kumele kube oyinyumba. Inani elincane izinhlayiya angaphandle nakanjani kuyoholela yokuthi kokuqendwa asebenza ngebhethri ingilazi aqhephukile futhi ulahlekelwe izakhiwo zabo ngesikhathi esifushane. izimfanelo ezikhethekile futhi kufanele babe abasebenzi zokukhiqiza - glassmakers. Sinenkosi ukubhekana ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu - umuntu iphutha ngesikhathi operation kungaholela ekulimaleni okubucayi, ukusha.

Zonke main amathuluzi glassblower zakhiwe ukushisa ukumelana izinto - egwadle, tungsten okuyinto, phakathi kokunye, a isisindo okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzi kumelwe babe namandla emzimbeni futhi aqine.

I izakhiwo asebenza ngebhethri ingilazi

ingilazi silicate has a conductivity ongaphakeme kagesi, ngakho-ke livame ukusetshenziswa njengendlela Kwe-dielectric Heating amadivayisi kagesi nzima. The main izakhiwo ezuzisayo, ngawo abe asebenza ngebhethri ingilazi kungenziwa zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu:

1. Thermal. Ukumelana lokushisa eliphezulu ^(mayelana 1200 C), Coefficient eliphezulu ukunwetshwa ezishisayo (izikhathi ezingu-15 kunakunoma ingilazi evamile) kuka kubangelwa ukumelana okuzumayo abalulekile lokushisa ekushintshashintsheni (i-ukukhiqizwa ice-amanzi selehlile ukusakaza).
2. Chemical. Glass amakhemikhali hlangothi, akasabeli ngayo yonke alkalies futhi acid ngaphandle wali band acid kanye hydrofluoric acid (ukusabela iqala ezingeni lokushisa ngenhla ^mayelana 300 C).
3. Optical. Inkomba yezokubona of Silica ingilazi kuyizikhathi 150 leliphasi kunaleyo ezivamile (n _e = 1,46). Ngenxa lokhu kahle okuhambisa hhayi kuphela ilanga nokukhanya abajwayelekile, kodwa akusho angagcina noma iyiphi amaza okushisa noma ultraviolet.

Lezi izindawo avumele ukusetshenziswa asebenza ngebhethri ingilazi njengendlela yokwakha, kanye ukwenziwa laboratory glassware, amathuluzi okubona, imishini kagesi, izinto ukushisa ukumelana refractory. Enye yezindawo eziyinhloko kwesicelo - ukukhiqizwa imicu optical.

Optical asebenza ngebhethri ingilazi

Kuye ubuchwepheshe asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni amanye asebenza ngebhethri ingilazi kungaba opaque futhi esobala. Esimweni sokuqala oyiyo uyodala inqwaba igesi Bubbles, okuyinto ahlakaze ukukhanya ngokujulile. Sula ingilazi, asebenza ngebhethri ingilazi noma optical, njengoba ibizwa, nakanjani eyohlobo, ke ayinazo Bubbles. Ngenxa yalesi impahla ethile isetshenziswa womshini izintambo optical, ngesivinini ukuthumela idatha, amalensi optical namaphrisimu.

Brand futhi uchungechunge ingilazi optical

Kukhona izinhlobo eziningana ingilazi optical: KU-1, KI, futhi hf. Imikhiqizo kuhluke ikhono kudlule ebonakalayo, ultraviolet amaza okushisa. Kuyinto esobala kunazo ingilazi brand CI - okwazi okuxhunyanwa ukukhanya at inamandla ka 2600-2800 NM, kancane esobala - hf. Kuye feedstock esetshenziswa ahlukahlukene ukudluliswa ukukhanya kungaba optical ingilazi asebenza ngebhethri. GOST 15130-86 iqukethe ulwazi uchungechunge ezintathu:

• 0 - ezisetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo yokusebenza ejwayelekile;
• 100 - ingilazi, amelana ionizing emisebeni amandla ongaphakeme;
• 200 - izinto zokusetshenziswa engasetjenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo kanzima ionizing emisebeni.

UMark ingilazi yakha uchungechunge imikhiqizo cipher. It isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza kanye ichaza uhlobo eqondile ingilazi. Ezweni lethu, akukho ukubethela uhlelo olulodwa, ngakho inkampani ngalinye limelela imikhiqizo yabo ngokokuqonda kwabo.

sphere kwesicelo

ingilazi silicate zazikhiqiza izinhlobo eziningi ezinkulu imikhiqizo ehlukene. I-laboratories zezemfundo nezezimboni funa asebenza ngebhethri ingilazi tube, ezisetshenziswa for liquid ezingeni nesilinganiso, womshini heater kagesi, amakhemikhali ukusabela kanye yokugcina izinto nolaka.

Kabanzi lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa wathola futhi ingilazi opaque. Isetshenziselwa lapho kudingeka ukulawula imikhiqizo ketshezi ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu, futhi ngenxa izindleko zayo ongaphakeme, sisetshenziswa kabanzi.

ingilazi Optical kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni shipbuilding kanye rocket, ikakhulukazi womshini amadivayisi ukukhanyisa. Esikhathini umkhakha Petrochemical, le nto zenani ephezulu yawo yamakhemikhali ukumelana futhi lisetshenziswa ukulawula uketshezi ezonakalisayo. Indiza zingabantu gumbi ezicwebezelisiwe, futhi asetshenziselwa njengoba zihlale zifudumele.

Abakhiqizi imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngokuhambisana nezidingo GOST 22291-83. Quartz ingilazi amashubhu, amafasitela, neendulungu, lens, kanye neminye imikhiqizo zenziwa kokubili mass futhi ngamunye.