Ingilazi silicate: kukhiqizwa futhi kusetshenziswa

Glass - omunye ethandwa kakhulu, izinto likufuna ngokuba sphere ezahlukahlukene empilweni. Isetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kanye imisebenzi yokuqedela, it is wenziwa imisebenzi yobuciko osetshenziswayo futhi emihle isetshenziswa embonini isikhala. Lona omunye ezingabizi, ezilula ukubunjwa izinto. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu, esingavika ngokwenkolo avame ukubhekana nayo, futhi imikhiqizo ukusetshenziswa ezenziwe kuwo - ingilazi silicate.

Kuyini lokhu?

Umkhiqizo omdala glass ubuhlalu kucatshangwa eziye zatholakala lapho bemba eGibhithe, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukutholakala neminyaka engaphezu kwengu-libe yizinkulungwane eziyisihlanu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukwakheka ingilazi ayishintshanga kangako. I element eyinhloko okokusebenza Silica isihlabathi (Si0 ₂₎ - silicate. Ukuze lokhu wanezela soda, soda umlotha, limestone, nezinye izinto eziningana.

Ngo umkhakha ukuthola ingilazi mass ixubene oxides izinto eziyisisekelo futhi yancibilika esithandweni. Amazinga ukuncibilika incike okufakiwe, ekushintsheni izindawo ingilazi. Ungqimba kwaphumela is olubunjiwe ngezindlela eziningana: okwenza ingilazi flat, uzipha ukuma ezahlukene (izitsha, ihlanganisa yokwenza izibani ezilengayo, ingilazi amawashi, njll), ngokwenza preform okwalandela ukucutshungulwa Boxed ingilazi izimpimpi nokuningi.

Ukuthuthukiswa ingilazi nokwenza iminikelo abalulekile ashiwo Lomonosov M. V, Kitaygorodsky NI, wayenesithakazelo ohlangothini esisebenzayo mayelana nodaba Mendeleev D. I. nabanye. Kulula ukuchaza izinto "ingilazi silicate". Kuyini lokhu? A impahla kokuba isakhiwo amorphous, isakhiwo crystalline etholwe ancibilike oxides okuxubile kulandele lwaluyophola.

Ukukhiqizwa ingilazi

I element eziyisisekelo ukwenziwa ingilazi kuyinto esihlabathini asebenza ngebhethri, okuyinto yengezwe okungenani olinganise izithako ezinhlanu. Ukuze ekwakhiweni eziyisisekelo, kuncike ukusetshenziswa ngokwengeziwe izinjongo impahla etholwe ukwenza izithasiselo: oxidants, opacifiers, decolorisers, udayi, accelerators nokunye. I oxides metal ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo colorants. Ngokwesibonelo, ithusi ibala ingilazi mass yensimbi obomvu uyonika tinge okwesibhakabhaka noma ophuzi, ayibe oxides ukunikeza okwesibhakabhaka kanye colloidal esiliva - yellow.

I ukulungele ingxube dry wabekwa icala phakathi kwesithando somlilo ingilazi ukuncibilika, lapho impahla eluhlaza Incibilikile ezingeni lokushisa 1200-1600 ° C ngesikhathi inqubo ithatha amahora 12 kuya ku-96. Glass Manufacturing igcwaliswe okusheshayo Ukupholisa inqubo, kuphela ngaphansi kwalesi simo ingilazi oncibilikisiwe uthola zonke izimfanelo ezidingeka obala, amandla mechanical izakhiwo ezengeziwe kudilizwa e inqubo ukuxuba oxides.

Izinhlobo ingilazi silicate

Khipha impahla libhekisela izinqubo amandla khudlwana, bahlanza umkhakha silicate. Glass embonini kwenzeka Umhubhe uhlobo amaziko nokusekela okuqhubekayo lokushisa kusengaphambili. lenhlanganisela ezomile selulayisheke kusukela komunye umkhawulo isithando, lapho uphuma khona kukhishelwa impahla esiphelele.

Mayelana nokusetshenziswa kabanzi zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo kulezo zimboni ingilazi silicate:

• Silica ukungcola ngaphandle sodium oxides, i-potassium - kuyinto ingilazi alikhali-DRM. It has a ukumelana nokushisa izakhiwo esihle kagesi. Phakathi amaphutha - kunzima ukucubungula.
• Sodium, i-potassium, i-sodium-potassium - ingilazi ane-alikhali. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu impahla efanelekayo isicelo emhlabeni wonke. It is esenzelwe aquarium ingilazi, ifasitela, izitsha nokunye.
• Alkali metal oxides nge wokuqukethwe lelisetulu izinsimbi ezisindayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphezu kwezinga lomthofu edingekayo ukuze sithole crystal, ingilazi optical.

ukusetshenziswa amaningi

ingilazi silicate anezakhi eziningana ezenza elisetshenziswa anhlobonhlobo. Ngamunye nezimfanelo zayo bungathuthukiswa, ngakho inikeza amathuba eminye. Ngokwesibonelo, ingilazi camera nge ziyinhlanganisela ukhonza njengesibuko futhi lungasetshenziswa njengendlela ibhethri solar ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

izakhiwo zenhlanzeko kanye nama-practical Glassware elingenakuphikwa. Indaba ayinakho porosity, futhi ngenxa yalokho, awusebenzi ukuzalela amagciwane, kulula ukuhlanza, linamandla kunoma imikhiqizo ukudla. Bakeware therefrom eziningi kungenziwa wabhaka ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kuhhavini noma wafaka efrijini ngaphandle umonakalo.

Babhekane nezinga elikhulu ukushuba

Indaba has a ukushuba obuhlukahlukene, ebheka namakhono ayo. Ishidi 2 mm awugqinsi, kufanelekile amafasitela. Glass isetshenziselwa aquarium okungenani 5 mm, kuye ngokuthi umthamo wamanzi wathela emgqonyeni. Nokho, aquarists baye ngokuya sebekholelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa Analogue acrylic kuyinto zibelula, ikakhulu uma udinga amandla amalitha 500 noma ngaphezulu.

Ukusebenzisa laminate (laminated) yandisa: ethe njo ndawonye nge-web polymer ifilimu cishe wabhubhisa, kuphephile ngoba engenzi sidilike. Hammer abangakwenza ukuze baphule ezimbili ingilazi silicate 10 mm interlayer obukhulu yamabhayisikobho cishe ayinakwenzeka. ingilazi laminated wenza amabhuloho esobala, ebhekene mbumbulu zezakhiwo, ezicijile nezinye nezitsha.

izakhiwo

Silicate ezisekelwe Sebenzisa ukwaziswa okusemakhasini uthola indawo yayo isakhiwo. Zisetshenziswa hhayi kuphela amafasitela kodwa futhi njengoba Ukuvikelwa eyengeziwe kanye yokuhlanganisa. Ngakho, ingilazi uketshezi welashelwa isisekelo amabhlogo, abenze amelana umswakama, ukhunta, lokushisa ekushintshashintsheni nokunye.

Bent noma matt impahla ayevumela isetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, wenza izivalo ifenisha, izihlambi, mbumbulu, nokunye.

ingilazi silicate ine Izakhiwo ezilandelayo:

• Transparency.
• Reflectance Khanyisa.
• Imvelo abanobungane.
• Heat ukumelana.
• Ukumelana nolaka chemical ezindaweni.
• Ukumelana Zemvelo Ukuze endaweni enobudlova.
• Ukuvikeleka.
• Okuphansi conductivity ezishisayo.

izimfanelo engeziwe ezifana ukumelana ukucindezeleka futhi umonakalo mechanical, ukunikeza indaba eqeda. Ingqikithi yalo nqubo Ukushisa okusheshayo kanye nokupholisa okusheshayo okufanayo esikhathini esifushane. Amandla ezanda izikhathi 4-5. Ngenxa kwenza ingilazi amahora, umnyango panel, ifenisha, izindonga zasendlini.

imikhiqizo yokukhiqiza

Izidlo eyenziwe Silica ingilazi nendlu imikhiqizo zenziwa ngezindlela eziningana key:

• Ukucindezela. Ungqimba viscous is batheleka isikhunta esinqunyiwe ke usebenzisa isikhunta ezithathekayo ingxenye (Punch) banikwa imingcele ethile. Isikhunta ukuze engaphakathi ungaba iphethini, okuyinto phakathi isibhakela wenziwa engxenyeni engaphandle kwe-athikili.
• Blowing. It kuyahluka mechanical mathupha. I ukujiya udonga umkhiqizo kuhluka 1 mm kuya ku-10 mm. Le ndlela kwenziwa isitsha sezimbali, amabhodlela, izibuko, izinkomishi. ekushayweni Manual - kuba art. Master glassmakers ukudala umkhiqizo esiyingqayizivele ngokuxhuma uquqaba esobala namakhaladi zimumethe metal umsebenzi umzimba, izinto zemvelo eluhlaza, igolide kanye nokunye. isandla kushaywa ayitholakali imikhiqizo ezifanayo.
• Ekubunjweni. Ikakhulu esetshenziselwa yokukhiqiza imifanekiso, izithombe eziqoshiwe. Ngokuphakeme ezimbonini oluqanjwe ukubumba ingilazi optical.
• Joint multi-esiteji. izingxenye Isetshenziswa akhiqizwa ubuchwepheshe ezimbili: tekuceba ukuphokophela. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla we ingilazi thathaza nasemlenzeni cindezela, izingxenye siphelile axhunyiwe.

ukucutshungulwa okuhlobisa

ingilazi silicate - impahla evundile izinhlobo eziningi umhlobiso. Hlukanisa imvume ashisayo nabandayo.

Ukuze hot zihlanganisa:

• Staining ngobuningi metal oxides.
• Ukuxuba eziningi imibala ehlukene nge ekubumbeni eminye (ingilazi Venetian ne amabala).
• Krakelirovanie. I mass olubunjiwe ibe mkhiqizo selehlile ngokushesha, okuholela neminkenke ngaphezulu avele, zokuthola umkhiqizo kwancibilika.
• Fusing.
• Hot-obumba izintambo, lokuluhlaza, kwalandela okufakiwe isihloko.
• Kumiswa ifomu ezingeziwe onqenqemeni e inqubo kuqhuma. Kungafezwa ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi.

Cold isikhunta umhlobiso:

• Mechanical: ukugaya, umbhalo, idayimane isici, sandblasting.
• Amakhemikhali: Etching nge hydrofluoric acid.
• Amanga: imidwebo, ukudweba iphethini decal, ukuphrinta usilika-screen, Plating, plasma sishaye, yokudweba ayebuthaka upende.

Ezinye izinhlobo ingilazi

ubuchwepheshe besimanje ukuvumela ukunikeza ezengeziwe izinga Silica ingilazi. Kulawa, ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ethandwa yilezi:

Smart ingilazi: uhlobo impahla olushintsha impahla yayo ngaphansi kwethonya kwezimo zangaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho umkhiqizo kagesi lamanje kuba opaque, lapho nokunqamula wesifunda uphindela esimweni esobala.

Imicu yotshani Glass (fiberglass) etholakala ngokudweba izinto ibe izingcwecwe (ulinganiswa microns) lokuluhlaza. Kubo ukudala impahla ngokwanele nezimo. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe fibre, nangokuvikela izinto, kanjalonjalo.

Elicwengwé Glass: abavamile soda-lime ingilazi has a kwe-tint liluhlazana noma lemicu empunga elinamathela othini, kahle-kwasho, uma ubheka Imi. Ngenxa yalokho, le ndwangu ezinemibala kancane. Ukuze ugweme lokhu kube yimpumelelo, e senqubo yokukhiqiza kunezelwa brighteners, zokuyithena umbala engadingeki. Uhluka ezivamile sithuthukiswe ukukhanya ukudluliswa umthamo we impahla, uyinki ukudluliswa ngaphandle kokushintsha umbala.