Kolyma HPP: indawo, izimo zemvelo, ukubaluleka kwezomnotho. Kolyma Hydropower isitshalo okuthiwa Yu Frishter

Vakashela kulezi zindawo futhi ucabangele umshini ezinjalo - ke uthole injabulo enkulu, kodwa futhi ubunzima okungavamile endleleni alindele ikude kakhulu Kolyma HPP. Nginqobe amakhilomitha anamakhulu mahlanu kusukela Magadan eNyakatho Ekude yeCanada - akuwona neze umsebenzi olula.

Uhlolojikelele

Lokhu kusho ukusebenzisa amandla kagesi amandla plant PJSC "Kolymaenergo", okuyinto yena, kuyinto uphiko JSC "RusHydro". Kolymskaya HPP weqoqo imingcele uhlukile. Lena akuyona nje isakhiwo esikhulu, esinamandla.

Abahlukile ikakhulu ngoba Magadan Region ngamandla uhlelo yayo lingaxhumani kohlelo amandla Russia, futhi ngoba lena amandla kagesi cishe wonke amandla adingekayo emkhakheni - 95% - inikeza ngokuzimela. A ubunjalo eyinhloko - indawo yayo. Imiphetho eyiqhwa ungowokuqala kanye kuphela. Kolyma HPP has edamini eliphakeme, futhi egumbini lenjini itholakala ngaphansi komhlaba. ke iyona enamandla kunazo phakathi umsebenzi ofanayo.

Umlando sokudalwa

Imibono mayelana nendlela ukusebenzisa yemvelo amandla ukugeleza esisempumalanga yoMfula Kolyma bafakwa phambili kusukela ekuqaleni we namathathu banesifo esibi we sokuma Ascension leminyaka elidlule. Kube babulawa nokubulawa imisebenzi eminingana ngaphambi kokuqala ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Ngokulandelayo, kunjalo akazange abe nesikhathi ukuhambisa. Ukuze ugesi lapha waqhubeka ebasebenzisa amalahle wendawo. Buyela amaphrojekthi yalesi sifunda into oyifunayo, njengoba Kolyma HPP, lwafika sixties, lapho unqobe kokubhubhisa post-yimpi nokunqoba isikhala waqala. Ngo-June 1964, senza sokudubula kwendawo zonke kule ndawo, futhi ngo-1965 kwafika lapha neqembu uNgqongqoshe wezaMandla onjiniyela wokubacindezela.

Ezenye yalolu hambo, futhi wakhonza njengephayona isinqumo umsebenzi inhlolovo esizeni umgwaqo Ngokuzayo amandla kagesi. Khona-ke konke lokho kwase kwenziwe, Magadan isifunda wathatha iqembu lokuqala wokubacindezela onjiniyela-abahloli. Ngo-December walowo nyaka elandelayo bajoyine yentuthuko yomklamo, futhi ngo-1967 waqala endaweni nophenyo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Wayesebenza kuphrojekthi "Lengidroproekt", esikhundleni bomkhankaso nantathu uhlole izisulu kulesi sikhungo. Ngo-November 1969, ekuqaleni ukhona ukuphathwa ukwakhiwa inhlangano "Kolymagesstroy" ku "Vilyuygesstroya". Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa eU.SSR neKomidi lokuHlela State isihloko umsebenzi lena ekulandulayo ukwakhiwa wavulwa. Kafushane, ngo-1970, i-amandla kagesi eMfuleni Kolyma isivele isiqalile ukhona - kodwa ngesimo ukwakhiwa.

ekuqaleni

Ngo-February 1970, i-trailer yokuqala evela Yakutia ukuya esiteshini target ithunyelwe, futhi kufika Mashi emathulusi ekwakha. Amabanga phandle kukhona amasonto yokuthi ababili ababesendleleni eya e - lokhu kungokwemvelo, kude nakho konke okunye kuyinto Kolyma HPP. izimo zemvelo ibaluleke kakhulu - eyiqhwa, eNyakatho Ekude. Abantu nobuchwepheshe ayilethwa nje yilokho Yakutia, kodwa futhi kusukela Magadan edolobhaneni Uptar kokuba belinde isikhathi base zokuthutha umphakathi - ukwakhiwa platform lokuqala. Okokuqala, kwadingeka ukwakha izindlu abasebenzi ukwakha imigwaqo lonke ingqalasizinda. Abanye abantu abaningi abathi emifula ugwema kokuhlupheka plan onjalo, kanye Kolyma amandla kagesi sitjalo ukuya yonke indlela zero. Lokhu akulona Dam kanti zazidingeka ematendeni (isimo sezulu akuyona etendeni!), Ezakhiwa Kukhona isitoreji ezikhumulweni, imigwaqo, ezezindlu sockultbit.

Ngakho lapho isiphetho hydrobuilders Sinegorye nge izindlu esinezitezi ezimbili ezenziwe lwemishayo ke aluminiyamu panel, amahle kahle, nge esikoleni, isikole sabaqalayo, izitolo nendlu isiko. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izimo zezulu kukhona neze, futhi eyiqhwa akunakwenzeka ukwakha indlu esisekelweni nokwakhiwa banoma iyiphi isayizi njalo eyakhelwe phezu kwezingodo. Summer omnene, ngezinye izikhathi kushisa, ungqimba phezulu liyancibilika phansi, isisekelo sintanta. Nokho, ebusika lokususa mathandathu anamihlanu, anamibini degrees Celsius - izinga lokushisa evamile, akusho ukwandisa isibalo amasonto. Ukushisisa isizini eNyakatho Ekude yeCanada ihlala abantu izikhathi esiyizinsuku ezinga amabili lamatshumi ayisikhombisa futhi, ngokuvamile - ngaphezulu. Kodwa izwe njengoba kwakunesidingo esikhulu kakhulu Kolyma HPP, nekubaluleka kwalo kutemnotfo nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu.

izindawo eziyinhloko

Ngo-June 1974, wakhipha ibhakede lokuqala emhlabeni. Ngakho waqala ukwakha idamu. Kolyma HPP Yakhiwa kanyekanye ne isiphetho hydrobuilders eminye iminyaka emibili, futhi ekugcineni, ngo-1976, lesi sakhiwo kwaba ukushaqeka Zonke-Union. Amabili nengxenye ayizinkulungwane the best ezweni Komsomol wafika amaqembu Kolyma. Ngo-1980, umfula uvinjiwe endaweni amandla kagesi, futhi ngokushesha ibutho lokuqala wokubacindezela isivele ihlolwe. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange emihlanu, baba zokugcina ukusebenza kuphela ngo-1995. Ngo-2010, amandla kagesi yase yaziwa ngokuthi "Kolyma HPP okuthiwa Frishter Yi" - ke yethiwa umqondisi kuqala futhi umphathi ukwakhiwa.

ukwakhiwa emifula - edamini enamandla ephezulu ingcindezi HPP: idwala yokugcwalisa edamini, komhlaba isibalo amanzi esakhiweni, PTC nge ISG (eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimboni-zobuchwepheshe nge evaliwe kudivayisi ukusatshalaliswa) Spillway. ukufaka lesikhashana futhi unomphela komhlaba lapha ngamanani amakhulu, futhi ubude bawo iphelile amakhilomitha ayisikhombisa, kanye nenani vylomki - 425 000 square metres. Okuqinisekisiwe amandla kagesi - 224 megawatts, futhi efakwe - 900, ngokwesilinganiso, elakhiwe 3.325 bhiliyoni kWh ugesi minyaka yonke.

emfuleni

Hydroelectric amandla plant eyakhelwe kude umlomo - 1854 km Kolyma namanje ogeleza olwandle. Kwakukhona elise ezinkulu Kolyma imibundu, okuyinto manje Ugcwalise kwesigubhu. Isigodi River Kolyma kule ndawo iyincane kakhulu, kwakheka ensungubezini nge emithambekeni emaweni kakhulu. Ukuze eqinile, amavolumu kukhona omkhulu. Ngisho nalapho ihlobo noma ekwindla izikhukhula kuyaqedwa, HPS isekela ulahla izinga lamanzi. Ngakho ukulethwa enwetshiwe ngasemfuleni. amandla kagesi ngeke eyedwa - Kolyma HPP wendlale siqukethe iziteshi ezimbili. Lokhu amandla kagesi - esigabeni engenhla wendlale. Nge ukwethulwa Ust-Srednekanskaya ungakwazi ukulawula ngokugcwele navigability esisempumalanga yoMfula Kolyma, futhi izindlela okusebenzela Kolyma HPP kuyodingeka ayikho imikhawulo. Manje akunjalo. Ngamunye osenyameni amanzi uphela umsebenzi omkhulu eqinisa ogwini futhi olwandle. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amaphutha zenzeka kanengi ukudlula liye ibalwa, le Spillway eside usebenza.

Zonke aqukethe kwamadamu emifula kanye amadamu. Lapha emfuleni kudinga izinto ezimbili: i isiqinisekiso ngokuphelele unyaka wonke ukutholakala kwamanzi kanye nemithambeka ezinhle. Isikhungo samanzi ngokuvamile itholakala lapho udonga-buka isimo sezwe. Kolyma - kuba lo mfula, futhi lakhiwa esigodini Kolyma HPP. Sinegorye - zokuhlala Amandla - ingamakhilomitha angu kusukela Magadan, anamakhulu mahlanu kuphela. Mhlawumbe, ezwekazini futhi kuba okuncane - 3-4 amahora ngemoto. North akawuthandi lapho abantu ukuqagela indlela isikhashana. Kungaba khona futhi bonke amahora amathathu ukuya enkabeni yesifunda, kodwa namanje sijabule ngokuthi ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle adventure engadingeki. Kodwa uma uya ngqo eduze Kolyma amakhilomitha angamakhulu amabili, endleleni ziyokuwa wesibili (nesibongo) wendlale - Ust-Srednekanskaya. Lapha, ukhonkolo kanye edamini zobumba nayo esakhiwe endaweni encane esigodini.

amapharamitha

Kolyma amandla kagesi Yakhiwa ngezigaba ezimbili: Yakhiwa lokuqala, ezakhiwe kasimende zemibukiso amadamu main futhi yesikhashana, spillways, isiteshi isibalo sabahlengikazi abaqeqeshwayo futhi imigudu, culverts, ingxenye PTK isakhiwo, igumbi ikhompyutha amayunithi ezintathu ezazibulalana kufakwe ingcindezi encishisiwe, futhi esigabeni sesibili banamanani edamini main , a Spillway, isibalo sabahlengikazi abaqeqeshwayo futhi ngokugcwele HPP isakhiwo. Omunye namashumi amathathu nane kanye amamitha isigamu - ukuphakama damu esiphezulu, okungukuthi phakathi kwenqwaba zomhlabathi ke - the eziphakeme kakhulu kuleli zwe. ubude bayo, uzitshela khahlamba, 683 metres, ububanzi - 15. Ngaphezu nangaphansi - wagxila itshe egwadle nezibhebhe uhlaka core uyavikeleka inhlabathi (loam sandy), umshini eyenziwe isihlabathi futhi amatshe amaphrizimu ahlelwe phakathi abutment futhi ekujuleni kwenhliziyo.

Spillway cishe eseduze isakhiwo, it is sasakhiwe ngokhonkolo njengoba trohprolotny Spillway Chutes kanye kuzuba langesikhatheso ngoKukhulamungu. Ngamunye trinadtsatimetrovy imitha-amabili span ligamanxa shutter. Rise futhi bayasilela amafasitela ngamawinji, ngalinye elikwazi ukukhulisa amathani angamakhulu amabili esangweni ngalinye nibaluleke ezimbili. Kolyma ichibi (noma ulwandle, njengoba saziwa kanjalo endaweni) 6 amakhilomitha ububanzi 148 ubude, endaweni yayo - 441 km square, ukujula esiphezulu - amamitha 120. Ogcwele amanzi kusukela ngo-1980, le nqubo eyathatha iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Njengoba kwenzeka njalo ekwakhiweni izitshalo Hydropower, odla izindwani eziningi yokulima. Lapha, e Kolyma, ukuthi amadlelo corn amasimu asemhlophe neze. Kodwa zonke izakhiwo wathutha - abayikho ezibizayo lapha. abantu Sea uthande: kuye ukubamba Grayling, whitefish, Lenca, burbot, futhi izinhlobo eziningi nezinye izinhlanzi ezinhle.

Okuningi mayelana izimo zemvelo

Zonke-Union yokwakha eyenziwe ukuze balukhulume lolu lingenamuntu ngokuphelele futhi wahlukaniswa isimo sezwe jikelele. Kolyma onguthelawayeka, okuyinto nomendo eliseduze, elise amakhilomitha amane, okuyinto kakhulu izimo eNyakatho Ekude. Stoke at Kolyma, njengoba kuzo zonke emifula enyakatho, kakhulu engalingani. Eliphakeme kunawo ungaphakathi ihlobo noma ekwindla izikhukhula amagagasi ezimbili - entwasahlobo (eliphakeme ngo-June) semvula (Agasti no Septhemba). Ngenkathi efudumele futhi kwelula kakhulu yonke ukugeleza - ukuba amaphesenti angu-97.

Ebusika kuba Yiqiniso, cishe yaphela: emfuleni buhlangene ekuqaleni kuka-October, futhi ivulekile ngasekupheleni kuka-May, ngalesi sikhathi ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi lehla 3 cubic metres ngomzuzwana. A okokuqandisa isikhathi eside - kusukela ezinsukwini 200 kuya 270 ngonyaka. Ubusika kuyabanda kakhulu, amplitude we ekushintshashintsheni lokushisa ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalombili konyaka! Okungukuthi, ebusika -62 (lokushisa okungenani), kanye ehlobo +36 (esiphezulu). Lapha njalo uthule imimoya, ikakhulukazi ebusika, banamandla, ngesikhathi lokususa ayisithupha kwenza isimo sezulu akuyona nje ezinzima, kodwa azibe ngaphezu kwamandla. Le ndawo futhi kakhulu seysmichen - ngamaphuzu ayisikhombisa (msk-64 esikalini).

Sinegorye

Eduze emifula esezikhulile emzaneni. Isiphetho wayengumuntu awulula. Lapho isiteshi kusakhiwa, kwakunabantu abangaphezu kuka-17 eziyinkulungwane (khumbula ukuthi wokugcina - lesihlanu - iyunithi waqala ukusebenza ngo-1995), khona-ke abantu abaningi kangaka lapha nje abanalo umsebenzi. Sinegorye bethulula ngokushesha, abantu sebehamba kwezinye izindawo, ukuze nezinye izakhiwo noma ezwekazini. Okwamanje, abantu wonke umphakathi Sinegorye akukho kuka amabili nambili. Lokhu emifula abasebenzi amandla esiteshini ukukhonza, abasebenzi abasebenzi kagesi kanye nesimo. Kanye labantu Sinegorye kwesokunxele kanye nokuhlinzekwa nezinzuzo zezenhlalo.

Yonke into ngokushesha fade: ezempilo, imfundo, isiko. swimming pool kuphela itholakala kuze kube manje. Ezinye izindaba zika-super-ocebile yezemidlalo - cishe lapho. Isimo esifanayo cishe kuyo yonke indawo. Kodwa kule ndawo iyadingeka ukuthuthukisa, ngabe yikuphi hhayi ulahlekelwe esakhiwe kakade. Zingaki izindlu manje angenalutho Sinegorye! Bonke esishiywe dengwane. Ngisho kungekho mbuzo ngalokho, kungani ukuphila lapha. Yebo, lapho kugcwele khona lendawo aminyene ore - yensimbi kanye nokwe-uranium, ithini, i-platinum, igolide ... Kolyma HPP le nhloso futhi eyakhelwe - ukuthuthukisa idiphozi.

Indlela kwenziwa

Lapho uku-30s ezikude ingcebo balapha ezobhekwa, kwaba sobala ukuthi isidingo ezibizayo futhi enamandla amandla ihabhu. Iqhwa, isimo sezulu kanzima kwenza umsebenzi ikakhulukazi isikhathi esiningi futhi kakhulu eqolo. Nokho, uma kwenzeka waqhubekela phambili. Benziwa izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi nocwaningo lapho ukhetha uhlobo edamini, sathola indawo elilungile kakhulu ezikhonjelwe ukulumbana. Ingabe umsebenzi omkhulu wokulungiselela, futhi lapha - GES imele ubuhle. Konke kwaba "ngokuqinile imithetho," njengoba besho lezi zitho. Kulokhu, lo mqondo - terroformirovanie. Uma le nqubo aletha Ekugcineni, kuholela kabusha komhlaba kwe-iplanethi izinguquko ukubukeka, imvelo nesimo sezulu somhlaba. Nabo babenza okufanayo ngesikhathi Kolyma HPP.

indawo yezimboni enamandla, umgwaqo olwenziwa yadalwa, esungulwe ezihlukahlukene ukukhiqizwa. Sithole futhi wasungula umsebenzi ukukhiqiza zokwakha: isihlabathi, amatshe, ubumba, Gypsum. Bafika-ke kangakanani kwezobuchwepheshe amakholomu ukusuka echwebeni yaseMagadana! Kwasebenza izimoto ezinamandla kakhulu - yokulahla BelAZ, KrAZ, KamAZ, ngagaqa lapha trailer ne abembayo, ogandaganda, tractor. Phela, kwakudingekile ukuba alethe nanoma yini nje, nansi indawo shurupchika lingenamuntu futhi zasendle noma encane abatholi, ingasaphathwa multi-ton transformer futhi ophephela hydrogenerator. Window ingilazi, zokugqoka, ifenisha, ukudla Cranes - ke wakhululwa endleleni futhi nazo emazweni akude.

feat

Kolyma, ifana nommese, besika yokhalo Cherskogo, ukukucaza kube ezimbili omkhulu egwadle ehlombe, okuyinto manje kudingeka zilungiselelwe - ukuze uqondanise futhi ihlanzekile, ngoba kulapha lapho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi esasilaliswe kulo ucezu olukhulu edamini. Industrial Area kakade ukuvumele ukuvula zokukhiqiza, kanye into yokuqala edingekayo izakhiwo zikakhonkolo. Abavubukula ngokoqobo eluma ku phansi nqunu komfula, lapho ubizwa walungisela base naleli damu. Ukusebenza bezintaba zezimboni, bula ezindongeni ukuqondanisa, iya ekujuleni ezintabeni, ukugawula egwadle, Drifters Brigade. Imitha ngu imitha lwangena Imigudu culverts. Ngendlela efanayo edwaleni ngesibhakela isikhala elikhulu yemishini kanye amayunithi HPP.

Idamu ilapha - kuphela emhlabeni, ngoba azilazi esingakanani ukukwenza oku eyiqhwa. A uchungechunge okuqhubekayo amaloli wasuka Magadan, e Sinegorye alethwe ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane amathani usimende ngosuku kuphela. Lokhu ebusika, kunesithwathwa kakhulu olunzima, okuyinto akhona emhlabeni. Ehlobo ayikho imigwaqo. Ngakho - ngokusebenzisa emigodini iqhwa, zokunqoba imifula nemifudlana, ngokuphazima kweso, ukuthi ngempela awunakufriza ayisithupha degrees, ukuhola i-trailer yakhe (amathani angaphezu kuka-170) esindayo kanye imoto ngokuvamile oversized. I intaba sihamba, emithambekeni oshelelayo. Phela, kwase ngenxa igoli elikhulu kangaka! Kwakuyisikhathi feat.