Isakhiwo umkhumbi. Izinhlobo futhi injongo imikhumbi

Ukuhambisa kanye imifula nolwandle emikhunjini emlandweni kuyaziwa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu libe yizinkulungwane eziyisihlanu. Okwamanje, ngokuvumelana amagama olwamukelwa, isitsha seagoing - okusanhlamvu, umgibeli noma ukuthengisa watercraft wosayizi omkhulu, umkhumbi - wezempi. Bala lo izinhlobo imikhumbi nezitsha kungaba eside. Ulwandle edume kunazo - ke sailboats kanye yezikebhe, imikhumbi ethwala imikhumbi, izikebhe, emathangini avuzayo kanye abathwali ngobuningi. Ihamba - iyona izindiza zenethiwekhi, yempi, Cruisers, kubabulali nemikhumbi-ngwenya.

Isakhiwo umkhumbi

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlobo noma Class akubandakanyi watercraft, kuba esivela izakhi ezivamile kwesakhiwo. Kwasekuqaleni, yebo, izindlu, enikezwe superstructure izinjongo ezihlukile, Mast futhi cuttings. Okuyisici esibalulekile zonke izinto kukhona izinjini kanye ophephela ngokuvamile, izitshalo amandla. Ukuze izikebhe ukuphila amadivayisi ezibalulekile, izinhlelo, ugesi, piping kanye nemishini kwezakhiwo.

izitsha Sailing ifakwe namanje futhi ukhetho.

Ikhala ngokuthi phambi okuphakelayo - ukuphela ngemuva kwezindlu zawo evele - izinhlangothi. Uhlangothi lomkhumbi lwesandla sokudla ngesikhathi kususwa amatilosi ngokuthi uhlangothi lomkhumbi lwesandla sokudla, kwesokunxele - backboard.

Ngezansi noma phansi ingxenye engezansi umkhumbi, onezitezi - ukugqagqana ovundlile. Sigibele umkhumbi - lena igumbi ngezansi, okuyinto itholakala ephakathi phansi kanye ngezansi emphemeni. Tween ngokuthi tweendeck.

Umklamo sikebhe

Uma sikhuluma umkhumbi nhlobo, kungaba wempi noma uyisitsha umuntu empini, umzimba kuba waterproof umzimba umumo ovikelekile, okungenalutho ngaphakathi. Leli bhokisi sinikeza esibuthakathaka sisemanzini kanye isizinda noma indawo yesikhulumi lapho igibele imishini noma izikhali ngokuya ngendawo okuyiwa kuyo ngaphandle komkhumbi.

uhlobo umkhumbi kubangela ukuma umzimba, futhi ubukhulu bawo.

Sikebhe siqukethe iqoqo kanye isikhumba. Bulkheads kanye onezitezi - kukhona izakhi esivela ezithile imithambo.

Asezindongeni zingenziwa ngokhuni, ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi namuhla, epulasitikini futhi ashiselwe ndawonye noma riveted amapuleti steel noma ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu.

Ohlangothini kwangaphakathi ukulondoloza amandla kanye ukuma Plating sikebhe futhi emphemeni osekelwa setha imishayo isandla oxhumene, okhuni noma ensimbi, okuyinto ahlelwe ku transverse kanye izinkomba longitudinal.

Wemikhawulo umzimba avame uphela ngaphakathi ngemishayo eqinile: esikebheni - Uhlaka lukhuni ekhaleni - stem. Kuye uhlobo isitsha wabuka umnsalo zingase zihluke. Yizo ezinquma ukwehla kule nhlangano ukumelana bomkhumbi, ukuhlinzeka maneuverability futhi seaworthiness. Underwater umkhumbi ekhaleni kunciphisa ukumelana namanzi, ngakho-ke, kwandisa ijubane emkhunjini, futhi petrol sinciphile. Futhi icebreakers stem kakhulu esitshekile phambili, kanjalo isikebhe aqala phezu eqhweni futhi ebhubhisa kuye ngesisindo sakhe.

isethi izindlu

Nezindlu nanoma yisiphi isitsha esenziwe kumele babe izibopho eziqinile ohlangothini mpo, longitudinal futhi transverse ukusingatha lesi simo esicindezelayo amanzi, amagagasi ukushaqeka lapho kuneziphepho kanye nanoma yimiphi eminye namandla ngokuvumelana naso.

Underwater ingxenye umkhumbi uzizwe babekezelela. Ngakho-ke, phakathi isethi keel setha isixhumanisi main longitudinal ukuthi kudinga umzamo, okuholela isitsha buckling - fin mpo. Ugijimela ubude lonke zomzimba ixhunywe stem Uhlaka esikebheni, nokwakhiwa kwawo kuxhomeke kulokho uhlobo isitsha.

Ngo okufanayo le keel we therealong ezansi kukhona stringers, inombolo yabo incike Ubukhulu womkhumbi kunciphe maqondana umnsalo esikebheni, njengoba ezincane ububanzi phansi.

Ngokuvamile keels ohlangothini asethwe ukunciphisa ithonya esiwukuphonswa ohlangothini shumbi they abeqeli ngalé izilinganiso umzimba ububanzi futhi ube ezakhiwe ezahlukene.

Kuqondile amashidi steel obiziwe izibuya phansi, ukukhwezwa yonkana izindlu kanye ashiselwe kuya keel futhi kungenzeka permeable futhi eliqinile.

uhlangothi isethi phansi ukunxenxa baqhubeka futhi siqukethe stringers (amabha longitudinal) kanye ozimele (izimbambo transverse). Stem kubhekwa ezempi shipbuilding zero Uhlaka okunamathiselwe kanye Uhlaka isilinganiso - midsection.
Deck isethi wuhlelo intersecting imishayo longitudinal futhi transverse - ngemishayo.

Igobolondo umkhumbi

isitsha igobolondo siqukethe ingaphandle phansi futhi uhlangothi igobolondo Plating kanye emphemeni. Isikhumba yangaphandle - sekhiba ovundlile ukwehlukanisa, oxhumene ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: vnakroy, Butt carvel, herringbone.

Underwater ingxenye umkhumbi kufanele kube namandla kakhulu, ngakho aphansi (enqwabelanisa) isikhumba ibhande siphela mkhulu esishintshashintshayo Lesisemkhatsini. Ngo ukushuba ofanayo kanye zone Plating ibizwa ngokuthi shirstrekom, y eyayibaluleke okuqhubekayo emphemeni imishayo.

Deck planking siqukethe esiphezulu obuphelele amashidi, okuyinto kusekelwa bomkhumbi isethi efanayo, kuletse isikhala elingaphakathi phezulu umkhumbi. I amashidi ahlelwe ohlangothini olude bomkhumbi. I ukujiya ubuncane emphemeni metal 4 mm. flooring Ngokhuni kungenzeka kwakhiwa kusukela amabhodi.

Deck - isethi yokuqoqa, kanye flooring.

umkhumbi emphemeni

sikebhe Ukuphakama womkhumbi sehlukaniswe onezitezi eziningana nakuzingxenyekazi. Platform - emphemeni ukuthi akulona obuphelele yonke emkhunjini, kodwa kulo lonke ngodonga amaningi.

Onezitezi ababizwa indawo isitsha phansi, maphakathi kanye top. Enisemikhawulweni umkhumbi (at umnsalo nengemuva) ngaphansi emphemeni aphansi amapulatifomu ezibhekwa ukuba phezulu.

Inombolo kokubili onezitezi nakuzingxenyekazi incike ubukhulu umkhumbi, injongo yawo nokuthi isakhiwo.

izitsha River nezitsha navigation okuxubile abe emphemeni main noma engenhla. Marine, ezifana umkhumbi umgibeli, ukuba ngqo - esibuthakathaka umgibeli, onezitezi ezintathu.

Elikhulu echibini imikhumbi umgibeli une-emphemeni Lesisemkhatsini, ngaphandle owodwa oyinhloko, ukwakha tween.

ship kungaba onezitezi kakhulu emikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-"Titanic" zazizine babo, okuyinto wagijima ubude yonke we umkhumbi, ezisekelweni ezimbili musa sifinyelele noma ikhala noma esikebheni, omunye kuphazamisekile emnsalweni nokukodwa wawusegunjini nje Ingaphambili lomkhumbi. Lo mkhumbi entsha Royal Princess has nesishiyagalolunye onezitezi.

emphemeni Upper, futhi ibizwa nangokuthi i a main, nobe primary, ukumelana ekucindezelekeni esiphezulu ngaphansi kokucindezelwa transverse futhi ukugoba longitudinal izindlu. I esemkhunjini ngokuvamile owazenza ukwenyuka okuncane phakathi umnsalo nengemuva kanye iqhubu ohlangothini transverse, ukwenza kube lula ukuze zithuthelekela ezinhlangothini amanzi uvaleleke komkhumbi olwandle olugubhayo.

topside

Deck superstructures - superstructures design itholakala kuyo yonke ububanzi bomkhumbi. Bakha ivolumu avaliwe, elisetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso ehhovisi kanye izakhiwo zokuhlala. IBhodi wabhekisela superstructure, izindonga side zisekhona esemkhunjini. Kodwa iningi isikhala kwi emphemeni ongaphezulu akavele ezinhlangothini. Ngakho-ke, kukhona eziningana division esiku efanele.-add-ins ukuthi zitholakala ubude kahle esikhulu umkhumbi, futhi ukuzisika kakhulu superstructure, kodwa iDemo.

Njengoba emphemeni engenhla umkhumbi kuhlukaniswe, ngasinye igama lalo, igama elifanayo inikezwe bese wengeza-ins, ukuthi akuphi: bin noma akhothamise stern noma Jutes futhi ngokwesilinganiso. Forecastle - bow superstructure - senzelwe ukwandisa umnsalo sikebhe.

Ethangini ongama kuya 2/3 of ubude bomkhumbi. Ethangini side ibekwe emikhunjini umgibeli apholile futhi imikhumbi yezimpahla - wezimpahla tweendeck.
Esikhathini superstructure aft - the poop noma poop - ku imikhumbi yezimpahla uhlele yokuhlala iqembu.

Phakathi bezindonga zezivikelo isihlangu emphemeni superstructures, okumele uvikele emphemeni kusukela amanzi ezikhukhula.

Emikhunjini, kuye ngohlobo kanye injongo bomkhumbi, ukuzisika wenziwa izigaba eziningana.

On nezikebhe ukushayela ngemvume kuphela egumbini lapho itholakala isondo nomsakazo, kanye nazo zonke ezinye izakhiwo kwi emphemeni engenhla --add-on.

umkhumbi linezingxenye

Isakhiwo lempi umkhumbi noma isitsha ezisetshenziswa umphakathi kusho amagumbi amanzi angangeni, okuyinto ukwandisa unsinkable yayo.

I kwangaphakathi izindonga mpo (bulkheads) ubambe ukuhlukaniswa amanzi angangeni kanye ubude ivolumu sangaphakathi umkhumbi ku linezingxenye. Bona ukuvimbela amanzi ukugcwalisa wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu yangaphakathi lilimele engxenyeni kwamanzi emkhunjini kanye ukusabalala umlilo.

I linezingxenye emkhunjini, kuye ngokuthi isicelo, amagama abo siqu. Okukhulu izitshalo amandla efakiwe endaweni gumbi, othiwa motor noma egumbini lenjini. Ikamelo injini kubhayela amanzi angangeni ahlukaniswe ukwahlukanisa. Imithwalo kuthiwa uthuthwa linezingxenye wezimpahla (ophethe). I zokuhlala ukuze nabagibeli abangu okukhulunywe yokuhlala nomgibeli lisiphatheleni. Okokhelekayo agcinwe egumbini nophethiloli.

Izakhiwo ku linezingxenye ukukhanyisa isihlangu bulkheads. Ukuze ukwazi ukungena linezingxenye e lichanyuselwe emphemeni phansi ababulawa ukuma unxande. usayizi kangakanani kuncike ekutheni linezingxenye uya khona.

Umkhumbi isimiso sokutshuza

Amandla isitshalo emkhunjini - izinjini kanye nemishini elisizayo, okuyinto hhayi kuphela kuholele ukuhamba umkhumbi, kodwa futhi asinike ugesi.

Ukunyakaza kwabantu noma izithunzi umkhumbi kuyinto injini main, bendiza omkhumbi, shafting axhunyiwe.

izindlela Asizayo ukunikeza emkhunjini ugesi, amanzi desalinated, umusi.

Ngokwe-Umgomo we operation futhi uhlobo injini main, futhi amandla imithombo umkhumbi isimiso sokutshuza noma kungaba umusi-ophephela, idizili, dizelturbinnoy, igesi ophephela, e-athomu noma kuhlanganiswe.

amadivaysi Umkhumbi kanye nezinhlelo

isakhiwo umkhumbi - hhayi nje sikebhe futhi superstructure, kubuye kube idivayisi zasolwandle, imishini ekhethekile futhi emphemeni izindlela ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngaphandle komkhumbi. Ngaphandle lokuqondisa noma izikhonkwane ezisetshenziselwa ungameli umkhumbi ngisho abantu kude shipbuilding. Futhi esitsheni ngalinye ethwele, mooring, isikebhe, iyunithi wezimpahla. Bonke ezisebenza futhi zigcinwe emphemeni ukwesekwa izindlela, okuhlanganisa eziqondisa amagiya, yokudonsa, iloli kanye isikebhe ngamawinji, amaphampu nokuningi.

Ship system - ingamakhilomitha angu eziningi amapayipi amaphampu, amathuluzi kanye namadivayisi, ngayo nefunda ngayo amanzi akhishwa kusukela liphetheni noma amanzi angcolile ihlinzekwa ukuze amanzi okuphuza noma Foam uma kunengozi yomlilo, Ukushisa enikeziwe, ukupholisa air conditioning.

Izindlela zika egumbini lenjini ngoba usinika fuel serviced uhlelo injini, umoya emoyeni onomfutho selehlile izinjini.

Nge ukukhanyisa ugesi unikezwa phezu isitsha kanye nokusebenza izindlela kanye namadivayisi ukuthi anikwe amandla amandla shipboard. Zonke imikhumbi yesimanje anemisila eyinkimbinkimbi imishini navigation ukucacisa kokuqondisa yezokuvakasha (Yebo), nezinzulu, ukulinganisa isivinini running futhi isithiyo ukuthola inkungu noma izitsha ezayo.

zokuxhumana zangaphakathi nezangaphandle emkhunjini esebenzisa imishini umsakazo: umsakazo, VHF radio izingcingo, zasolwandle ngocingo Ukuhwebelana.

umkhumbi izakhiwo

izindawo Marine, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingaki kwaba emkhunjini, lahlukaniswa laba amaqembu amaningana.

Lokhu yokuhlala ukuze amaqembu (gumbi zamaphoyisa kanye forecastle) futhi abagibeli (kumakhabheni letingemasayizi lahlukene).

Passenger liner kodwa ezingavamile namuhla. Bambalwa abantu abavuma ukuhambisa ngesivinini kancane ibanga elide. Okuningi ngokushesha ungenza indiza. Ngakho-ke, le gumbi umgibeli - ke ayisekho fanele kufika imikhumbi.

Passenger gumbi, ikakhulukazi kufika imikhumbi, induduzo yizigaba eziningana. I gumbi elula sifana gumbi ujantshi inqola emashalofini ezine futhi cishe akukho ifenisha, ngokuvamile ebhekene ngaphakathi emzimbeni futhi ayinaso ifasitela lomkhumbi noma lebhanoyi noma iwindi, ne ukukhanyisa yokufakelwa. A liner Royal Princess inikeza abagibeli futhi zikanokusho indlu enamakamelo amabili Suites nge balcony yangasese.

Cabin emkhunjini, umkhumbi iyona lempi - kuyinto izikhulu lwegumbi umyalo. Umlawuli futhi izikhulu eziphezulu kufanele ahlukene kumakhabheni olulodwa.

Umhlangano amakamelo - kuyinto eshintsha, zokubukela amabhayisikobho, izindawo zokudla, umtapo. Ngokwesibonelo, cruise umkhumbi Oasis Wezilwandle ebhodini has 20 zokudlela, rink eqhweni Okuyınqo, ekhasino nenkundla yemidlalo izibukeli kuze kube 1380, nightclub, club jazz kanye disco.

Ezindaweni sanitary kwezomnotho zihlanganisa inhlanzeko (ilondolo amakamelo, izihlambi, izindlu zangasese, ama-sauna) nendlu, ezihlanganisa ukudla, zonke izinhlobo isitoreji kanye Umbuso amakamelo.

Emahhovisi ngokuvamile Abagibeli zincishwa. Lona ekamelweni lapho ukuphathwa umkhumbi, noma imishini radio, igumbi injini, workshop, isitoreji se-izingxenye ezisele nezinye amasheya zasolwandle.
Ukuze izakhiwo injongo ekhethekile zihlanganisa wezimpahla yombango isitoreji zokubasa okuqinile noma uketshezi.

umkhumbi

ngomkhumbi umkhumbi idivayisi kancane sihluke isitsha evamile. Kuphela Rig futhi ukhetho.

Rig - iqoqo zonke oseyili umkhumbi. Mast - imininingwane ngqo athwale useyili. Lokhu insika, spars, insika, bowsprit, Booms nezinye izakhi ajwayelekile kusuka izincwadi mayelana Pirates of the emakhulwini eminyaka adlule.

gear olukhethekile, nge okuyinto umbono othile esimisiwe aqinise ensikeni yaso, kanye bowsprit insika ngokuthi emi izinsika, ezifana shrouds. bezinhlamvu okunjalo uhlala umile futhi yazalwa Smolenov obukhulu ekhiqizwa kusuka isitshalo izinto noma lashukumisa yensimbi noma steel intambo, futhi kwezinye izindawo - ngamaketanga.

igiya ezithathekayo, lapho oseyili ukunikeza ehlanzekile futhi zenze neminye imisebenzi ehambisana wokwengamela esibuthakathaka ngomkhumbi, ngokuthi egijima ukhetho. Lona amashidi, halyards nezinye izakhi ezenziwe ngensimbi nezimo, izindophi zokwenziwa noma Hemp.

Kuzo zonke ezinye izici, ngisho inani onezitezi, uyasuka imikhumbi efana naye.

Mnogopalubnoe umkhumbi ngaphansi useyili uvele ekhulwini XVI. Ngo Galleon Spanish kuncike ukufuduka kungaba kusuka onezitezi 2 kuya ku-7. I superstructure nayo yakhelwe ngezigaba eziningana, lapho zokuhlala atholiwe ngoba kubagibeli nezisebenzi lamaphoyisa.

Isakhiwo umkhumbi, okungenani, izakhi zalo eziyisisekelo kwesakhiwo ukuthi musa kuxhomeke ohlotsheni nenjongo umkhumbi, ukuthi sailboats, eliqhutshwa ngamandla omoya, oseyili inflator noma imikhumbi ezinamasondo ne injini umusi njengenhlangano injini, cruise liner kanye ukufakwa umusi ophephela, noma icebreakers yenuzi-powered.