Izindaba Umphakathi, Nefilosofi
Ingabe ifilosofi nesayensi? izinkinga Isihloko kanye eziyisisekelo wefilosofi
Man ihlukile isilwane izibonakaliso eziningi, kokubili emzimbeni nasengqondweni. Inja noma yenkawu neze bathoma ukucabanga injongo yokuphila noma abafuna ukwazi ngokwakho. Nezilwane ikhona ezingeni imizwelo engokwemvelo.
Ngicabanga - yokuchitha isizungu womuntu ozithandayo. Nsuku zonke sizibuze yona kwesigidi imibuzo futhi abheke ukuthi leli zwe elisizungezile kutfola timphendvulo.
Ingabe isayensi?
Lokho kuveza njalo mayelana nenjongo yokuphila kuwumsebenzi ukuthi siyingozi nefilosofi. Kwenzeka kanjalo-ke kusukela esikhathini yongqondongqondo basendulo. Ingabe ifilosofi nesayensi? Imibono ngalolu daba kuhluke.
Ngokuvamile umsebenzi Asho ukuthini isayensi, okuhloswe ngazo ekutadisheni kwenkondlo kwesigaba yokuphila komuntu noma imvelo. Sciences ngqo izinombolo, izinombolo. Esikhathini izincwadi, kukhona temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, ivesi, nokunye. N. Ngo iyiphi enye isayensi ungabona imiphumela ingabonakali umsebenzi lososayensi.
Ngo nefilosofi njenganoma yikuphi yi has imvelo bokusungula kuphela itholakala ukususwa imicabango ngokuphila kwabantu futhi izimiso zalo zisebenza. I akunakungatshazwa impendulo isayensi zefilosofi ayikuvumeli nganoma yisiphi umbuzo. Yingakho abantu abaningi bakhetha umbuzo omayelana nokuthi ifilosofi nesayensi, ukuze anikeze impendulo ezimbi.
Ubuciko ukucabanga
Singasho ukuthi ifilosofi - kuyinto ubuciko ukucabanga. Kukholakala ukuthi kwakuyizwi isayensi wokuqala, kuyinto ulwazi generalized konke okwenzeka emhlabeni.
Usosayensi wokuqala Emhlabeni kubhekwa zefilosofi. Khona-ke, njengoba ukuthuthukiswa ezindaweni ezithile endleleni yabo yokucabanga, kwakukhona imisinga entsha, ahlukaniswa ku isayensi ezimele. Kuyoba usizo ukwazi labo ecabanga ukuthi ifilosofi nesayensi.
Isihloko nefilosofi
It kuvela ukuthi ngisho ngaphandle amadijithi olulodwa, ukwahlulelwa, axioms, ifilosofi akunakubangelwa ngaphasi komkhakha wezesayensi. Sizokwenza baqonde ukuthi study ngokuqondile ukuthi iziphi izinkinga isixazululekile, lokho zefilosofi okukhulu kwakukhona futhi ukuthi bakhuluma izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka edlule.
Ngakho sithole impendulo yombuzo othile mayelana nokuthi ifilosofi nesayensi. Manje ake sixoxe nefilosofi ndaba.
Esikhathini izincwadi, kunemibono ehlukene ngalokho isihloko sale isayensi. Kodwa kukhona izincazelo ezifanayo. Uma umbono iqembu, zefilosofi ukholelwa ukuthi into wefilosofi yilesi:
ukuhlola izwe zemvelo ezizungezile;
ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba;
ukuxazulula izinkinga zesintu;
wokuxhumana noNkulunkulu.
Okungukuthi, isihloko nefilosofi kulandela uqobo lokhu isayensi nalokho study.
umsebenzi wefilosofi
Iqhaza wefilosofi emphakathini kulula yaqaphela kufundza imisebenti yayo. Okulandelayo bungabonakala:
Worldview.
Methodological.
Epistemological.
I-Predictive.
Ukuhlanganisa.
Ingqikithi yalo umsebenzi yokuqala iwukuthi nefilosofi eba ukucabanga kwabantu, ukuqondisisa umhlaba lapho itholakala khona, futhi indawo yabo emphakathini. Ngenxa yalesi ndoda bewathanda nefilosofi, uyakwazi nizithibe self-ukugxekwa, ngokunjalo nokuhlola izwe.
Ngosizo umsebenzi wesibili njengezisulu zakhe ngefilosofi zezwe uzama ukuthola ukhiye ofanele ukuba ukufunda okuthile okusha. Ngaphansi ukhiye libhekisela izindlela yokuthola ulwazi olusha. Ngokwesibonelo, enye yalezi - a dialectic. Isifundisa ukufunda into ucwaningo okusekelwe ekutadisheni ngokuphelele yonke imingcele yayo, izakhiwo, kanye ekuxhumaneni nezinye izinto.
umsebenzi Epistemological lifundisa basebenze ukuqonda ezincwadini ukudalwa izindlela ezintsha zocwaningo nolwazi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokusebenzisa ukuqonda sazi emhlabeni, kuvula amathuba amasha up sokutadisha imvelo.
Umsebenzi wesine ukuthi ifilosofi nesayensi nokusiza ukwakha izibikezelo ngamanye esizayo. Ngenxa ekuqondeni okuyikho sezindawo engokwemvelo ndaba kanye nezimiso yonke eziningi zefilosofi abadumile bakudala wakwazi ukuthola lezo zimiso nemithetho eziye zasetshenziswa ngempumelelo emkhakheni wesayensi wesimanje.
Ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi kusiza umuntu ukuba ahlele ulwazi lwakhe emhlabeni, izindawo zocwaningo, nokunye. N. Ifilosofi isayensi ufingqa lonke ulwazi kanye usibeka endaweni yayo, ekusunguleni ubudlelwano ethize. kwakhiwa Ngakho is isisekelo ezivamile, esiza ukwenza zonke izinto ezintsha.
Isikole ngasinye unemicabango ayo zefilosofi imibono, ukuqonda yonke. ukuthi balimelela. Jwayelana eduze nemikhuba ethandwayo.
esikoleni wefilosofi
ezindaweni ezahlukene ezikoleni nokunyakaza ukuthi bekwi noma oxhumene nefilosofi, impela eningi. Ithathwe isabelo sabo base phuzu. Kunjalo, ngoba umqondo womuntu ne kwezinkathi zishintshile, umuntu bakholwa onkulunkulu, kuyilapho abanye bakholelwa ukuthi sidinga ukugxila ngamandla esayensi nobuchwepheshe.
Lesi sikole wokuqala wefilosofi okutholwa generalized ngokuthi zangaphambi yokucabanga. Kunjalo, lawa Amathrendi ababekhona phambi sefilosofi omkhulu USocrates. I ovelele kakhulu babe izimfundiso Pythagoras, Heraclitus futhi Democritus.
Isimanga siwukuthi nakuba lezazi zefilosofi ibe nesiqalo ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 4. BC, ngisho nangaleso sikhathi abazange zizama ukuchaza izenzakalo eziyinqaba ngezithukuthuku magic futhi akazange ubheke onkulunkulu. Ngokusho kwabo, kwakunokwenzeka aziqinisekise ngobufakazi obuthile, into esemqoka - ukuthola ulwazi oludingekayo.
Iqhaza wefilosofi ekuphileni kwebantfu futhi wagcizelela esikhathini ukuthi ibizwa ngokuthi ekuqaleni kobuHellenism (kwakukhona 4 kuya ku-1 leminyaka BC. E.). Scepticism, Stoicism nezinye izikole ukuthi lonke izwe oxhumene, futhi yinye.
Abanye babo babekholelwa ukuthi umuntu wadalwa ngenxa izithiyo, ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka, kuyilapho abanye bezama ukuthola indlela emfushane enjabulweni. Bayaqiniseka leyo njabulo kade ihlezi phakathi indoda ngokwayo, ayizange kudingeka afune konkulunkulu noma abanye abantu, ezibonakalayo ezenziwa ngokungakhathali.
Ephakathi
Imibono zefilosofi Ephakathi zixhumene ne Abantu bangaleso sikhathi ukucabanga. Ukuthandwa elikhula ngokushesha lwenkolo yobuKristu iye yaba nethonya ukukhangisa okukhuthaza imibono ephathelene noNkulunkulu, ngokukholwa into ephakeme.
Ifilosofi sikhathi kubhekwe inkinga lemiBhalo yokukhulekela.
Patristic, ezintweni zesikole, okwangempela wafuna izimpendulo zemibuzo mayelana khona kukaNkulunkulu bathethelele ngokuba khona kwakhe. Nominalists ongaphika ukuthi konke emhlabeni ingenye. Babekholelwa ukuthi izwe njengoba nje uthola ngaphakathi ubuchopho bomuntu nezitho kuyadingeka sokutadisha izifundo ngalunye ngokuhlukile, ngaphandle ukuzihlanganisa nabanye.
Kwakubuye kube yisibonakaliso obuyimfihlo nokuqondiswa ifilosofi kwesikhathi, ngokusekelwe Ebhala ngokugomela kokuthi iSonto lethu alinalo kudingeka ukuba bazibonele ukuthi uNkulunkulu indoda. Okudingayo - iyona remoteness futhi ukuba yedwa nezwe.
Renaissance
nefilosofi European wangaleyo nkathi khumbula sibonga abantu eziningi ezivelele futhi omkhulu. Wonke umuntu uyazi mayelana uLeonardo da Vinci, uMichelangelo Machiavelli. Lokho ukuthi yizinto ezihlobene isiqondiso entsha wefilosofi - abanye abantu.
Siyazi ukuthi kule nkathi uNkulunkulu uhambisana uhlelo lokuqala. Ezingqondweni zabantu ziyashintsha amagugu eyinhloko. Le ndoda nezwe (imvelo) kukhona izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu yokutadisha wefilosofi. Humanism ichaza ukuthi indoda ngaphezu kwakho konke - kuba esivelele zonke izinto.
Yiqiniso, akusho ukuthi inkolo kungukuqala inqatshelwe Yempucuko. Bamafilosofi waqala ngokuya ukhuluma ngani yokuthi isonto - umsebenzi indoda, futhi yilowo nalowo aluphelele. Lokhu walungisiswa ukunxanela isonto yezimpahla lwezwe azisho yayo. Amanani amasha abe umuntu kufanele alwele ukuba ephelele, okungukuthi njengoNkulunkulu.
A ifilosofi entsha
Izikhombisi-main njengezisulu zakhe ngefilosofi entsha empiricism, rationalism, ukukhohliseka subjective, umbono wokuthi uNkulunkulu akaziwa. Lezi imigqa ezakhiwa kusukela 16 kuya 18 leminyaka.
Sebenzisa indlela deductive yasungulwa ngowokuqala awuzange Sherlock Holmes. Le ndlela wenziwa ezihlongozwayo rationalists cognition. Babekholelwa ukuthi impendulo noma yimuphi umbuzo udinga ukuya igxathu negxathu kusukela Imininingwane generalized ukuba amaqiniso olunemininingwane ethe xaxa. Futhi ungakwazi ukuzwa ngezwe, ukuze uthole izimpendulo.
Empiricism Kusolwa ukuthi kusukela ekuzalweni komuntu kuyisimo ishidi nalutho, izithombe nombhalo okuyinto avele inqubo yokukhula, ukuvela yinto entsha. Futhi ukuze wazi izwe, kufanele usebenzise ulwazi ngaphambilini etholwe, kokuhlola ubuqiniso balo futhi kuyiqiniso.
ukukhohliseka subjective kufanele AMANGA kwanoma iyiphi imfundiso. Ukuze ukufunda okuthile udinga ukuba ulwazi lweqiniso, futhi abantu bamane nje abakwazi inalo lonke ulwazi oludingekayo.
Izwe lonke ibonwa ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu ukwazi abo obuntu. Okungukuthi, zonke lomkhuba wokuthi ungakwazi ukubona, ukuzwa, bazizwa, ingqondo elicwengisiswe, futhi ubapha isiphetho sakhe siqu.
Abanye bathanda nombala oluhlaza njengesibhakabhaka, kuyilapho abanye awuyithandi. Ngakho nge konke okunye. Akunakwenzeka ukuphenya ngokugcwele yini ngaphandle kokwazi iqiniso.
Abamele namafilosofi njengomuntu othi uNkulunkulu akaziwa ukuba wazama ukuveza ukuthi nalwazi kufanele livulwe ngesisekelo isipiliyoni kanye logic. Babekholelwa ukuthi kuyisayensi ayikho indawo iyiphi ithiyori, nakho konke kufanele lofundziwe kuphela olutholwa ucwaningo.
Uya kude zefilosofi medieval wathuthukisa imibono abazinikele ngokuphelele enkolweni.
The Age of Ukukhanyiselwa
Yiqiniso, ucabangela isikhathi wefilosofi, akunakugwenywa futhi kule nkathi, okuyinto ekhulwini le-18 wasinika ongqondongqondo ezinkulu ezifana uVoltaire futhi P. Holbach.
Ngokuvamile izikhathi lezi zefilosofi okuthiwa ama-epoch Yenguquko yesibili, futhi eqinisweni lapho, futhi ungabuka esiyindilinga entsha ifilosofi elihlobene ne-kuphikisa wenkolo, okuyinto "akhwela" ekhanda ngalinye. Wakhothama ngamadolo phambi imibono yabo kanye nefilosofi Western.
Ukuziphatha okubalulekile Ukukhanya lomuntu liwumsebenzi okulandelayo:
Ihlelo lika-indoda.
Ihlelo lika-okucabanga nesayensi.
Ukukholelwa inqubekela-phambili yesayensi.
I kuphikisa eliphelele inkolo futhi noma yini ehlangene nakho.
Balingane futhi imfundo.
Yini ngempela wathula, uma ekhulwini le-18 wadala imoto yokuqala. intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe namanje ithonya namandla tebantfu. Isidingo ukuchaza into eyinqaba ka ukubonakaliswa amandla waphezulu noma imvelaphi wasenganekwaneni eye yanyamalala.
Umqondo ovamile uwukuthi umuntu uyakwazi ukudala amathuluzi abo netindlela ingasebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo, waphefumulela nomuzwa wokuba mkhulu phezu zonke izinto eziphilayo.
nefilosofi post-classical
Ngakho sayithola ekhulwini le-19. Ifilosofi isikhathi, izazi eziningi zanamuhla elihlobene ne amagama omkhulu: Marx, Engels, Umshicilelo Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, nabanye. Zonke isikhundla sabo ezindaweni ezahlukene nefilosofi letawulandzela.
Izindawo ezilandelayo ezihlobene nefilosofi post-classical:
izinto ezibonakalayo;
anthropology;
ezintweni ezinhle;
irrationalism;
pragmatism;
ifilosofi yokuphila.
Ake sihlole kabanzi izivivinyo ethandwa kakhulu babo.
izinto ezibonakalayo
The main inspirers ngemibono lokhu mkhuba babe Marx no Engels. Ngakho baphoqeleka ukuba ufunde izincwadi kuzo zonke abafundi nabafundi eSoviet Union - akumangalisi, ngoba ngalezo zinsuku umbono lokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo lamaKhomanisi wayengomunye walaba main.
Lungile ukukhuluma ngisho nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo nokuziphatha Marxism, okubandakanya indlela yokucabanga ngokubala emhlabeni ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu into. Bas we namafilosofi zazimi kanje:
Konke emhlabeni sakhiwa daba ngokomzimba. Kuyinto angunaphakade bekulokhu, ayizange udale eyodwa.
I umnqopho emhlabeni akuphazamisi ukwazi yimuphi umuntu. Konke emhlabeni ingaziwa.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi Marxism kungenziwa ngokuthi izindlela hhayi etholakala of ekuqondeni izwe, nezindlela zayo kulinywe, ukuguqulwa kwendlela wamavukelambuso. Lokho kukhona isidingo ukufunda okuthile kwenza akukho mqondo, kunenkolelo yokuthi le kuwukuchitha isikhathi. Kungcono ukuletha iphethini, ukufunda imithetho, bese ukushintsha kubo ukuze uvumelane nezidingo zakho.
Ububi main ukuthi ngamunye wazizwa ku uqobo ngisho nenkathi yamaSoviet, kwaba ukuntuleka ukuqashelwa ubuntu kanye nesidingo semfundo engokomoya yabantu.
anthropologism
German Feuerbach zakudala ukuthi umuntu liwumkhiqizo nemvelo. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-ngokusekelwe kumafilosofi yakhe antropologisticheskoy. Isikhathi esiningi ayecabanga umuzwa uthando, okuyinto injini main. Lo profesa wathi ngesisekelo ngokuba uthando inkolo.
Ukuze uzwisise eziyisisekelo zokubala emkhakheni we yonke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ngokuphelele futhi uhlole idivayisi lomuntu - kokubili ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo.
ezintweni ezinhle
Igama lalesi nefilosofi livela isiqondiso izinkulumo zalo eziyisisekelo ayisisekelo. ulwazi oludingekayo ngokuthi omuhle (noma positive). Ukuze uthole kubo udinga ukusebenzisa idatha enokwehla kuzo zonke wesayensi, kanye etholwe beluka izimfundiso ngamunye wabo.
Ngamanye amazwi, ezintweni ezinhle Alondoloza nefilosofi ngeke kube khona njengoba iyunithi ahlukene yolwazi, futhi kufanele kube synthesis okutholwe nakweminye imikhakha yesayensi.
Ifilosofi kwekhulu lama-20
Izimpawu nefilosofi kwekhulu lama-20 lithi mikhuba kukhona zamagama kuphela noma rethinking imibono zefilosofi izikhathi ezidlule. Umkhuba main ayikashintshi kusukela esikhathini esidlule - umuntu zaba isihloko esivelele nefilosofi.
The main izitayela global ingashiwo neokantiantstvo, hermeneutic, anthropology zefilosofi, kohlaziyo nefilosofi Freudism kanye neo-Freudianism, phenomenology, existentialism, personalism.
imibono emisha ngokuphelele ukuthi akuzona afana isiqondiso yangaphambilini ye ekucabangeni ingatholakala nefilosofi kohlaziyo. Kanti inikeza nefilosofi kucace njengoba mbumbulu isayensi ngendlela yokuqinisekisa. Kodwa eminye imibuzo ziye ixazululwe by ngolimi olulodwa, okuyinto ziyohlanganyela ngokuphelele zonke isayensi ekhona.
Omele eyinhloko lo mkhuba - Russell - lalaziwa ekwakhiweni izisekelo logic zezibalo.
Njengoba ubona, ifilosofi kuyinto enezici kanye ongashi ngokuya ngolwazi lomuntu futhi khona kwakhe. Ungasebenzisa lawa izindlela nezindlela yokwazi emhlabeni wonke siqu self-ukuthuthukiswa yabo njengoba zihlakaniphe kakhulu, efundile futhi ukucabanga umuntu.
Futhi akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi nefilosofi European noma Western - kuba sibi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuphi emhlabeni umuntu ophila, angababaza unamathele imfundiso ethile.
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