Indlela yokwenza caramel fuel: igxathu negxathu Umhlahlandlela

A emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, lapho isintu siye raved ukuhlola umkhathi, rocketry wokuzilibazisa kwaba zonke ngokufutheka. Futhi abafundi, futhi izi- nhloko ngomdlandla esakhiwe emagalaji and emakhishini imodeli rocket kusuka edayisa izinsimbi materials. Manje ugovuze Ubuthongo obuncane, kodwa lokho kungaba mnandi kakhulu ukwedlula ukusebenzisa izindiza sakhe wenza emoyeni? Kanjani ungakwazi rocket fly? I okungabizi kakhulu futhi ezingokoqobo - ukusetshenziswa caramel fuel, inhlanganisela ammonium nitrate kanye carbohydrate.

Okudingayo

Isethi ye izingxenye akuyona omkhulu kangaka.

1. Sugar noma sorbitol - the impahla eluhlaza for the caramelization.

2. ammonium nitrate (ungasebenzisa ezahlukene, okwengeziwe ngale ngezansi).

3. Metal esitsheni - ngokuvamisile uthatha namakani evamile, nakuba Kungcono ukuthatha izitsha izindonga awugqinsi - I-Ukushisa umfaniswano ngaphezulu. Ngisho kangcono - koqweqwe lwawo noma insimbi engagqwali, ukugwema ikhambi ukuphendula tableware izithombe.

4. isitofu - ukupheka fuel isitofu igesi akukwazi!

5. amaphepha noma ezinye iphepha impregnate (uma umgomo wakho - ukwenza nje nophethiloli caramel candy iphepha). It is libuye lisetshenziswe rocket izinjini, bakhulelisa siphelile, "caramel" futhi omisa (ngaphandle Ukushisa).

6. Ukuvikelwa: amagogolo namagilavu.

7. Somuhlwa.

Three yokukhiqiza indlela

Yenza caramel fuel kungaba ezahlukene. The elula - umane ukuxuba izithako. Enye "caramel" ukupheka - elula noma ukuhwamuka. Ngo ezivamile kuhlangana fuel batheleka embizeni ingilazi futhi ezinyakaziswayo izikhathi eziningana, bese kokuvalelwa ukuvimbela amanzi ukumuncwa. With ukusetshenziswa ngqo ku izinjini yezikhali ezicitshwayo lolu hlobo uphethiloli kufanele kahle uphawu, kungenjalo nengozi yokuqhuma.

Cook, noma kunalokho nophethiloli kwancibilika caramel ezingeni lokushisa 120-145 degrees ngaphambi ukuguqulwa okugcwele kumiswa mass ushukela ngesikhathi ukungaguquguquki efana semolina ketshezi. Ukuze ukugawulwa izithako akudingeki. Kubalulekile ukuthola ngendlela, funa babe kwakhiwa air Bubbles. Ukuncibilika kuhilela ukuhwamuka ne ukwengeza amanzi kanye ukuhwamuka okwalandela. Okumbi le ndlela: uphethiloli uhlala ezimanzi, futhi kunciphisa izinga amandla omlilo yayo.

Recipe № 1

Caramel uphethiloli potassium nitrate (potassium nitrate) - ukhetho best. Izithako zithathwa olinganise ezilandelayo: ushukela noma sorbitol - 35%; nitrate - 65%. Nitrate omisiwe epanini jikelele flat mayelana 100-150 degrees cishe amahora amabili. Khona-ke kutsho amasekhondi angu-20 - kungenzeka ukusebenzisa nosimende noma grinder ikhofi.

Ukubeka izabelo ezilingeneyo at 50 amagremu. Ukuze ingazihlupha ukugaya ushukela, kungcono uthenge ngomumo eyenziwe lukashukela. Ngoba "kuphekwe" noma caramel fuel gaya siqu, akukho omiswe kuyadingeka. Ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle, kungaba ukungezwa nenye 1% yensimbi oxide (Fe ₂ O _3).

Recipe № 2

Caramel uphethiloli sodium nitrate. Izici le ngxube - kuba hygroscopic ngaphezulu. Kuzothatha 70% ammonium nitrate, 30% ushukela, imiqulu emibili ye-amanzi (200%).

Recipe № 3

Ukusebenzisa kwabo is hhayi Kunconywa. Lokhu caramel fuel ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate). Kungani-ke kungcono ukuba banake ezinye izindlela? Ngoba kuyinto kwakwakhe engazinzile, futhi amalahle yini engase yonakale. Ngenxa umsebenzi, kungenzeka ukuqeda ngomlilo!

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa "caramel" of ammonium nitrate abelwe intuthu enobuthi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, zonke izindlela usebenzisa ammonium nitrate aqukethe izingxenye ezengeziwe siguqulwa sibe sodium noma ye-potassium. Indlela elula version nge-sodium. Thatha 40% ammonium nitrate, 45% of baking soda futhi 200% amanzi. Phawula ezingeni liquid ayahwamuka kuze akukho iphunga ammonia iphele. Bese wengeza amanzi ezingeni kokuqala (it is kancane vaporized), engeza 15% ushukela bese ulinda kuze ancibilikisa.

ekwenyuseni

Ukuze aphumelele ngokwengeziwe "caramel" kwanezela yelikhono ahlukahlukene. Ethandwa kakhulu - yensimbi oxide. Ngaphansi eyaziwa kahle caramel fuel aluminium. Isexwayiso! aluminium nitrate ingxube kungase okhela ebukhoneni amanzi. khona ikakhulukazi yingozi yanoma yimuphi ukungcola alikhali ezingase zibe khona nitrate, okumsulwa ngokwanele noma wenza ngokuzimela. Ngakho-ke, i-fuel ngesisekelo aluminium nitrate njengoba ekwandeni liyadingeka ukuze ungeze 0.5-1% wanoma yimuphi asidi, hhayi iqiniso lokuthi le nombolo tando suffice, - incike izinga nitrate. Boric - ukhetho best. Oxalic acid kanye acetic acid ayifanele - aluminium iyaphendula nabo. Uma ngesikhathi senqubo ukupheka heats le foams ngxube ihlaba umkhosi iphunga okunoshukela ammonia - isidingo ngokushesha kokuyikhipha tile emanzini.

Ngokuvamile, linga ngamasu ahlukahlukene ngenhloso yelikhono kangcono wazibonela raketostroitelyam ngubani kahle izinhlobo elula uphethiloli. Futhi ufunde ezinye amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo ngeke ukuvikele: zisebenzisa iseluleko ngomumo eyenziwe ilula, kodwa ukuthi kuzuzisa kakhulu kangakanani kunalokho ulwazi nokuqonda ukuthi wenzani, futhi ukusabela kwenzeke ingxube.

Aluminium yengezwe potassium, "caramel". ukuhlukahluka kuvunyelwe - kusuka 2.5 kuya ku-20%. Okuxubile ukunika inani elihlukile lokuguqulwa uphethiloli esivuthayo izinga. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa aluminium eyindilinga ASD-4.

Indlela yokuhlala uphephile futhi unempilo

I-fuel eziyingozi kakhulu ukupheka caramel ngu encibilika ushukela nitrate, kodwa le ndlela futhi ukuyedlula. Igunya olinikiwe lokwenza umpheki "caramel", kumelwe ahlanzeke kahle - ndaba angaphandle kungadala umlilo.

Eduze kungabikho amalangabi evulekile - Ukudubula ekhishini thina akudingeki. Kubalulekile ukuqapha lokushisa ingxube - ngenhla 180 degrees akufanele ephakanyiswe ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo!

Lapho sibhebhezela kungcono ukusebenzisa induku lokhuni ukugwema ukusabela ezingezinhle. Ukuphazamisa kufanele niqaphele kakhulu, kodwa kancane kancane: Air abagcwele kaphethiloli siphelile usebenzisa kuholela ukuqhuma rocket. Uma ugcwalisa lokhu ukukhwezelwa ifomu futhi kudingeka siqiniseke ukuthi azikho Bubbles. Sebenza kudingekile yokwelula noma endaweni evulekile, ikakhulukazi iresiphi kanye ammonium nitrate.

Musa ugaye ushukela nitrate e esigayweni ndawonye! Udinga ukuba ugaye eceleni, exubile by shaking esitsheni ingilazi.

Kufika akufanele ukuxhumana nitrate ammonium, kuqala zama elula futhi evikelekile kakhulu (ngesisekelo potassium nitrate) Caramel nophethiloli. Ukwenza iyiphi uphethiloli okuzenzela okumelwe zenzeke ngaphansi kokuqondisa ngokucophelela izinga izithako, izinga lokushisa, umswakama okuqukethwe nokulandela yonke izinyathelo zokuphepha!

Kuphi uthole izithako

Nitrate okuthengiswa ezitolo kanye neminyango impahla yezolimo yenzelwe abashayeli bamaloli ngoba umquba. Sorbitol - engathatha ushukela abanesifo sikashukela. Ithengiswe, ngokulandelana, kule ekhemisi. Fe ₂ O ₃ - yensimbi oxide - ngaphambilini ngithengiswe ngaphansi igama "obomvu yensimbi oxide". Ungazama ukwenza ngokwakho ngokutadisha izincwadi ezifanele. Mineral hematite - okufanayo yensimbi oxide. Aluminium, udayiswa ngumnikezeli abakhiqizi amakhemikhali.