Indlela ulinganise ingcindezi komoya e Pascals? Iyini ingcindezi evamile asemkhathini e Pascals?

Atmosphere - efwini igesi ezizungezile Earth. Air Isisindo, ukuphakama Ikholomu mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 900 km, unethonya elinamandla naphezu kwabakhileyo iplanethi yethu. Asazi wokuthi lokhu ebona ekuphileni ezansi emoyeni ocean kalula. Ukungakhululeki umuntu azizwa, ngivuka okusezingeni eliphezulu awayisa ezintabeni. Ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo kuphakamisa ukukhathala. Uma lokhu ngokuyisisekelo asemkhathini ingcindezi izinguquko.

Physics uyazicabangela umfutho womoya, ushintsho yayo kanye nethonya layo phezu surface eMhlabeni.

Ngokuhamba physics yokutadisha esikoleni esiphakeme yesenzo asemkhathini wathola ukunakwa okukhulu. Ukucaciswa yokunquma ukwencika ukuphakama, umthelela izinqubo ezenzeka ekhaya noma emvelweni, zichazwe ngesisekelo ulwazi isinyathelo ozungeze umhlaba wethu.

Lapho eqala ukutadisha umfutho womoya? Ibanga 6 - isikhathi ajwayelane izici of emkhathini. Qhubeka le nqubo abasemakilasini iphrofayela esikoleni esiphakeme.

History of the cwaningo

Imizamo yokuqala ukusungula asemkhathini ingcindezi lomoya ezithathwe 1643 ngokusikisela Italian Evangelista Torricelli. I ingilazi uphawu ngesikhathi esisodwa ekupheleni tube wagcwala mercury. Ukuvala ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwathiwa ngihlaliswa le mercury. Engxenyeni engenhla tube ngenxa ukuvuza ngokwengxenye mercury kwakheka isikhala esingenalutho, ukuthola igama esilandelayo: "uyize Torricellian".

Ngalesi sikhathi e ngesayensi yemvelo wabusa imfundiso yokuziphendukela Aristotle, owayekholelwa ukuthi "uhlobo azizondayo a cleaner." Ngokusho imibono yakhe, esingenalutho alaneliswa ngalolu ketshezi akukwazi. Ngakho-ke, ukuba khona voids tube ingilazi isikhathi eside ezama ukuchaza abanye omama.

Iqiniso ukuthi kuyinto isikhala esingenalutho, akungabazeki, akulutho ayikwazi egcwele, ngoba mercury ekuqaleni isilingo wagcwalisa ngokuphelele isilinda. Futhi abasafufusa, ngeke sivumele nezinye izinto ukuze agcwalise isikhala esivulekile. Kodwa kungani zonke mercury akuyona batheleka isitsha, kanye izithiyo kule khona? Isiphetho licacile: i-mercury tube njengasezulwini izitsha yokuxhumana, kudala ingcindezi efanayo mercury e umkhumbi, kanye okuthile ngaphandle. Ezingeni okufanayo ebusweni mercury ngokuthinta umoya kuphela. Kwaba blood pressure yakhe ugcina leso sidakamizwa ugeleza amandla adonsela phansi. Negesi waziwa ukudala umphumela ofanayo kuzo zonke izindawo. Ithonya lakhe echayeke kobuso mercury e bomkhumbi.

Ukuphakama HG ka uMbhalo cishe elilingana 76 cm. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le ngxenye kuyahlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke, umfutho womoya kuyahlukahluka. Kungaba kulinganiswe ku HG cm (noma amamilimitha angu).

Yikuphi amayunithi ukuyisebenzisa?

International System of Units igcwele umhlaba wonke, ngakho ingabe ezihilela ukusetshenziswa amamilimitha angu mercury cha. Art. ekunqumeni ingcindezi. Unit umfutho womoya esungulwe ngendlela efanayo njengoba kwenzeka e ukudla okuqinile futhi uketshezi. Yokukala ingcindezi ku pascals ezithathwe SI.

1 Pa esenziwayo ingcindezi okuyinto kwakha amandla 1 N, ezibangelwa ingxenye 1 m ^2.

Chaza indlela exhumene amayunithi. Ingcindezi liquid ikholomu yona le ndlela elandelayo: p = ρgh. Mercury ukuminyana ρ = 13.600 kg / m ^3. Njengoba yekucala sithatha obuphelele mercury of 760 amamilimitha angu. Yingakho:

p = 13600 kg / m ³ × 9,83 N / kg × 0,76 m = 101292,8 Pa

Ekulobeni umfutho womoya e Pascals, cabanga: 1 mm HG = 133,3 Pa.

Isibonelo izimo zokuxazulula izinkinga azenzeki

Thola amandla ngawo uba phezu m ophahleni ebusweni Ubukhulu 10x20. Kusolwa elilingana umfutho womoya kuyinto 740 mmHg

p = 740 mmHg, a = 10 m, b = 20 m.

ukuhlaziya

Ukuze sithole potency kudingekile ukusungula umfutho womoya e Pascals. Uma ucabanga ukuthi 1 milimitha HG ilingana 133,3 Pa, sithola lokhu okulandelayo: p = 98 642 Pa.

isinqumo

Ukusebenzisa ifomula ingcindezi ukuthola:

p = F / s,

Kusukela endaweni ophahleni alinikwa, sicabange ukuthi singunxande. Le ndawo lokhu sibalo by ifomula:

s = ab.

Uma kufakwa square ukubaluleka ukubala ifomula:

p = F / (ab), lapho:

F = pab.

Yekhompyutha: F = 98642 Pa × 10 m × 20 m = 19728400 H = 1,97 MN.

Impendulo: I force of ingcindezi umkhathi ophahleni elilingana 1,97 MN.

nesilinganiso Izindlela

ukuzimisela yokulinga umfutho womoya engenziwa usebenzisa ikholomu mercury. Uma oseduze kwayo ukuze silungise esikalini, kuba nokwenzeka ukuba liyobamba izinguquko. Lona elula mercury barometer.

Owaziwayo nezinguquko ukumangala isinyathelo asemkhathini kwaba Evangelista Torricelli, ukuxhumanisa le nqubo nge ukushisa nokubanda okukhulu.

I elikhulu owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi umfutho womoya-surface olwandle 0 degrees Celsius. Lokhu value kuyinto 760 mmHg Jwayelekile umfutho womoya e pascals kubhekwe ulingana 10 ⁵ Pa.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi mercury kuyinto ngempela empilweni yomuntu kwaziwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ngeke ukwazi ukusebenzisa evulekile mercury eziyobonisa. Okunye uketshezi babe nokuminyanisa kakhulu kancane, ngakho tube egcwele uketshezi kumele kube ngokwanele eside.

Ngokwesibonelo, ikholomu amanzi elakhiwe Blaise Pascal, kufanele ibe mayelana 10 m ukuphakama. Ububi isobala.

aneroid barometer

Isinyathelo emangalisayo phambili kungenziwa ngokuthi kude umqondo okusamanzi ukudala eziyobonisa. Ikhono lokuveza kudivayisi sokunquma ingcindezi umkhathi ukusebenza barometer aneroid.

The main ingxenye imitha - ibhokisi flat, okuvela kulo umoya akhishwa. Ukuze sigweme ukungabi emkhathini isibambo, ebusweni wenziwe lukathayela. System Boll iziphethu exhunywe nge Umcibisholo lokhombisa sikhatsi ukubaluleka ingcindezi kulesi silinganiso. Lesi sakamuva singabangela ukuba iziqu kunoma iyiphi amayunithi. Ayephila e Pascals umfutho womoya kungaba ngesikhathi nesilinganiso isikali efanelekayo.

Ukuphakamisa ukuphakama futhi ingcindezi umkhathi

Ukushintsha kwabantu emkhathini njengoba evuka kuholela ukwehla yokucindezelwa. Heterogeneity we gasbag ayikuvumeli umthetho komugqa ukwethula izinguquko, njengoba engamamitha kwandisa degree of ingcindezi yokwehlisa kwehle. Ngezinye surface eMhlabeni njengoba bevuka ukuze wonke amamitha 12 isenzo umkhathi uwela 1 mm HG. Art. Esikhathini iThrojani efaka isimeli seseva, ushintsho olufanayo kwenzeka kuzo zonke 10.5 m.

Eduze ebusweni Umhlaba endaweni engamamitha indiza izindiza aneroid unikezwe ngesilinganiso ekhethekile, kungacacisa ukuthi ukuphakama umfutho womoya. Leli thuluzi lomculo ibizwa ngokuthi i altimeter.

kudivayisi Special phezu Earth ikuvumela ukusetha ukufundwa altimeter at zero, ukuqhubeka ukuyisebenzisa ukucacisa ukuphakama ephakamisa.

Isibonelo yokuxazulula le nkinga

Phansi barometer entabeni yabonisa umfutho womoya 756 mm HG Kodwa libaluleke ngani kuyoba endaweni engamamitha 2500 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle? Ufuna ukuqopha umfutho womoya e Pascals.

p ₁ = 756 mm HG, H = 2500 m, _P2 -?

isinqumo

Ukuze sithole barometer ngesikhathi H ukuphakama, siyiqaphele ukuthi ingcindezi uwela 1 mm HG zonke amamitha 12. Ngakho-ke:

(P ₁ - k ₂₎ × 12 m × H = 1 mm HG, lapho:

p ₂ = p ₁ - H × 1 mm HG / 12 m = 756 mmHg - 2500 m × 1 mm HG / 12 m = 546 mmHg

Ukurekhoda okuholela umfutho womoya e Pascals, landela lezi zinyathelo:

p ₂ = 546 × 133,3 Pa = 72619 Pa

Impendulo: 72.619 Pa.

umfutho womoya kanye sezulu

Movement of okwakhiwa ngalo emoyeni izingqimba eduze umhlaba ebusweni bafudumale-non-umfaniswano emoyeni ezingxenyeni ezahlukene eziholela ushintsho izimo zezulu kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba.

Ingcindezi angahluka 20-35 mmHg ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bese 2-4 mm HG emini. Umuntu okunempilo akusho azibonayo izinguquko kule Inkomba.

umfutho womoya ogama value ingezansi evamile futhi ushintsha, kubonisa ikhava isishingishane ngokuqiniseka. Ngokuvamile lesi simanga kuhambisana kanjani amafu namathonsi emvula.

ingcindezi okuphansi akuyona inkinga njalo uphawu nemvula. sezulu esibi kuba wancika ngokwengeziwe ukwehla kancane kancane le nkomba.

A ebukhali ingcindezi ukunciphisa 74 amasentimitha HG futhi aphansi nazo isiphepho, izimvula ukuthi uqhubeke ngisho nalapho inkomba usuqalile bavuke.

Isimo sezulu Ukushintshwa ngcono kungenziwa kunqunywa nenqubo elandelayo:

• ngemva kwesikhathi eside sezulu esibi kukhona ukukhula kancane kancane futhi okusimeme umfutho womoya;
• e nenkungu sezulu slushy ingcindezi inyuka;
• ngesikhathi imimoya eningizimu le nkomba liphuma izinsuku ezimbalwa;
• Atmosphere ingcindezi ukwanda sezulu kunomoya - flag esungula sezulu ukhululekile.