Indlela lula izinkulumo okunengqondo: umsebenzi, imithetho nezibonelo

Namuhla sizofunda ndawonye lula izinkulumo okunengqondo, sithola kangcono imithetho eyisisekelo futhi uhlole etafuleni iqiniso logic imisebenzi.

Okokuqala, kungani le ndaba. Uke waphawula yini ukuthi ukukhuluma? Sicela uqaphele ukuthi esikukhulumayo nesikwenzayo zihlale kuncike imithetho enengqondo. Ukuze ukwazi okuyoba umphumela wanoma yikuphi mcimbi hhayi abanjwe, ufunde imithetho elula futhi ecacile logic. Bazokusiza ekuvuleni hhayi kuphela amamaki amahle e-computer isayensi noma ukuthola amabhola amaningi ku-esihlanganisiwe isimo Luhlolo, kodwa ukwenza ezimweni zempilo ezimweni akuzona okungahleliwe.

imisebenzi

Ukuze ufunde indlela lula logic izinkulumo, odinga ukukwazi:

• Iziphi izici owenza algebra Izimiso eziphusile;
• Ukuncipha kanye nomthetho ukuguqulwa izinkulumo;
• oda imisebenzi.

Manje sibheka lezi zinkinga ngokuningiliziwe lokho okwenzeka. Ake uqale nge imisebenzi. Ziyakwazi bekulula ukukhumbula.

1. Into yokuqala siphawula ukubuyabuyelela okunengqondo, izincwadi ubizwa ngokuthi ukusebenza ngokubambisana. Uma lesi simo yalotshwa njengezingoma zohlobo oluthile yokukhuluma, ukusebenza kuboniswa i umkhaza nabokhulumile, uphawu, noma "&".
2. Ngakusasa imisebenzi esetshenziswa njalo kunazo - kwalokho okunengqondo noma disjunction. uphawu wakhe umkhaza noma uphawu lokuhlanganisa.
3. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu iyona kuphikisa nobe kombhala. Khumbula ukuthi e isiRashiya wena Isiqalo angawodwa. Imidwebo, ama-kombhala Kubonisani Isiqalo phambi inkulumo, noma umugqa ovundlile ngenhla ke.
4. Umphumela onengqondo (noma yini esiyishoyo esikisela) kuboniswa umcibisholo ukubaluleka uphenyo. Uma sicabanga ukusebenza kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa isiRashiya, it ihambelana uhlobo ukwakheka kwemisho: "uma ... ke ...".
5. Okulandelayo iyona kwefrakshini, okuyinto okhonjiswe ezimbili umcibisholo. NgesiRashiya, ukusebenza simi ngale ndlela: "kuphela uma".
6. Sheffer unhlangothi ehlukanisa ezimbili amazwi ibha mpo.
7. Pierce Umcibisholo, efanayo Sheffer unhlangothi, ukwabelana Inkulumo umcibisholo mpo ikhombele phansi.

Qiniseka ukuthi wazi ukuthi kumele imisebenzi eyenziwa ngokulandelana esiqinile: kuphika, ukubuyabuyelela, Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yalokho, le kwefrakshini. Ukuze imisebenzi "Sheffer unhlangothi" futhi "okunengqondo futhi" akukho mthetho lwezinto ezibalulekile ngokulandelana kwazo. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka ukuba kwenziwe ngohlelo simi inkulumo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

isithebe samaqhuzu ayizinamba

Lula iqoqo lezilimi futhi ukwakha etafuleni iqiniso zesinqumo sawo okwengeziwe akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kolwazi amatafula imisebenzi eyisisekelo. Manje sinikeza ukuhlangana nabo. Qaphela ukuthi amagugu kungathatha noma value iqiniso noma amanga.

Ukuze ngokuhlangana kwetafula simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

Ithebula disjunction wokusebenza:

kuphikisa:

umphumela:

kulingana emiholweni:

Barcode Schiffer:

Pierce Umcibisholo:

yokuncishiswa kwemithetho

On umbuzo indlela lula logic amazwi computer science, kuyosisiza ukuba sithole izimpendulo imithetho elula futhi ecacile logic.

Ake uqale nge umthetho olula kuwukuziphikisa. Uma we gaya imiqondo okuphambene (A no Nea), khona-ke sithola amanga. Endabeni kwalokho imiqondo okuphambene, sithola iqiniso, mthetho ubizwa ngokuthi "umthetho phakathi ezikhishiwe." Ngokuvamile e -algebra Izimiso eziphusile kukhona izinkulumo nge kuphikisa double (hhayi Nea), khona-ke sithola A. impendulo Kukhona futhi ezimbili yomthetho de Morgan:

• uma sinawo kuphikisa kwalokho okunengqondo, sithola ukuphindwaphindwa izinkulumo ezimbili nge kombhala (hhayi (A + B) = * Nea Neuve);
• izenzo ezifanayo, bese umthetho wesibili, sidla uyaphika ukubuyabuyelela, sithola ukwengeza amanani amabili ne kombhala.

ukuphindaphindeka njalo kakhulu, ukubaluleka efanayo (A noma B) kwakheka noma iphindaphindwe ndawonye. Kulokhu, umthetho ukuphindaphinda (= A * A + B noma A = B). Kukhona imithetho kanye zigqila:

• A + (A * B) = A;
• A * (A + B) = A;
• A * (Hea + B) = A * B.

Kukhona umthetho ezimbili kunenze nisondelane:

• (A * B) + (A * B) = A;
• (A + B) * (A + B) = A.

Lula izinkulumo okunengqondo Kulula uma wazi imithetho algebra Izimiso eziphusile. Konke efakwe kule ngxenye izihloko umthetho angahlolwa empirically. Ngenxa yale njongo sivula kubakaki ngokuvumelana nemithetho wezibalo.

ISIBONELO 1

Siye safunda zonke izici lula izinkulumo okunengqondo, manje kudingeka emuva khona kucinisa lwati lwabo olusha ku umkhuba. Siphakamisa Wenze ndawonye izibonelo ezintathu kusukela uhlelo esikoleni futhi amathikithi we esihlanganisiwe isimo ukuhlolwa.

Kusibonelo lokuqala, kudingeka lula ngokuthi: (P * E) + (C * ke). Okokuqala, sizoya yokuthi kokubili kubakaki lokuqala nelesibili babe eziguquguqukayo okufanayo izipesheli ukwenza kube aphume kubakaki. Ngemva kokuthi kwenziwe ngokwenza izakhi inkulumo ethi: * C (E + ke). Ngasekuqaleni sabuka umthetho phakathi isikhishiwe, silisebenzise ngenhlonipho ukuba le nkulumo. Ukusilandela, singasho ukuthi E + = 1 Ngakho-ke inkulumo yethu ithatha ifomu: C * 1. Inkulumo okuholela, singakghona lula ukwazi ukuthi C 1 = C *.

ISIBONELO 2

Umsebenzi wethu olandelayo kuyoba: kuyini namanje inkulumo lula Izimiso eziphusile akuyona (C + ke) hhayi + (C + E) + C * E?

Sicela uqaphele kulesi sibonelo iyona kuphikisa izinkulumo eziyinkimbinkimbi, lokhu kufanele ukuqeda, eqondiswa imithetho De Morgan. Ukusebenzisa kwabo, sithola amazwi athi elandelayo: * I-E + Nes Nes * ke + C * E. Saphinda ukufakaza ukuphindaphindwa kwenombolo ngokuya ezimbili, ukuze kube aphume kubakaki: HEC * (E + wakhe) + C * E. Nalapha futhi, ukusebenzisa Ekhethekile Mthetho: HEC * 1 + C * E. Sikhumbula ukuthi ihlanganisani inkulumo ethi "Nes * 1" zilingana Nes: Nes + C * E. Siphinde anikele ukusebenzisa umthetho wokusakaza: (HEC + C) * (HEC + E). Sisebenzisa umthetho phakathi ayifakiwe: HEC + E.

ISIBONELO 3

Nibonile nani uqobo ukuthi empeleni Kulula kakhulu lula iqoqo lezilimi. Isibonelo №3 uzobe ibhecwe imininingwane kancane, zama ukwenza ngokwakho.

Lula inkulumo ethi: (D + E) * (D + F).

1. D * D + D * F + E * D + E * F;
2. D + D * F + E * D + E * F;
3. D * (1 + F) + E * D + E * F;
4. D + E * D + E * F;
5. D * (1 + E) + E * F;
6. D + E * F.

Njengoba ubona, uma wazi imithetho lula izinkulumo eziyinkimbinkimbi okunengqondo-ke lo msebenzi ngeke kukwenze enkingeni.