Nzalo - ke ... ukweqa izitshalo. nzalo interspecific

I ethembisayo indlela ukuba zixazulule izwe inkinga ukudla kuyinto, ngokusobala, ngcono eminye izitshalo ekhona wanda ngezinga umhlaba kakade athuthukile. Nzalo - yinto ingafeza indima enkulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kokudla. Phela, iningi ezindaweni ezifanele wabalimi lithathiwe. Ukwanda inani lamanzi elisetshenziswa kuyo, umquba kanye nezinye amakhemikhali kwezomnotho kungenzeki ezindaweni eziningi. Yingakho ukubaluleka ezehlukile ekuthuthukiseni izitshalo ekhona. A hybrid - isitshalo etholwe njengoba yalokhu ngcono.

ngoba aqukethe amaprotheni amaningi

Inkinga akuyona kuphela ukwandisa isivuno, kodwa futhi ukwandisa okuqukethwe amaprotheni nezinye izakhi. Ngokuba umuntu kubalulekile izinga amaprotheni ku ezidliwayo izitshalo: izilwane (futhi abantu ngokukhethekile) kumele kutholakale ukudla lemali edingekile of zonke ezibalulekile (ie lezo zihlobo zingenawo amandla synthesize ngokwabo ..) Of amino acid. SobuNane acid 20 acid adingekayo ukuze umuntu, iza ukudla. Labo abasele abanga-12 kungenzeka eyenziwe ngokwalo. Nokho, otshala nge sithuthukiswe ngenxa Ukukhetha Ukwakheka proteinaceous nakanjani zidinga nitrogen xaxa kanye nezinye izakhi kuka ukuma yokuqala, ngakho kungase kungasheleli ngaso sonke zingatshalwa on emazweni abekelwe emaceleni lapho isidingo bezizwe ezinjalo lilikhulu.

izakhiwo ezintsha

Quality kuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela isivuno, ukwakheka kanye nobungako amaprotheni. izinhlobonhlobo Wadala ukuthi kukhona livikela kakhulu izifo kanye izinambuzane, ngoba ziqukethe metabolites yesibili, ukuma ikhange nakakhulu futhi kube umbala izithelo (isib, apula, okukhanyayo ngombala), kungcono ukumelana ezokuthutha kanye isitoreji (isib, nzalo utamatisi anda ukugcina izinga), kanye sinezinto nezinye izakhiwo ezibalulekile kule isiko.

Imisebenzi abalimi

Abazalanisi ahlaziye ngokucophelela ukwehluka zofuzo etholakalayo. Sinenkosi amashumi eminyaka alethwe izinkulungwane imigqa ngcono izitshalo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Njengomthetho, kubalulekile ukuthola futhi ukuhlola izinkulungwane nzalo, ukuze ukhethe ezimbalwa ezokwenza ngempela kunoma izakhiwo zabo sebevele kabanzi ziyafuywa. Ngokwesibonelo, ezithela ummbila e-United States kusukela 1930 for the 1980. anda cishe eziyisishiyagalombili izikhathi, nakuba abalimi isetshenzisiwe ingxenye encane nje kuphela ezakhi ezinhlobonhlobo yalesi isiko. Kukhona nzalo kakhudlwana futhi entsha. Lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa acreage ngokuyimpumelelo.

hybrid ummbila

Ukwandisa umkhiqizo zommbila Lwenziwe ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa imbewu hybrid. lokhu isiko imigqa inbred (hybrid, nxa bezilinganisa ngezingqobo imvelaphi) zazisetshenziswa njengezibonakaliso amafomu sabazali. Imbewu okubangelwa iziphambano phakathi kwazo bayatfutfuka enamandla kakhulu corn nenzalo yabo. imigqa Crossbreed etshalwe imigqa kushintshana, nitshale esinye salezi isandla anqunywe panicles (inflorescences besilisa). Ngakho-ke, zonke izimbewu yalezi amakhophi kukhona hybrid. Sinenkosi izakhiwo kunenzuzo kakhulu abantu. Ngu ezikhethwe ngokucophelela imigqa inbred ungathola nzalo enamandla. Lawa izitshalo endawni kunoma iyiphi indawo oyifunayo. Ngenxa yokuthi izimpawu zaso izitshalo hybrid ayafana, zingabantu kulula ukuhlanza. Futhi isivuno ngamunye wabo kunalelo amakhophi unimproved. Ngo-1935 corn nzalo zaba ngaphansi kuka 1% wazo zonke izitshalo esekhulile e-US, futhi manje cishe zonke. Ubani siya ezithela kakhulu kunalokhu yaleli kwezitshalo lungaphezu isikhathi ukuvele kunangaphambili.

Impumelelo of the international zizalela izikhungo

Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule kuye kwaba eziningi imizamo yokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo kakolweni nezinye izinhlamvu, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni isimo sezulu esifudumele. intuthuko Umxhwele lwenziwe international izikhungo zizalela kule ezisondelene nazo. Lapho nzalo omusha ezifuywa kuzo ukolweni, ummbila nelayisi esekhulile eMexico, nasePakistan, lokhu kuye kwaholela waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi umkhiqizo wezolimo, wathola igama Green Revolution.

ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu

Sikhanyisiwe phakathi kwakhe amasu zizalela, umquba kanye neensetjenziswa ziye zasetshenziswa emazweni amaningi asathuthuka. isiko ngayinye ukuthola ezithela eliphezulu adinga kwezimo ezifanele ezikhulayo. Umanyolo nokukhanda kanye neensetjenziswa - izakhi ezidingekayo Green Revolution. Ngenxa izici credit Kwabiwa kuphela abanikazi bamazwe okungathiwa icebile bakwazi ukhule isitshalo nzalo omusha (okusanhlamvu). Ezindaweni eziningi, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu iye yashesha lokuhlushwa komhlaba izandla ambalwa abanikazi acebe. a lokwabiwa kabusha okunjalo kwempahla akubalwa ukunikeza umsebenzi noma ukudla, iningi labantu kulezi zifunda.

Triticale

kungaba ngezinye izikhathi kuholela nemiphumela emangalisayo yezindlela ezivamile zokuzalanisa izitshalo. Ngokwesibonelo, hybrid kakolweni (Triticum) kanye rye (Secale) Triticale (igama yesayensi Triticosecale) is ziba kubalulekile ezindaweni eziningi, futhi, ngokusobala, liyathembisa kakhulu. Kwakuthinta etholwe kuphindaphindwe kabili inani lezakhi zofuzo hybrid oyinyumba likakolweni rye maphakathi nawo-1950. J .. O'Mara e-University of pc. Iowa usebenzisa colchicine, izinto ekuvimbeleni ukwakheka ipuleti cell. Triticale ihlanganisa umkhiqizo okusezingeni eliphezulu kakolweni rye unpretentiousness. Hybrid azinzile komugqa nokugqwala - isifo fungal, okuyinto yezimbangela ezinkulu nokukhawulela isivuno sikakolweni. crossbreeding ephakeme kanye Ukukhetha wanikeza ngcono Triticale imigqa ezindaweni ezithize. Maphakathi nawo-1980. lokhu isiko ngenxa isivuno sawo esiphakeme, ukumelana nesimo sezulu futhi utshani esihle ngakwesokunxele ngemva kokuvuna, ngokushesha udumo yazuza eFrance, umkhiqizi elikhulu okusanhlamvu ngaphakathi EEC. indima Triticale e yokudla komuntu likhula ngokushesha.

KweMvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo ukwehluka zofuzo

Uhlelo Fundzisisa iziphambano futhi Ukukhetha kuyosishintsha ukuvaleka ukwehluka zofuzo izitshalo kutshalwa zonke izimfanelo zabo. Ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, Ukukhetha yokufakelwa is zihlose kakhulu ukukhiqiza okwandayo, futhi phakathi siyinzalo iyunifomu kakhulu akhethiwe ngokuqinile ngesisekelo amakhophi ngezinye izikhathi ihluleke ezikwazi ukumelana nezifo. Ngaphakathi nesiko izitshalo ayabaluleka iyunifomu ngaphezulu, kusukela ezinye izimpawu zabo kukhona kunalaba abanye; Ngakho-ke, kusengozini yokuthi amagciwane kanye izinambuzane izitshalo iyonke. Ngokwesibonelo, Helminthosporium isifo fungal yombila kubangelwa uhlobo Helminthosporium maydis (ngenhla) ngo-1970, zabhubhisa 15% isivuno e-US, ngokuletha kwadla mayelana $ 1 billion. Lokhu ukulahlekelwa livela abayohlanganiswa ukuvela umjaho entsha ukhunta kuyingozi kakhulu ngoba ezinye imigca corn, sisetshenziswa kabanzi emsebenzini wokukhiqiza imbewu hybrid. imigqa eminingi ebalulekile okudayiswayo we cytoplasm sitjalo ezifanayo njengoba ekukhiqizeni hybrid ummbila ayisebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe izitshalo ezifanayo pistillate.

Ukuvimbela nomonakalo onjalo kumelwe likhule todvwa futhi sigcine ohlukile amasiko ezinkulu, ngisho noma isamba izimpawu alimeli nomnotho ingaqukatha zofuzo ziwusizo ekulweni okuqhubekayo ngokumelene izinambuzane nezifo.

nzalo ka utamatisi

impumelelo Okumangalisayo okwandisa ukwehluka zofuzo by ekuheheni amafomu zasendle ube utamatisi abalimi. Ukudala leli isiko iqoqo imigqa, eyenziwa Charles Rick futhi udondolo lwakhe e-University of California, Davis, ukuvumele ukubhekana ngempumelelo nge eziningi izifo zalo ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi, kubangelwa abangaphelele isikhunta Ukuswaba futhi Verticillum, kanti ezinye amagciwane. Umsoco utamatisi lase kakhulu lenyuka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo hybrid kukhona livikela kakhulu usawoti kanye nezinye izimo ezingezinhle. Lokhu kwakungenxa ngenxa ehlelekile iqoqo, ukuhlaziywa kanye nokusetshenziswa zasendle utamatisi imigqa yokuzalanisa.

Njengoba ubona, nzalo interspecific mihle kakhulu kwezolimo. Siyabonga kubo, ungakwazi ngcono ukukhiqiza nekhwalithi izitshalo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi akukhona kuphela kwezolimo kodwa futhi imfuyo esetshenziswa ukuwela. Ngenxa-ke, isibonelo, uvele umnyuzi (isithombe ethulwa ngenhla ke). Lokhu kubuye hybrid, esiphambanweni phakathi imbongolo nge mare.