Indlela lokungeniswa ubuhlakani

Lokungeniswa - kuyindlela ukuphetha, okuthi isikhundla ezivamile zivela yangasese. Ukucabanga okunjalo ngokusebenzisa isethulo zezibalo, zokusebenza kwengqondo nemicabango oluyiqiniso esenza ndawonye izimfanelo eziningana. Le ndlela isekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi uhlobo zonke izenzakalo ngokuphelele ezimele nomunye.

Ngokokuqala ngqá igama elithi "lokungeniswa" namanje kwenzeka uSocrates, kodwa ukubaluleka kwalo sihluke kakhulu yesimanje. Wayebheka lowo ngokufaniswa Ezimweni ezimbalwa ethile, ngaphandle kwe-amanga, esasivumele ukuba sinikeze incazelo jikelele umqondo. Aristotle akagcinanga: yena liye labonisa ukuthi umehluko phakathi lokungeniswa ephelele futhi akuphelele, kodwa ngakwazi ukuchaza umthetho futhi izisekelo lakamuva. Wayekholelwa lolu hlobo nizindla ngqo okuphambene syllogism.

Lapho zefilosofi Yenguquko waqala ngenkuthalo abavukela imibono ka-Aristotle, yamemezela indlela lokungeniswa ngempumelelo kuphela ngesayensi yemvelo. Waqala ngokucijile aqhathanise indlela syllogistic sefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo.

Kukholakala ukuthi indlela lokungeniswa kuyinto cishe ngesimo lapho samukelwa ngo yesayensi yanamuhla, wayesefakwa eliphakanyiswe esiyiNgisi uFrancis Bacon. Nakuba empeleni wayevele ababengaphambi ezifana uLeonardo da Vinci namanye ongqondongqondo. Ngamazwi, Bacon akazange ulihlanganisa syllogism ukubaluleka. Kodwa umkhuba akusiyo ngaphandle lokungeniswa leli qiniso. Bacon babekholelwa ukuthi nje okungaqondile kumele kancane kancane acabangele imithetho emithathu, kubhekwe ibonakalisa isakhiwo esithile ezinhlangothini ezintathu:

1) Bukeza amacala amabi;

2) Ukubukeza amacala omuhle;

3) ukubuyekeza amacala lapho kokhona kuboniswa ngezindlela ezingafani, kanye namandla ahlukene. Futhi kusukela konke lokhu, kungenzeka baphethe isiphetho.

Ngakho, ngokuvumelana Bacon kuvela ukuthi ngaphandle syllogism, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kufinyeta kuncike siphenywa, ngaphansi ebanjwayo jikelele, awukwazi ukuletha isiphakamiso esisha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ososayensi ayikwazanga aphebeze ngokugcwele exhasa indlela deductive, ngubani isihambile Descartes. Nokho Bacon akagcinanga lapho. Eqaphela ukuthi indlela yakhe ine nezihibe, izindlela sizozinqoba wasikisela. Ngokwesibonelo, ayekholelwa ukuthi imvelo probabilistic yale nqubo, ke uyokwazi kancane kancane ukunqoba lo incompleteness yolwazi zanqwabelana abantu babevela ezindleleni eziningi zokuphila.

lokungeniswa indlela kungaba izinhlobo ezimbili: ephelele futhi akuphelele. Esimweni sokuqala, noma isiphi isimangalo nizoba kuze kube sekugcineni icala ekhethekile ayikahlanganiswa isiphelile zonke izinketho. Isiphetho etholwe enkulu ngempela. Le ndlela nokungokoqobo akunakungatshazwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yandise ulwazi lomuntu ngendaba ethile.

akuphelele lokungeniswa indlela, kunalokho, okwashiwo, ezimweni ezithile umuntu kuholela umbono wokuthi kuyinto ke kudingekile futhi ukufakazela. Kusukela umbono logic inikeza ukungqubuzana okwanele, esiphethweni ukubeka phambili nalo, izilinganiso zingase zidukise. Le ndlela lokungeniswa kudingeka ngisho ezinye ubufakazi, njengoba probabilistic ngokwemvelo. Nokho, amaphutha kungenzeka ezimweni zombili. Bona kwenzeke ngenxa yokuthi uphenyo, okuyizona ezibhekana, ukucwaninga, ungakwazi sithathe izizathu eziningi kakhulu, okuyinto, ngaphezu kwalokho, ingasho ngezikhathi ezihlukene.

Imibono ephelele iningi lokungeniswa lwesayensi lokungeniswa. Ekuphetheni wakhe mayelana izinto zobujamo okuqondene ekilasini esifanayo, senziwa ngemva ukuphenywa kokuphulwa conditioning yabo yangaphakathi. Lokhu eyenza ihluke lokungeniswa ezivamile, lapho izakhiwo into lafundvwako ezibhekwa nokuguqulwa, ngezikhathi.

By endleleni, ngendlela yokwenza okucatshangwayo isici hhayi kuphela logic. Indlela yesayensi ye lokungeniswa ezivamile ifilosofi, i-physics, imithi, ezomnotho kanye nomthetho.