Imvuselelo Carolingian okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma

Isihloko "UPapa" (papa -. Lat) elisuka ngesiGreki. Kubonakala sengathi, ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, akazange zivela Pappas - "Ubaba" (ngesiGreki.), Futhi kusukela papas - (. Gk) "umeluleki". Ekuqaleni, babiza bonke ababhishobhi, kodwa kamuva igama wabelwa umbhishobhi waseRoma njengoba owalandela iSt Peter -. Ngokusho yetinsita umbhishobhi lokuqala lwaseRoma. Igama elithi "upapa" akuyona Isiqu esingokomthetho sika-inhloko yawo iSonto LamaRoma Katolika. neziqu zakhe ezinkulu - episcopus Romanus futhi Pontivex Maximus, okusho ukuthi "Ephakeme UmPristi Ophakeme '. Lesi sihloko sesibili ngofuzo zangaphambi kobuKristu eRoma. Gregory mina Elikhulu ngokuthi "Servus Servorum Dei" - "inceku zikaNkulunkulu." Leli gama futhi kufakwe titulature likapapa.

Gregory wayevela emkhayeni yizicukuthwane nezicebi wamaRoma. Endimeni yakhe yokuba nemantshi enkulu eRoma, yazuza okuhlangenwe nakho zokuphatha nakwezombusazwe. Kodwa inhlekelele kubangelwa ayehlasela amaLombard, yashintsha umbono wakhe. Ukunika Engcebweni yakhe ukwakha zezindela, waqala ukuhola ukuphila unkom 'idlayodwa futhi injabulo. Kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile uPapa Pelagius II wammisa njengenhloko nommeleli wayo eConstantinople egcekeni. Ngo 590, ngemva kokufa Pelagius Gregory wakhushulwa ukuba lopapa. Akazange nje ahlelwe uhulumeni sesonto, kodwa eqinisweni wema ngasemnyango inhloko endaweni Roman, ekuhleleni ukuzivikela, ukudla kosizo ababaleki, njll Nokho, ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinhlelo zokuxhasa Gregory mina isimo imisebenzi iye yabangela ukungajabuli kombusi WaseByzantium, ngubani osolwa uPapa of ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, waqinisekisa kuye inhlonipho abefundisi, abantu, ngisho amaLombard, owaqala ithonya lakhe ukuze asekele ukuhambisa yamaKatolika.

Gregory kusungulwa sandulela isimo angokwasezulwini Italy, ezothuthukiswa ngesikhathi kumiswa okuthiwa isimo likapapa.

Maphakathi no-VIII. AmaLombard yahlasela cishe yonke impahla Italian waseByzantium. Ngo 752, athumba le Exarchate ka Ravenna, siphetfo WaseByzantium Governor-Jikelele e-Italy. Isinyathelo esilandelayo lalizoba bamba waseRoma. Bangathembeli kumbusi omkhulu waseConstantinople, amuncwa izibhelu yangaphakathi, uPapa uStefanu II uthumele kunxusa usizo enkosini Frankish. Caroling Korol Pipin iyabonga kakhulu obaba ukusiza bechitha lwamakhosi odlule Merovingian nebandla idinga ukuba legitimization okwengeziwe ngokokusebenza kwamandla akhe. Ngemva imikhankaso ezimbili lezempi e-Italy, aphoqeleke uyinkosi amaLombard ahlanzekile endaweni eseRoma Ravenna, kukonke. Engafuni ukubuyisela yokubusa WaseByzantium, njengoba akhuthazwa waseConstantinople uhulumeni, hhayi ukukwazi bacabangisise izindaba isiNtaliyane, Pepin wanika wangaphambili Exarchate ka Ravenna ngaphansi kokulawula ekuphathweni likapapa.

Imininingwane yokuvumelana kungukuthi ngokunembile ziyavezwa, njengoba izincwadi eziphathelene ziye zanyamalala. Kodwa kamuva upapa ezinqumela ngokuhunyushwa ke njengoba i-deed of isipho - ". Isipho Pepin" Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, a ezingabazisayo "Donation ka Pepin" yaphenduka "Donation kaConstantine" ( "Donatio Constantini") - omunye zokubhumbuluza zomlando ngobukhulu. I kapapa Chancery ukuthi bhila isitifiketi iyawakha egameni uMbusi Konstantina Velikogo ( "Constitutum Constantini"). Ngokusho Senzo Constantine, okuthiwa belashwa sochoko imithandazo umbhishobhi waseRoma Sylvester anikezwe igunya lokugcina phezulu kwezinye ababhishobhi, wanika yena nezingane owamlandela njengegunya eliphakeme phezu Rome, Italy nayo yonke eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga. Ngokwakhe umbusi, hhayi ukwabelana amandla uPapa, waya iConstantinople. Ngokusho kwale nguqulo, Pepin kuphela wabuyela lopapa okwakufanele uphathe ngelakhe ne IV.

Akunakwenzeka ukuthi uPapa nesibindi ukwethula lokhu Pepin inkohliso kanye namandla kakhulu nomlandeli wayo. Yena baziwa kakhulu engxenyeni kwekhulu IX yesibili. ngaphansi uPapa Nicholas mina esikhathini esizayo nje esetshenziswa lopapa ukuze bathethelele ukuzishaya babemba eqolo lapho amandla wokuziphilisa. Iqiniso manga "Conatitutum Constantini" kwafakazelani e-1440, kodwa ngekhulu XIX. ISonto LamaKatolika wamenqaba lokhu isenzo.

Pepin wasungula lwamakhosi yamakhosi Frankish lesibili okuthiwa Carolingian behlonipha uyise - IMeya lwesigodlo Charles. ZamaJalimane "ni" kulingana "ovich" Russian. Carolingians - kusho Karlovic, kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka noKarla Martella. Omele ababaluleke kakhulu kulo msebenzi lwamakhosi wayeyindodana Pipina uKarl, wehlela emlandweni njengoba Karl Veliky.

Lokhu sokuphathwa amandla angaphezu kwavamile nabanekhono uthethe umzamo yimpumelelo kakhulu "uthuthukise amandla eMbusweni waseRoma izikhali German." Ngefa olubanzi Frankish umbuso kayise ngempumelelo ukhulisa khona ngasempumalanga, nasenyakatho, naseningizimu, uKarl waba ngasekupheleni kwekhulu VIII. inkosi cishe wonke yezwekazi eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Phakathi nesikhathi sokubusa kwayo isimo Frankish wawusuka izintaba zasePyrenees ukuze kuyi-English Channel noLwandle LwaseMedithera kuya aseBaltic. On la mazwe manje elise eFrance, eBelgium, eHolland naseSwitzerland, Western futhi Southern eJalimane, e-Austria, North-Eastern Spain kanye nengxenye enkulu ye-Italy.

Ukuqhubeka inqubomgomo kayise, Charles ebangele ezindabeni Italian ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngo 772, waqala empini Franco-Lombard. Ibhaxa ayehlasela Italy baba isicelo UPapa owalandela usizo lempi. Ukuphendula isibusiso the Pope kanye nezifiso enqoba okusheshayo of amaLombard, uKarl wathi afuna "ukunqoba, hhayi ukunqoba." "Mina - Wathi - kuyothiwa King zamaJalimane kanye amaLombard, ngakho njengoba ungabacasuli abantu abanethemba ukunqoba." Phakathi 774, le Lombard yinkosi Desiderius udliwe ukunqotshwa. Njengoba ayenqotshiwe wayeboshiwe Isigodlo, kanye winner ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele umqhele wakhe.

Omiswe Karl Amandla kwathathwa bangesikhathi njengoba owalandela eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga. empeleni wayenawo amandla yasebukhosini, futhi wayengababhubhisa kufanelekile abathi isihloko umbusi.

Ekwindla ka-800, uKarl futhi waya e-Italy, lapho izikhulu Roman ugobe UPapa Leo III. Wachitha cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha eseRoma, edabula ukuxabana phakathi upapa abaphikisi bakhe. Disemba 25, NgoKhisimusi, walalela eMiseni St kaPetru. Ubaba waya ukuguqa Charles wafaka ekhanda lakhe enomqhele wegolide yasebukhosini. Lokhu kwalandelwa acclamation okuthiwa: ekhona Cathedral of abamele Franks, kwamaRoma Saxons, Bavarians nezinye izizwe kuncike kathathu wababaza: ". Onqobayo Kayiphile noCarl Agasti, ebekiwe umqhele uNkulunkulu, niyazise inkosi enkulu futhi mirotvoryaschy lamaRoma ' Acclamation bekumele zifanekisela ukwesekwa kwabantu umbusi ophakeme.

Karl wathatha zobungoma yasebukhosini. Kodwa kamuva, ngokuvumelana umbhali wemilando yokuphila kwabantu bakhe Einhard kanye nomeluleki, waveza ukunganeliseki izenzo "okungagunyaziwe" ka Leo III futhi wathi, ukwazi izinhloso uPapa, kuyoba suku abazange ukuya esontweni, naphezu Christmas. Lobu bufakazi Einhard onemibuzo mlando, ngoba, njengoba izenzakalo kamuva kwabonisa, uCarl bayahlonishwa ngempela isicoco sakhe esisha.

Kungenzeka ukuthi Charles akuyona ngokuphelele okuhleliwe inqubo ebekwe esihlalweni sobukhosi, III ngamabomu bathuthukisa of Leon, ibekwe umqhele acclamation omelela intando abantu, futhi uthathwa njengoba isenzo constitutive yokhetho uMbusi. sandulela imisiwe: ukwamukelwa isihloko lombusi wayengumuntu sincike isenzo wokugcotshwa uPapa. Ngemva kwalokho, uKarl wazama ukwephula i sandulela engathandeki. Ngo 813, ngesikhathi Okuthwesa umqhele indodana yakhe Louis njengoba yakhe co-umbusi nendlalifa, yena akusebenzi iqhaza uPapa. Ngu oda Karl abasha Monarch yena wagabadela umqhele ngaphansi acclamation ababekhona futhi kwathiwa umbusi Awugustu. Noma kunjalo, eminye upapa wokuvelela wagomela ukuthi uKarl Veliky kwakumane yinkosi, kuyilapho Leo III walubonisa umqhele yasebukhosini. Ngenxa yalokho, ideologists ka igunya imperial umangalele ukuthi impumelelo recreating noMbuso waseNtshonalanga kwakungekaNkulunkulu kuphela uCharles indima upapa kungagcini khona imidanti yokubhalisa.

Ukwamukelwa imperial isihloko Carl ubudlelwane nzima nge eByzantium, namanje uyazicabangela ngokwakhe indlalifa okuwukuphela kwayo okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma. Abantu baseByzantium babekholelwa ukuthi babekholelwa futhi bazibize Roma (ngesiGreki - Romeo), nababusi yayo - Roman (romeyskoy). Ukubukeka yesibili kungani umbuso waseRoma wawunamandla, kwabulala ifa Roman, livele eConstantinople njengoba usurpation.

Charles nabeluleki bakhe baphinde isetshenziselwa kokubili "Roman" igama imibuso: eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo bafuna kungenzeka wokubuyisela ubuqotho amandla ESonto LamaRoma izindlela yamasosha noma zamanxusa. Senza izinhlelo umshado Charles nombusi WaseByzantium, u-Irina, ngale ndlela ukuze "ukuxhuma eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga" futhi abuyisele ubunye ngaphansi intonga Orbis romanus ( "Ukuthula Roman"). Ukuze uthole ingxoxo le phrojekthi eConstantinople efika amanxusa Frankish. Kodwa ngo-October 21 802, i-etat Ukuketulwa okwenzeka, zibancishe Irina amandla. Sobukhosi Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma wathatha protege yizicukuthwane Nicephorus mina (802 - 811), Frankish angayinaki le "umkhohlisi". ezinsukwini ezizayo 812 Basileus Michael kuphela ngacindezelwa ukuba aqaphele nokubuyiselwa umbuso Western futhi isihloko lombusi kukaCharlemagne.

Lokubuyisela (restauratio) kanye nokuvuselela (Renovatio) "imperii Romanorum" UCarl wacabanga komsebenzi wabo mlando. Njengomhlaba bamaRoma , wayefuna embopha ensimini subordinated emigwaqeni, emiseleni emikhulu namabhuloho, kanye uhlelo umfaniswano izilinganiso olulodwa eliphezulu lwemali. Lezi zinhlamvu yesikhathi Charles isithombe endaweni Toga Roman kanye Wreath umfire sizungezwe eliqoshwe umbhalo othi "INP Aug" ( "U-Awugustu"). Ithonya "umbusi entshonalanga" useye angaphezu kwamandla ayo. Wayesho ukuthini u walalela e-Anglo-Saxon imibuso, eScotland, e-Ireland principalities zamaKhosi.

ukukhathazeka Abaningi baletha Karl ubunye ekuphatheni kanye nekwenzeni kwemithetho umthetho waqala abakulowo mbuso sezizwe ezihlukahlukene. Wangena phakathi kwezizwe "ngowezizwe" wayalelwa ukulungiselela iyiqoqo amasiko abo, abanethemba zamagama abo okwalandela, kokubili bebodwa futhi beba nabo umthetho wamaRoma. Carl yena alalelwa omkhulu emsebenzini zomthetho. Ngemva wokugcotshwa imperial wanyathelisa 47 efakwe isahluko endlini, yasheshe kulo lonke izwe.

Inkathi noKarla Velikogo ngokuthi "Carolingian Renaissance". Akazange nje savuka isimo lombusi wamaRoma, kodwa futhi impucuko yasendulo ngesisekelo kumKristu omusha, enethemba ukumisa kwamazinyo futhi ukwenqaba. Emuva ngo-789, isahluko endlini yakhe izifundo "Admonitio generalis 'eliphefumulelwe wacabanga mayelana nesidingo semfundo. UMbusi sasiza izikole zamabanga aphansi naphezulu, ukuqoqwa kanye nokubuyiselwa kwemibhalo yesandla yasendulo, ukudalwa imitapo, ekuthuthukiseni "encwadini yobuciko".

At inhliziyo umbuso noKarla Velikogo kwaba umqondo ubunye eNtshonalanga Yurophu. namandla akhe, amandla kanye engasenathonya, "magnanimitas" yakhe wamnikeza ukusekelwa ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe nobuqotho akhonze. Umuntu wayengabona ukuthi banethemba lokuthi Italy kanye eGaul uzokwazi ukukhansela umphumela Ukuhlasela ngowezizwe, abantu bomdabu ngeke angene namaJalimane ndawonye kabusha obumbene noMbuso waseNtshonalanga.

Charles washona ngo-28 Januwari 814 umzimba "umbusi omkhulu owandise umbuso Frankish futhi iminyaka ngokujabula XLVII obusa kubo" wangcwatshwa Chapel of Aachen Cathedral. Ngemva nje kokufa kwakhe waqala noqhekeko (nokucekelwa) edala kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo. INdodana nendlalifa noKarla Lyudovik, wehlela emlandweni enegama okungalungile umbusi, "le abangcwele", ngobukhulu ubunzima wagcina ubuqotho ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Ngo 817, wakhipha endlini isahluko "Ngo-oda umbuso" ( "Ordinatio imperii"), owamisa indodana yakhe endala Lothair "co-umbusi futhi umsizi ezindabeni zombuso." Kamuva ezandleni kwakhe ejele ukugxila kombuso. amadodana Omncane, nakuba benawo emazweni elikhulu, kwakudingeka azithobe Elisabeth kwezempi nakwezombusazwe. Nokho, "Ordinatio imperii" akukakasetshenziswa. Ngemva kokufa Louis, namadodana akhe Elisabeth, Louis noCharles, asikwazanga ukwabelana amandla, ihlukaniswe amandla umkhulu wakhe omkhulu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela eNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Kwaba le nkambo ngenakugwemeka lwezenzakalo? Kubonakala sengathi impendulo kuyadida. Carl kabusha umbuso yayisekelwe kokuqendwa isisekelo zomlando yombuso wamaRoma. Romance nabantu zamaJalimane kakade iye yabonisa ukuba abheke ukuthi kungenzeka nokwenziwa mutual. Ukugcina nokulonda izinsalela ingqalasizinda Roman, ekuthuthukiseni emakethe bokuhlangana nokuxhumana uhlelo lwezimali jikelele. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle, i-Empire Western ngeke sithi nokuthambekela centrifugal futhi uqinise centripetal. Kodwa ukungafaneleki ngokungacabangi izindlalifa zezombusazwe kaCharles kwavula indlela yokuba ekuhlukanisweni orgy. kokuhlaziywa Bright esingokomzwelo nemicimbi eyenzeka semfundiso yenkolo wanika Flor waseLyons "yezikhalazo of the Empire, sigaba." Empire, okuyinto "sasikhazimula emehlweni emhlabeni, - ebhala - manje edwengulwe ukuba bube manikiniki State muva namanje olulodwa, ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu ... Esikhundleni uMbusi -. Measly" blood orange "esikhundleni Amandla -. Izicucu ezivamile ezinhle lashabalala ... zonke amuncwa nezinzuzo zazo siqu: okucabanga ngotho kodwa ukhohliwe uNkulunkulu ".

ISivumelwano Verdun alethwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu nokwahlukana, ukuwa kwezomnotho, izingxabano engapheli, igazi shí nezinxushunxushu. Ngesikhathi lapho nje uthwale izimpahla ukusuka endaweni A kuya endaweni B kwangiphatha feat, bemagange emakethe ukuxhumana, kwaba umnotho Naturalization.

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIX. ukwahlukanisa yombuso uCharlemagne sika kwakubhekwa isayensi zomlando nangokunembile ezimbi. Nokho, izazi-mlando French F. Guizot, futhi uA Thierry elibuyekeziwe ukulinganisa iSivumelwano Verdun, owathola Ngokombono wabo, nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo ithi kazwelonke, okokuqala kunakho konke, yebo, France. Abanaso acabangele intengo ukuthi ikhokhwe abantu ukwabiwa esihlanganisiwe Carl eNtshonalanga Yurophu nasemazweni lapho, Ngingasho, kwakusadingeka ukukhokha.

Abahlanganyeli izivumelwano Verdun zazingakapheli yezakhi amasu, eqondiswa eyesikhathi esifushane kuphela. Azimeleli imininingwane ezohlukaniswa insimu kamuva emenza izingxabano eziningi. Akekho esanda States inani labantu liphindeke azikakwazi isizwe esisodwa.

Umzukulu Youngest noKarla Velikogo, okuyinto langena umlando njengoba uCharles the Bald kwaba indawo romanized entshonalanga Rhine. Umzukulu Ephakathi - Louis got a endaweni esempumalanga luyingxenye laseJalimane Rhine kanye ezincane endaweni kwesokunxele-yasebhange kanye sifinyelela phakathi iRhine ezinikwe "zokubamba iwayini", ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi izivini South German. Ekugcineni, umfowabo omdala - Lothair wathola Italy kanye "lesemkhatsini" yamazwe Frankish kahle phakathi umbuso umfowabo futhi ngokushesha waba imbangela yombango owawuzothatha. Louis noCharles enqabe khona ukuqaphela igunya imperial Elisabeth, kodwa yashiya isihloko lombusi, elingenalo okuqukethwe langempela.

izenzakalo ezalandela luye lwabonisa ukuthi hhayi wonke umuntu angakwazi ngokuphumelelayo. Abahlanganyeli Verdun isivumelwano ngokushesha kakhulu kufanele ukhokhe izindleko ezinjengalezi. Izimpahla zabo behlaselwa kusukela eningizimu-Arabhu (Saracens), kusukela empumalanga - the baseHungary kusukela enyakatho - amaViking zaseScandinavia.

Karl Veliky kwakuza kuqala lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela imingcele ngokwakha umugqa umngcele izinqaba. Enyakatho, yasungulwa ngo-sha-Danish, ukumboza Saxony, empumalanga - March ka Pannonia, umnyombo ikusasa Austria, njll imikhumbi kanye ne-port izindawo ukukhuthalele yakhiwa.

Nokho, owamlandela, esikhundleni beqinisa imikhumbi nezinqaba zingene shí internecine izingxabano. Ngemva nje basayine iSivumelwano Verdun e 846, ngesikhathi Saracens squad lawela ne pirate imikhumbi, ehlasela eRoma futhi wabhubhisa ingxenye yomuzi. North division of umbuso waba isisulu esilula the Normans. Ngo 845 imikhumbi yabo, i-Elbe, wafika Hamburg. Lo muzi cishe wabhubhisa, izakhamuzi eziningi babulawa. Enye imikhumbi Norman wafika phansi Seine eParis futhi, ngaphandle kokuphikiswa, awuphanga. Ngo-50-yalolucwaningo. zapadnofranksky Korol Karl the Bald abaphathiswe ukuvikela Norman kuphangwa of uzakwabo Robert Abanamandla, simenze isihloko Ukubala eParis. Kamuva, ngo-987, i-umzukulu Robert Gugo Kapet iba umsunguli we lwamakhosi French bobukhosi Capetian.

Hhayi esehlise umoya ngemva iSivumelwano Verdun, le abazukulu noKarla Velikogo sizame ngokuphindaphindiwe zizodla nemfuyo nomunye. Ngakho, ngo-858-German Ludwig wazama ukuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi uCharles the Bald. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, uCharles the Bald bazama ukuyibamba ezweni bomzala bakhe - amadodana uMbusi Lothair mina, owashona ngo 855. Ngo-869, wathumba i-Lorraine, kodwa kwadingeka ukuba usabe Louis German. Ngo 875, ngemuva nokucindezela Lothair lwamakhosi, uKarl baphuthuma Italy ngokuba umqhele eyayinayo indiva amalungelo umfowabo omdala Ludwig.

UPapa John VIII wamemezela uMbusi uKarl, benethemba lokuthola ukuvikelwa usongo Arab. Ngo 876, ngemva kokufa Ludwig German, uCarl, ezama ukuhlanganisa zonke "Roman futhi Frankish umbuso" ezandleni zakhe, yahlasela eJalimane, kodwa egqilazwe bakwa-Ludwig. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, e-Italy, ama-Arabhu baphuthuma izindonga waseRoma. Upapa ngokuthi lo mbusi omusha usizo. Carl ngaphambilini wathenga off the Normans phansi esigodini Seine, emadolonzima waya 877 e-Italy, kodwa kungakabiphi waphelelwa, owesaba ukuqala amabutho aseJalimane. Endleleni wagula futhi wafa eneminyaka engu-54. Ukufa zombusi wavuka izinkanuko phezu ngokulandelana okwakufanele abe inkosi.

Ngisho Charles eseduze wayengajabule ukuzidela kwakhe isiNtaliyane, aveza ukuthi ngalutho e-Italy lapho umbuso wakhe siqu uyachitheka. Ukuze kushwelezwe kuyo, uKarl ngaphambi umkhankaso wesibili Italian ogunyaziwe ukuguqulwa komhlaba benefices e yifa lezinceku, kanye okuthunyelwe ufuzo ukubala. Lesi sinqumo kwaba endaweni futhi ngonyaka ka ncwadi isihloko Kersiyskogo isahluko endlini 877 izikhundla isimo ibala nezikhulu eziphakeme yaphendulwa iziqu zenani elikhulu eziyifa kwesikhulu. Enhlabathini, kwakheka lwamakhosi kwesikhulu amalungelo sovereigns indawo. "Bala emseni kaNkulunkulu" - okukhulunywe ngokwabo ezindaweni ababusi abathile 878.

Kokubusa owokugcina lwamakhosi Carolingian kwakuyinkathi ekuhlukanisweni obengeziwe bobukhosi amandla nokucekelwa futhi ukudabuka we isibopho lokuluhlaza umnotho kanye wekuba sive. isahluko endlini Royal bephuthaza babizelwe impi ngokumelene "kuphangwa okubi nasekubhujisweni." "Okumangazayo ukuthi ... abantu okuyakucindezela, ukweba ingcebo yethu, uma ngamunye wethu ngokugebenga umakhelwane walo eseduzane?" - funda isahluko endlini 884

Inqubo okuqalwe iSivumelwano Verdun, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi unmanageable. Abazukulu Charles bafaka isibonelo esibi izingane zabo futhi akhonze. Phakathi internecine zabo emzabalazweni ukwazi ngaphambi babeqoqana ndawonye sobukhosi yasebukhosini, wathola ukuthi ukuhambisa kusuka kwelinye ikamu, abaphansi. amakhosi ayizimbangi zomhlaba namalungelo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu IX. Karl Veliky ngeke ukwazi wayeshiye umbuso. Ukuphatha abayinzalo yakhe aqhubeka "sidilike" ku seigneury semi ezimele, futhi ngokushesha lwamakhosi waziqonda uphele ngendlela ehlazisayo. E-Italy Carolingians wabusa kuze 887 g e East Francia (eJalimane) - kuze kufinyelele 911; e West Francia (esizayo France) - kuze kufinyelele 987

Ikakhulukazi isiphetho esivusa amadlingozi etholwe Elisabeth "phakathi" komhlaba. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngo-855 babo isendaweni ibhange kwesokunxele iRhine lalenziwa waba umbuso ozimele ophethwe, wathatha indodana yakhe yesibili Elisabeth II. Lalibizwa ngokuthi Lothari regnum, Lorraine. Ezalandela eminyaka nanye Lorraine kwaba into zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi eFrance naseJalimane, eyathatha kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi yezwe yesibili.

Esimeni semakhaya "nezinxushunxushu seignorial," inkathi noKarla Velikogo waqala kubonakale "yokuchuma", futhi - the "uyise Europe".