Imisebenzi yokufundisa njengesayensi. Into kanye nezigaba zokufundisa

I-pedagogy iyisayensi yezenhlalakahle eziyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa, ehlanganisa futhi ehlanganisa idatha yazo zonke izimfundiso ngezingane. Lichaza imigqa yokwakha ubudlelwano bezenhlalakahle ezithinta ukuthuthukiswa kwesizukulwane esizayo.

Imigomo kanye nezinhloso zokufundisa

Izimo zeqiniso lezinkolelo zithinta ingane hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi sithonya ngqo, kodwa futhi kamuva kubonakala ezenzakalweni zokuphila kwakhe.

Umgomo oyinhloko wokuzibandakanya ukufaka isandla kuzo zonke izinqubo zokuziqhenya komuntu ngamunye kanye nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi ngosizo lendlela yesayense, kanye nasekuthuthukiseni nasekusebenziseni izindlela eziphumelelayo zokuthuthukisa.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyi-3, okugcwele izenzakalo ezibalulekile, isidingo sokuqinisekisa imibono yabantu engqondweni yabantu baseRussia iyanda. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma indlela yokufundisa isetshenziswa kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila. Kuphela-ke kuzokwazi ukubikezela ukusebenza komsebenzi wezemfundo nokufundisa.

Ngakho-ke, imisebenzi nemisebenzi yokufundisa zihlobene nencazelo, incazelo kanye nokubikezela kwezenzakalo kanye nezinqubo ezenzeka endaweni yezemfundo. Yilokho okuqeda isidingo sokuhlukanisa imisebenzi ibe yinkimbinkimbi futhi ewusizo. Imisebenzi kanye nemisebenzi yokufundisa ihlelwe ngesisekelo sezimiso zesayensi, bese isetshenziswe emisebenzini yangempela.

Okulandelayo luhlu lwezinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu zezinkolelo.

1. Ukuqaphela ukujwayela okuyinhloko kwenqubo yezemfundo.
2. Ukuhlaziywa kanye nokukhiqizwa kokuhlangenwe nakho kwemisebenzi yokufundisa.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa nokubuyekezwa kwesisekelo semfundo; Ukudala izinhlelo ezintsha zemfundo nokukhuliswa.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kwemiphumela yokuzama ukufundiswa ekufundiseni umkhuba.
5. Ukunquma amathuba okuthuthukiswa kwezemfundo esikhathini esizayo nasiseduze.

Ukubonakaliswa kwangempela kwalombono, okungukuthi, ukugcwaliseka kwemisebenzi esebenzayo, kwenzeka ngokuqondile ezikoleni zemfundo.

Into yokufundisa

Imisebenzi kanye nemisebenzi yokufundiswa njengesayensi isakhiwe ngokucacile. Okuqukethwe kwabo akukaze kubangele ukuphikisana phakathi kochwepheshe nabacwaningi.

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, u-AS Makarenko waqaphelisisa into ethize yezinto zokufundisa. Akavumelani neningi labacwaningi besikhathi. I-A.S. U-Makarenko wayecabanga ukuthi ayiphutha imibono yabo ukuthi into yokufundisa ingumntwana. Le sayensi ihlola izici zomsebenzi ezihloswe ekwakheni izimfanelo zobuntu eziphawulekayo emphakathini. Ngenxa yalokho, into yesayensi yokufundisa akuyona indoda, inqubo yokufundisa ehlose kuye, yonke imisebenzi yemisebenzi enquma ukuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye.

Isifundo sokufunda

Izinkinga zenqubo yezemfundo nezemfundo zixhunyaniswa ngokuqondile ngosayensi abaningi: ifilosofi, inhlalakahle, ingqondo, ingosi yezomnotho kanye nabanye. Kodwa, akekho kubo ochaphazela uhlobo lomsebenzi owenza izinqubo zansuku zonke zokukhula nentuthuko yengane, kanye nokusebenzisana kothisha nabantwana besikole. I-pedagogy kuphela ehlose ukutadisha imithetho, izitayela kanye namathemba okuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yezemfundo nokufundisa njengenye yezici ekubunjweni komuntu.

Ngakho-ke, isihloko salesi sayensi yezenhlalakahle sihlanganisa nemithetho yokwakheka kwenqubo yezemfundo ngesikhathi, okuhlobene eduze nemigodi yokuthuthukiswa kobudlelwano bezenhlalakahle. Futhi, into, izihloko kanye nemisebenzi yokufundisa ibonisa konke okushiwo yizici kanye nezimo zokuqaliswa kwethonya lokufundisa.

I-pedagogy njengeyisayensi

Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokufundisa njengoba isayensi ixhunywe ngolwazi lwemithetho elawula imfundo, imfundo nokuqeqeshwa komuntu ngamunye kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinyathelo ezifanele zokuxazulula imisebenzi eyisisekelo yentuthuko yomuntu siqu.

Ukuze ucaciswe, izazi zihlukanisa imisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe kanye nobuchwepheshe bokufundisa.

Ukuqaliswa komunye wabo kuveza ukuthi kukhona amazinga amathathu omsebenzi.

Izinga lomsebenzi wemfundiso:

1. Okuchazwayo, noma okuchazayo , okuhlangenwe nakho okuthuthukisiwe futhi okuthuthukisayo okufundiswa.
2. Ukuxilonga , ngaphakathi kohlaka lapho isimo, izimo kanye nezimbangela zezinto ezihambisana nokusebenzisana kothisha nomntwana kubonakala.
3. Ukubikezelwa , okusho ukuqhuba izifundo zokuhlola eziveza iqiniso langempela futhi uthole izindlela zokuguqula. Leli zinga lihlotshaniswa nokudala imibono namamodeli wokuxhumana phakathi kwabahlanganyeli ebuhlotsheni bokufundisa, asetshenziselwa ukwenza umkhuba.

Izinga lomsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe:

1. I-Projective , kuhlanganise nokwakhiwa kohlu olufanele lwezinto eziphathelene nokusebenza (izifundo, ama-curricula, izincwadi, njll), okuqukethwe okubandakanya izizinda ezithathwayo zokufundisa.
2. Ukuguqulwa , okuhlotshaniswa nokwethulwa kwempumelelo yesayensi kwinqubo yezemfundo ngenhloso yokuyithuthukisa.
3. Ukucubungula, noma ukulungisa , okubandakanya ukuhlolwa komthelela wokucwaninga okufundiswayo ekufundiseni nasemisebenzini yezemfundo, okungahle kulungiswe ukuze kuboniswe ukusebenzisana kwesayensi nokusebenza.

Izigaba Main of pedagogy

Imisebenzi yokufundisa ikhonjiswe ngezindlela ezahlukene, kuye ngokuthi isigaba esingakanani lapho umthelela wengane kuqhutshwa khona.

Noma yisiphi isisekelo semfundiso kufanele sisekelwe ekucaciseni okucacile kwemibono evamile nolwazi lwesayensi. Eyokuqala ibonakala emisebenzini yansuku zonke yemfundo nokuqeqesha. Lezi zinsuku ziyimiphumela ejwayelekile yokuhlangenwe nakho okufundiswayo, okumele ibonwe yizigaba kanye nemigomo, imithetho, izindlela kanye nezimiso zenhlangano yenqubo yokufundisa. Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sayansi kwahambisana nokuhlukaniswa okuncane kancane kwemibono, okwaba yinto ebalulekile yokwakhiwa kwezigaba ezintathu zokufundisa: imfundo, imfundo, imfundo.

Imfundo

Isayensi yanamuhla ithatha umqondo wokuthi "ukukhuliswa" njengento yezenhlalakahle, eyaziwa ngokudluliselwa kwamagugu omlando namasiko, okwenza lokho okuhlangenwe nakho okuhambisana nakho, ukuwadlulisela kusukela esizukulwaneni kuya esizukulwaneni.

Ukusebenza komfundisi:

1. Ukudluliselwa kwesipiliyoni, okwenziwe isintu.

2. Isingeniso kumhlaba wamasiko.

3. Ukukhuthazwa kokuzifundela nokuzithuthukisa.

4. Ukuhlinzekwa kosizo lokufundisa lapho kwenzeka izimo ezinzima zokuphila.

Umphumela wenqubo yezemfundo ukubunjwa kwengane yesimo sengqondo somuntu ngamunye ukuqonda umhlaba, amanye amalungu omphakathi kanye naye.

Imisebenzi yokwakhiwa njalo ibonisa izidingo zomlando zomphakathi ekulungiseleleni izizukulwane ezizayo, ezikwazi ukuthola imisebenzi ethile yomphakathi kanye nezindima zomphakathi. Okusho ukuthi, zonke izinqubo ezinqumayo okuqukethwe, imvelo nemisebenzi yesigaba esinikezwayo ngokuhambisana nemikhuba ethintekayo yobuzwe, izici zokubunjwa kwezenhlalakahle zomlando, ukubaluleka komsebenzi othile, kanye nemfundiso yezombangazwe nezombusazwe wombuso.

Ukuqeqeshwa

Isigaba esilandelayo "ukuqeqeshwa", lapho ochwepheshe beqonda khona ukuxhumana kothisha nezingane, okuhloswe ekuthuthukiseni izingane zesikole.

Imisebenzi yothisha:

1. Ukufundisa, okungukuthi, ukudluliswa kolwazi ngenhloso, ukuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila, izindlela zokusebenza, izisekelo zamasiko nesayensi.

2. Ubuholi ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi, ukwakheka kwamakhono namakhono.

3. Ukudala izimo zokuthuthukiswa komuntu siqu esikoleni.

Ngakho-ke, isisekelo sobudlelwane bezolimi "ukuqeqeshwa-ukukhulisa" kuqukethe ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi nobuntu bomuntu, ngokususelwa ekucabangeni izithakazelo zakhe, wathola i-ZUN, amakhono.

Imfundo:

Isigaba sesithathu sokufundisa siyimfundo. Lena inqubo ehlukahlukene, ehlanganisa izindawo eziningana zomsebenzi, ikakhulukazi, ukwakhiwa kwezingqondo zabafundi emphakathini kanye ngokwabo; Isethi lemisebenzi yezemfundo nokukhuliswa.

Ukuba khona kwezinhlobonhlobo zezikhungo zemfundo kunquma ukukhethekile kwezigaba zokufundisa. Ukuhlelwa kwabo kubonisa izinyathelo: inkulisa, isikole samabanga aphansi, isikole samabanga aphansi, njll. Ngakho-ke, kokubili isisekelo kanye nehlangothini yezobuchwepheshe esifundeni ngasinye semfundo kuqondile. Izigaba zokufundisa izingane zasenkulisa zinezici ezikhethekile ezihlobene neqiniso lokuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko wokuhola wengane weminyaka engu-2-7 ngumdlalo. Imfundo yalesi sizwe isisekelo sentuthuko. Futhi-ke, lapho ufunda isendaweni ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni komfundi wesikole, ukulungiswa phakathi kokubaluleka kwezigaba zokufundisa kuyashintsha.

Ukuqhubekela phambili kulokhu, ukufundiswa kufanele kuthathwe njengesayensi yemithetho ebalulekile kanye nezisekelo zokwenza izindlela (izimiso, izindlela kanye namafomu) wokuqeqeshwa kanye nemfundo ngayinye.

I-Preschool Pedagogy

Into yokuhamba, umthelela wayo oqondiswa ingane yengane yasenkulisa, icacile. Ubungqayizivele balo bubangelwa ubudala, futhi ngenxa yalokho - ngokucabanga, ukunakwa, inkumbulo kanye nemisebenzi eyisisekelo yezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-7 ubudala.

Imisebenzi yesigcawu sesayensi yasenkulisa isakhiwe ngokucabangela indima yayo eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nesetshenzisiwe, ukubaluleka kwezenhlalakahle nezenkolo, kubonisa imisebenzi esemqoka yokufundisa.

1. Ukugqugquzela inqubo yemfundo nokuqeqesha izingane ngokuhambisana nezidingo zomphakathi wanamuhla.

2. Ukufundwa kwemikhuba kanye nemibono yemisebenzi yokufundisa ezikoleni zasenkulisa njengenye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa kwengane.

3. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemigomo nemibono emisha yokukhuliswa nokufundiswa kwezingane.

Imisebenzi ye-school pedagogy

1. Ukuchazwa ngokucacile, okuyinto incazelo yesayense yezinhlelo zamanje kanye nobuchwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yokufundisa kuyisiqinisekiso sokuthuthukiswa okuhambisanayo komuntu ngamunye.

2. Ukubikezelwa, okubandakanya ukubikezela ngokwesayensi nokufuna izindlela zokuthuthukisa imisebenzi yokufundisa e-DOW.

3. Creative-transformative, okuzocatshangelwa imiphumela yocwaningo lwesayensi kanye nokwakhiwa kobuchwepheshe bokuklama nokwakhiwa.

Isihloko, imisebenzi, kanye nemisebenzi yokufundisa ihlobene. Ukuqedwa kwabo kunquma okuqukethwe komsebenzi wezemfundo, okuqanjwe umgomo oyinhloko wale sayensi, okuzokhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa komuntu siqu okuhambelana nalowo muntu.