Imisebenzi eziyinkinga Ikakhulukazi Lermontov sika. Famous usebenza M. Yu. Lermontova

Mihail Yurevich Lermontov - imbongi esiyingqayizivele. Kunzima ukuthola umuntu engazazi imisebenzi Lermontov. Zibhaleni phansi ngempela eside, kusukela imigqa olusankondlo, "Ukufa Poet" futhi "Borodino" (wafunda esikoleni) ukuze isenzakalo esibalulekile izincwadi Russian kwekhulu XIX - noveli "A Hero Lwesikhathi Sethu."

Uma bahlulelwe lokusungula, Angikholwa ukuthi isiphetho kudedelwa kuye engu-27 kuphela ukuphila. Nokho, wayebonisa ikhono lakhe futhi ugxile lokusungula aye avumela lo muntu akazange aphile isikhathi eside, kodwa ukuphila elikhanyayo, ukuba abe zakudala ayibonwa. Famous imisebenzi Lermontov, ufana nesibuko zibonisa ukuphila kwakhe, ngokuqonda kwakhe ezingaqondakali evezwe endaweni yabo emhlabeni futhi ikusasa lakhe.

Yini ongayilindela indoda ngo-1830 wabikezela kokugumbuqelwa uMbusi ku "ngonyaka abamnyama"? Ubani owaziyo ukuthi kungani ngesikhathi sokufa kwakhe (in a Duel ezintabeni) yamane yaba bahlaselwa isiphepho esinzima?

Pushkin futhi Lermontov ...

Nguye e-1837, ngemva kokufa Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina, "imbongi lokuqala Russian Parnassus", wanika ngezizathu ukuzizwa futhi baqonde yonke ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, ukuthi le ndawo kwakungelona singenamuntu. Hhayi sikhathi esingakanani nokho, bekatsatsa ngifinyelele Duel ebulalayo e 1841. Ikakhulukazi imisebenzi Lermontov sika eziyinkinga zabonwa besikhathi sakhe. Uma u-Alexander Sergeyevich Vissarion Belinsky ngokuthi "imbongi imizwa engaphakathi umphefumulo", ogama imicabango azalelwa lokuqala ngigeza bese yanqamula angena umphakathi, i-Mikhail Yurevich - imbongi, a ngamakhasimende emphakathini, ngokuvamile ethatha ipeni bedle izenzakalo eziphawulekayo eRussia.

I ubuntu ezahlukene Pushkin futhi Lermontov?

Uma izwe Pushkin osemncane kwamiswa kahle obunobunye nekusimama kwetenhlalo phakathi nokubusa koMbusi u-Alexander I, sanikeza isizathu cabanga ubuhle le nkosi, futhi imibono abalulekile emphakathini imbongi weza kuphela namathathu banesifo esibi yabo ekuseni, uma kungenjalo leli cala isimo Mikhail Yurevich. Sinikeza ithuba lokuxoxa ngezindaba ezibalulekile ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemisebenzi Lermontov sika. Ngemva singubani isungule ngaphansi kokubusa autocratic Nicholas I. Esikhundleni ekubonile izizathu inhloso ubani alethwe iSigele Square Decembrists (okusho ethonyeni elonakalisayo emphakathini Russian of serfdom futhi, ngokunjalo, backwardness kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kuleli zwe), inkosi-umbusi kudale gendarme engakaze ibonwe ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu indlela. Kumayelana ukuvumelana okhathazekile Lermontov wabhala emphakathini Russian.

Ukuyiqonda injongo yangempela yokunikezwa umbhikisho abahlukene ngokumelene izinqubomgomo mva, ukwenqaba amandla ukuhlazeka zabantu - ikakhulukazi eziyinkinga imisebenzi Lermontov sika.

Isikhathi sokuqala lokusungula Lermontov

Ukudala Lermontov zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu.

Isikhathi sokuqala (kusukela ngo-1828 kuya ku 1832) elinesimo mbumbulu ecacile George Gordon Byron. Kungenxa nalesi British Lermontov omkhulu wazizwa ubunye obungokomoya siqu.

Byron akwenza kuvele French Revolution, ngesikhathi shintsho olukhulu, ukudlondlobala nciphisa kaKesari Napoleon State. imbongi Russian - phakathi ukuphendula enobudlova ngemva nokucindezela kwavukelwa we Decembrists: amadodana okuhamba phambili wobaba alengiswa, abadingisiwe, baboshwa.

Inkulumo efanayo Lermontov futhi Byron

Bobabili izimbongi united somoya esivukelayo, umphefumulo ukubuyisa. Ngiyavuma, hhayi injabulo indaba ephathwayo ngemisebenzi Lermontov, hhayi romance nomdlandla abasha e enkathini yokuqala lokusungula kuyinto evelele. Hhayi ngokunikeza umfundi ithuba izimbongi eziphawulwe ngenhla okunzima ukuziqhathanisa izitsha ngomkhumbi eyaqala eduze kolwandle olugubhayo (Lermontov - "Lone White Sail ..." Byron - "owesifazane mavesi ngiphume eNgilandi futhi").

inkondlo Byron sika (kanye imisebenzi Lermontov), ngokuvumelana nobuntu azinikwa Belinsky, Uyi wokukhalela usizo iqhawe, kodwa ungakhali ukuncenga kanye sniskhodyaschim. Omunye ungayizwa imizwa ukujula nokuhlupheka imbongi-isakhamuzi, futhi isifiso engalawulwa inkululeko. Mbumbulu weNkosi Byron, umculi enkululeko, wasiza Mikhail Yurevich ufunde ukubhala ngokucacile, ngokwemvelo esihlaba umxhwele, inkanuko. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izingoma zakhe kuyofikwa Byron ukujula. Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi Lermontov sika, esizibonakalisa ukuvuthwa umcabango, wenza sikwazi ukulandelela sifanangwaca zabo imigca waseBrithani ongazazi izindlela ezinkulu. Thanda Byron, yena ngokudabukisayo inhliziyo Silinganisa nesizukulwane sakhe, echotshozwa yokusabela esingenalo ikusasa (Lermontov - "Duma", Byron - "engcwele Childe uHarold").

Mikhail Yiqiniso, sisondela yena izindikimba kanye nezithombe, futhi ngokuseduze ujwayelene kwezinye izincwadi zezazi-izimbongi enkulu kangako enjengokufa Goethe futhi Pushkin. Nokho, kuyinto igalelo waseBrithani omkhulu, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi akayikhokhi nje wahlangana, kodwa futhi uhumusha ( "ngesiHebheru Melody", "Afe Gladiator"). Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhiqizo owaziwa kwesikhathi Lermontov zihlanganisa mbumbulu eminingi ( "Vision", "ukulingisa Byron," "Ebusuku").

Ekupheleni kwaleyo nkathi, imbongi zivela dlela belingisa zabuna isiNgisi, futhi iyolandelwa ukuqhubekisela phambili endleleni yakhe senkondlo. Kuleli ingqophamlando emsebenzini wakhe wabhala ngokucacile: "Cha, mina angingowaleli Byron, mina - omunye ..."

kumiswa Ngaphezu kwalokho intando izinkondlo

Isikhathi zezinkondlo lwakhe lwesibili kuphawulwa aye Petersburg efika esikoleni abakhwele amahhashi amasosha futhi ensigns. Ngobusuku obandulela izifundo zakhe, wabhala inkondlo ngenhla "Span", ke ukusikhohlisa sobala emsebenzini wakhe. Futhi inikeza ilungelo abahlaziyi bemibhalo baphikisa ngokuthi imisebenzi Lermontov odumile ngesikhathi izifundo zakhe abadalwanga. Nsizwa ngokuphelele enikelwe Junker ukuzitika.

Ukukhethwa okungukuthi, mhlawumbe, le nkondlo "Mina, umama kaNkulunkulu, manje ngomthandazo." Kunokuba ekhishwe, hussar cheers abangane bomshado 'lisetshenziswe' yebutho izinkondlo. Lermontov wabhala ngempela zokuphola rhymed emabhalekisini amahlaya, izingoma nethebula iphiko futhi kubonakala sebecabanga. Nokho, okwakhe isigqi nokuvumelana, freshness ukunemba imilolotelo, ukufunda nokubhala kanye nesitayela ehilela okuyinto wembula ukuhlaziya imisebenzi Lermontov sika kwalesi sikhathi, ziholela esiphethweni - imbongi owakheke ngokugcwele phambi kwethu. Futhi ukuze abone, sidinga novivinyo.

"Ithalente lakhe uye ngokuzumayo kwabheduka like ikhandlela ..."

Futhi okufanayo kwenzeka yesehlakalo esibuhlungu lanyakazisa lonke uhlobo Mikhail Yurevich. Izindaba, iyiguqule kusukela hussar eyokungabi nandaba inhliziyo azizwa isakhamuzi, umshumayeli wokulunga, watshelwa of kokufa Pushkin. Lermontov wayegula lapho watshelwa ngale ukulahlekelwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke, onomuzwa le nhlekelele-Russia leli phuzu, bathukuthelisa umnyombo, ukuthi amalungu amaningi umphakathi eliphezulu ukuze bathethelele umbulali Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina - Georges d'Anthes.

Isendlalelo ukudalwa "Ukufa imbongi"

Lermontov Wathukuthela wathelwa ngamanzi wathela "munyu inhliziyo," okungukuthi. E. Lokho wazizwa ephepheni ... Kwaba inguqulo akuphelele komkhiqizo. It ingakamiswa ebhaliwe imigqa 16 ... Kodwa lapho UNikolai Stolypin (isihlobo ohlangothini kamama), owaqala ingxabano zomphakathi nembongi, waqala Ziphikisana futhi afakazise ukuthi Dantes - indoda ehloniphekile endishini ehloniphekile sokubekezela Lermontov sika selikhathele, futhi wawubonisa isihlobo umbundu . Bese ngaya ehhovisi, wahlala phansi edeskini lakhe, futhi ... wathela somlilo, ukubhaxabulwa lo layini: "Wena, zidla inzalo ..."

Inzondo nothando ngemisebenzi Lermontov akukaze kwakuzwakala kanzima kangaka! Kwaba umsebenzi eyanikezwa ukuqhatha Russia ... Ubufakazi ngodumo lwakhe ekubopheni, bese inkantolo.

Kubhekiselwa okokuqala eCaucasus

Sekuyisikhathi eside Amandla esekelwe iyunithi gendarmerie ( "iyunifomu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka"), bathukuthelisa imisebenzi Lermontov sika. Uhlu izakhamuzi alithembekile equkethwe ngokucacile igama lakhe. Manje cishe wafakazela ukuthi hhayi ngaphandle namaqhinga osithekile gendarmerie kwadingeka Duel yakhe ebulalayo nge Martynov.

Nokho, sesibe phambili izingxabano zawo ... Ake sibuyele 1937, ukuze impendulo iziphathimandla ukuba le nkondlo "Ukufa imbongi." Nicholas mina ngolaka wazonda Lermontov futhi mathupha wengamela nesijeziso sakhe.

Mikhail wadluliswa ukukhonza eCaucasus. Kwakuwusuku isixhumanisi sokuqala imbongi, okuyinto Nokho, ngenxa yemizamo ye ugogo kanye nobudlelwane yakhe ukukhanya bekulokhu kakhulu mitigated futhi zathatha izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela.

"Novice" futhi "Demon"

Lapha iqala kwesikhathi wesithathu ubuhlakani akhe okudala. I okuvelayo etholwe uhlobo emangalisayo sezintaba kubonakala ezincwadini ezalandela imbongi. Ngenxa isixhumanisi Lermontov phakathi okuqhubekayo intsha Russian une elandelayo omkhulu. Lapho ebuyela Petersburg, lapho nokucwala wabelwa indima ingonyama nomphakathi. Ngomunyu zanqwabelana bafunile izinkondlo. Mikhail kudala "Novice" futhi "Demon". namaqhawe okusha imisebenzi Lermontov sika, liphefumulelwe okuvelayo eCaucasus edonsela umfundi engasenathonya sakhe, isifiso sokuthola inkululeko nekupheleliswa umoya.

Mayelana inkondlo "Mtsyri" ...

Endzabeni usebenza eyisithunjwa Georgians Circassian Novice kwenza kwakwakhiwa futhi yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba ukuphunyuka, yena kanye izinsuku ezintathu bezama ukuthola kude abawasukelayo yakhe. Futhi iphunga wesine yakhe, ukhathele, ubani esezokufa, kodwa edakiwe enkululeko, zilethwe emuva - esigodlweni sezindela.

Belinsky babekholelwa ukuthi Mtsyri isithombe umfundi uqala sibuke iningi lezinkinga ikakhulukazi imisebenzi Lermontov sika. Lesi sithombe enamandla ngalokuyincenye kwezincwadi a eyabaleka "ihora ezimbi", "isiphepho", lapho bonke abanye, idliwe ngokwesaba, babe "phansi kwe-altare", kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo 'phansi nje eziwele phansi, "kwelungelo eliqukethwe ibhekisela likhinyabeze, ezinukayo , umoya zokucindezela zezenhlalo nezombusazwe eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX.

Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi Lermontov, ngokusho umhlaziyi etemibhalo Belinsky, ngokwengxenye ubonisa izithombe yabo emqoka yobuntu imbongi.

imigqa Sula isigqi washaywa iambic tetrameter inkondlo "Mtsyri", indlela ebalulekile eyaba eziyimpumelelo wesilisa imvumelwano, ibonisa kokubili ingcebo izithombe izwe ngaphandle, futhi lonke bunch of imizwa protagonist: yithemba, imizwelo, ukuzimisela alintengi, uthando, ukudabuka emnene. Kulesi inkondlo ikakhulukazi waphawula njengoba umklamo nobuntu isizungu ubuciko imisebenzi Lermontov.

Lermontov sika "Demon"

Le timu engayodwa ubuntu zokudala uthola ukuthuthukiswa yayo okunengqondo esithombeni yidemoni, hero eponymous nkondlo Lermontov. Kukhethwa isithombe emaphakathi komkhiqizo kubonisa okunamathiselwe ku-ke umuzwa okhethekile ngokwengqondo nezenhlalo. Akahluleli nje iyafika okuphambene amagugu lesigaba esibusayo, kodwa 'kwenkosi cognition kanye nenkululeko. " It Mikhail ubeka ukuphikiswa dialectic ukuba intsha XIX leminyaka isimo umshini ukuhlazeka ubuntu. Eqokomisa lokhu, siyakucela nje ngokukhuluma isizungu ngemisebenzi Lermontov.

It is okushunyekiwe inkondlo umbhali wefilosofi, ukugcwaliseka okukhulile ukunqabela zonda konke okuhlobene ne-oda emhlabeni eziphathekayo, kuyingozi, kuholela wokulahlekelwa kwangaphakathi. Usizi lokukhulelwa "Demon" Lermontov sika ukuba esikhundleni saso kungene amagugu kwaphakade "uthando, ubuhle nobuhle" izithombe zabo zobugovu ngobuciko. Njengoba kukude abantu! Izwe kwangaphakathi kubonakala kuye okuningi obaluleke ngaphezu "ubuhlungu ukuswela, ukukhandleka nezinsizi izixuku womuntu." Lokhu kuholela esibucayi ngokomzwelo, futhi ngenxa yalokho - ngokufa senkosikazi yakhe - uTamara, kulandele izinkulumo Demon "igcwele izilingo." i-Demon yena, kanye ukuhlangabezana nentombazane, uyisidalwa alien uzisole futhi iqhaza.

Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi Lermontov elilotshiwe kamuva, cishe njalo ziyama ikhombisa ukunwetshwa ukwazi, ukutshala izimali zakho kuyo, ngakho-ke, efakazela ukuziphendukela zobuntu bakhe.

Uthando ngemisebenzi Lermontov

Isihloko uthando ngemisebenzi Lermontov umsindo esiphakeme shrill-ezibuhlungu. Ngeshwa, ubuntu Mikhail Yurevich ushiye isigxivizo esindayo yothando lwakhe unrequited ngoba Varenka Lopukhina. Lapho abanye, kancane-ucezu nsizwa yenqaba, usesho kwakuyothatha abanothando ezahlukene, Lermontov kwakubaluleke ayisisekelo - "! Necklace". Futhi ngenkathi uBarbara wahlala umngane bakhe abaqotho futhi enozwela, umeluleki, kodwa imbongi, yebo, nami ngangifuna ukubhema ngaphezulu ...

Ukwahlulela yinkondlo Lermontov uthando - ukukhanya, high, kodwa unrequited. Ngakho-ke, incazelo kwemisebenzi Lermontov e-a baxgeki ahlukahlukene etemibhalo wabaholela ukuba afinyelele isiphetho esifanayo: kuba - imbongi uthando nosizi. Ngisho emisebenzini yefilosofi Mikhail Yurevich, isibonelo, enkondlweni "Duma" itholakala ngayo isisusa sothando. Futhi ngisho abanye - Ilungile! Lalela kuphela Ihubo leli vesi, "Futhi sizonde futhi sithanda ngengozi ..."

ugogo Unokuqonda imbongi owazi it ngaphezu kwanoma ngubani, uye waphawula umkhuba sengqondo olukhethekile umzukulu wakhe kule umuzwa - ephelele, ngaphandle semitones. Imbongi uyaqiniseka ukuthi kukhona "okunye ukuphila" futhi umuntu ngokwakhe ekuqaleni umuntu wadalwa udilikajele e-aura injabulo. Ngokwenkolelo yakhe, uthando lweqiniso akukwazi umhlaba, kufanele kube okulingana lempilo engunaphakade. Heroes imisebenzi Lermontov bakaJehova, ngisho uthando, sidumise uthando ngenhla akhe ego ( "Angingaphansi kuwe").

Abahlukile incazelo nomqondo injabulo Mihailom Yurevichem. Okunjalo incazelo, mhlawumbe, ubengase lona ... umfundi Cabangisisa onekareko injabulo isihloko imisebenzi Lermontov, ingabe ulithole "Hero Lwesikhathi Sethu": "Injabulo nokuziqhenya kanzulu!" La mazwi embongi yayikuqonda lokhu isimo umuntu lapho kuba ngokujabula bese usizi ukuze uthole enye i yengcebo.

ukuphelela kwakhe idale isitayela ekhethekile Lermontov yothando izinkondlo - ukuphikisana grey everydayness ephelele wadala umhlaba eziqanjiwe imbongi. Kuyinto lo mqondo zokudala kungabonwa enkondlweni "Sonnet", "Valerik".

isiphetho

Izici imisebenzi Lermontov zibonisa umsebenzi wakhe esaqopha umlando. It imangalelwe njengendlela yokudala, counterweight ngemibono emigomweni yokucindezelwa eyenziwa uMbusi uNicholas I.

imigqa Lermontov sika aqukethe futhi kuphikisa we zikahulumeni ezikhona, futhi ukucabanga ngokuqinisekile ubuhlungu ngekusasa Russia. izithombe ezithile (ubuningi) kukhona ngemisebenzi Lermontov, Ngakho-ke, empeleni, nge ukudalwa lokhu kufanekisa zakudala Russian iqala.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuthinta ekuqapheleni imbongi oneminyaka engu-27 ubudala emhlabeni, futhi lapha ukujula - ezihlukahlukene izihloko Lermontov: zibona on isiphetho izizukulwane, isizungu ngokuziqhenya, nokushisekela izwe eziwubukhazikhazi, ubudlelwano eziyinkinga imbongi kanye nomphakathi.

ungubani wekuthomeni futhi okungezona ezijwayelekile ubulokhu kuseyimpicabadala.