Imibono Contemporary lwezenhlalo

Sociology njengoba isayensi basungula ekhulwini le-19 ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi usosayensi French Auguste Comté. Umsunguli kwabantu Auguste Comté lokuqala kushiwo isidingo ukudala isayensi emphakathini. Nguye owasungula isiqondiso positivist.

Izigaba Development Sociology

   Izinkinga ezihlobene oda kwezenhlalo, ucabangela kaPlato no-Aristotle eGreece yasendulo, T. Moore, uFrancis Bacon futhi Machiavelli ku Renaissance, Thomas Hobbes, John. Locke, uRousseau Lakho ezikhathini zanamuhla.

Ekhulwini le-19, kwabantu ucala kutfutfukisa ngenkuthalo. Kukhona imisebenzi UHerbert Spencer, Comté, Marx, Engels. Lesi sikhathi kungenziwa ngokuthi esigabeni sokuqala ekuthuthukiseni i-social science (1840-1880 GG.).

Isigaba sesibili (1890-1920 GG.), Ukuvela isayensi umphakathi kuye kwahlotshaniswa ukuthuthukiswa izindlela lwezenhlalo ukuhlaziywa kanye nokuthuthukiswa apharathasi categorical. ebamba isisu Positivist UHerbert Spencer kanye no-Auguste Comté baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ngemisebenzi usosayensi French Emile Durkheim, umlobi kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela, esekelwe ukuhlaziywa obusebenzayo kwezikhungo nomphakathi. Ngalesi sikhathi, uqala ukwakha isikole yesayensi Max Weber, umsunguli we "ukuqonda" kwabantu, okuyinto, ngokombono wakhe, kumele baqonde isenzo yokuxhumana futhi uzame chaza ukukhula yayo kanye nemiphumela.

Isigaba sesithathu (1920 kuya 1960) libhekene ekuqaleni ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo kwabantu e-United States, kanye ingxenye yayo enokwehla. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kulesigaba imfundiso yokuziphendukela Talcott Parsons, okuvumela ukuba amele umphakathi njengoba uhlobo ashukumisayo isakhiwo sokusebenza. Charles Mills idale okuthiwa "kwabantu entsha", okwakunginika ukuthuthukiswa yokuhlalisana kwabantu isinyathelo futhi esibucayi.

. I esigabeni sesine ukuthuthukiswa isayensi, eyaqala ngo-1960, umelwe ezihlukahlukene izindlela, imiqondo, eziningana ababhali: Robert Merton ithiyori, ethnomethodology H. Garfinkel, imfundiso yokuziphendukela interactionism ongokomfanekiso G. Mead futhi G. Bloomer, ludvweshu ithiyori Encoder abanye.

Contemporary lwezenhlalo Theory

Eyokuqala ukusebenzisa kuphinyiswa kwemisindvo-functionalist ukuba isifundo esiphathelene nomphakathi, kwaba A. Radcliffe-Brown. Wayebheka umphakathi njengoba uhlobo superorganism ukuthi unakho konke timo letifanele khona lokho, eqinisweni, kukhona tikhungo tetenhlalo. B. Malinowski wathi nomqondo umsebenzi futhi kusetshenziswe indlela functionalist ekutadisheni isiko. Parsons kubhekwa umsunguli we umqondo uhlelo lwe-inthanethi. Iphindze bahlakulele R. Merton, ngubani wasungula nomqondo maphakathi no-level mbono.

Contemporary imibono lwezenhlalo zihlanganisa futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela interactionism ongokomfanekiso, okuyinto eba J. G. Mead noCharles Cooley. Personality Kunenkolelo Charles Cooley, kuwumphumela zokuxhumana. Personality indoda iba ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana (nokuxhumana) phakathi kwabantu. J. G. Mead ukusikisela umqondo ukuthi kumele zimiswe isinyathelo ngamunye kanye nomphakathi ngosizo izinhlamvu zitholwa abantu inqubo komphakathi.

kunemibono yanamuhla lwezenhlalo ayikwazi wacabanga namuhla ngaphandle phenomenological kwabantu A. Schyutsa, othi izenzakalo khona ngokuqondile ingqondo futhi akuhlobene eziphethweni ezinengqondo. P. Berger noT lukman waziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe ekwakhiweni komphakathi engokoqobo. Ngu Peter Berger kanye nomphakathi Thomas Luckmann angaba khona kanyekanye njengoba empeleni umgomo futhi subjective.

Oholela abameleli neo-Marxism babe Adorno, Marcuse, Habermas, u-Erich Fromm. Marxists izimiso methodological eziyisisekelo: nokuzinikela nobuntu, ezinhle, ne ekuphikeni yayo ezinhle ezihlanganyelwayo amaqiniso, ukukhululwa kuka-ngamanye amafomu ahlukahlukene ukuxhashazwa.

Bourdieu, umsunguli we structuralism ezakhayo, wazama ukugwema le ngxabano kwabantu theory kanye nama-enokwehla.

Lezi zinkolelo-mbono ezicatshangelwayo eziyisisekelo yesimanje lwezenhlalo.