Imfundiso - ke ... incazelo yegama elithi "inkolelo-mbono"

Zonke yesayensi yanamuhla yakhiwa isuselwa ekucabangeleni ekuqaleni babebonakala wasenganekwaneni futhi ekwenzekeni kwento engenakwenzeka. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kukunikeza ubufakazi bokuthi kugomela yalezi ezizathwini babé iqiniso emphakathini ayibonwa. Futhi iyiphi ithiyori ogxile zonke kolwazi lwesayensi lwesintu. Kodwa lisho ukuthini leli gama elithi "umbono"? Impendulo yalo mbuzo uzofunda kusukela kulesi sihloko.

Inchazelo

Kukhona izincazelo eziningi eside. Kodwa elilungile yibo esetshenziswa imvelo ngokwesayensi. izincazelo ezinjalo futhi kuthathwe njengesisekelo.

Theory - kuyinto uhlelo imibono emkhakheni wolwazi, okunikeza umbono ephelele emithethweni ekhona ezihlobene ngokoqobo.

Kukhona definition more xaka. Imfundiso - kuba iqoqo imibono evaliwe ukuze ukulandelana umsindo. Kuyinto definition enjalo abstract ukuthini igama elithi "umbono" unika logic. Ngokombono lo mbono kungenziwa ngokuthi isayensi noma yimuphi umbono.

Typology kwezinkolelo-mbono zesayensi

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kangcono imibono yesayensi Kufanele uxhumane ngezigaba zabo. Zokwenza kanye ifilosofi nesayensi, kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo kwezinkolelo-mbono zesayensi. Ake sixoxe ngazo ngokwehlukana.

ithiyori enokwehla

Uhlobo lokuqala ngokwesiko kubhekwe theory enokwehla. Izibonelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela bokuphila Pavlov, imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo theory ngokwengqondo namalimi wemiphakathi. Basuke esekelwe mass enkulu amaqiniso zokuhlola nokuchaza iqembu elithile imihlola.

Ngesisekelo kulezi zinkanyezi ilungiselelwe ngokuvamile, futhi ngenxa yalokho - imithetho okuyizinto isisekelo okwakhelwe kuso ukwakha ithiyori. Lokhu kuyiqiniso nangezingane yezinye izinhlobo zezinkolelo-mbono. Kodwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela uhlobo enokwehla is washayelwa ngenxa umlingisi achazayo futhi ejwayelekile, ngaphandle ekuhambisaneni nayo yonke imithetho logic.

eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma zezibalo

imibono yesayensi Mathematical bakha uhlobo eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ngale ngezigaba yesibili. sici alandisa ukusetshenziswa amathuluzi zezibalo kanye onobuhle zezibalo. Kulezi zinkolelo-mbono, ekhethekile imodeli zezibalo, okuyinto uhlobo into enhle ukuthi Ungashintshanisa into yangempela. Isibonelo esiyinhloko zaloluhlobo zinzima logic theory, imfundiso ka-kuyizinhlayiyana physics, ukulawula ithiyori, kanye nabanye abaningi. Njengomthetho, zisekelwe indlela axiomatic. Okungukuthi, ukuhoxiswa amalungiselelo eyinhloko umbono wolwazi axioms ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo. I axioms ayisisekelo kumele nemfuneko umnqopho kanye awaphikisani nomunye.

izinhlelo deductive theory

Uhlobo lwesithathu kwezinkolelo-mbono zesayensi - a izinhlelo deductive theory. Bavele ngenxa inkinga ngendlela enomqondo siliqonde futhi ithethelele izibalo. ithiyori Okokuqala deductive ubhekwa izibalo zama-engela Euclidean, okuyinto kwakhiwa usebenzisa axiomatic indlela. Deductive eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma zisekelwe imihlahlandlela ekwakhiweni bese kuyinkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela lawo mazwi lapho ingatholakala ngenxa okucatshangwayo phezu izikhundla sokuqala. Zonke okucatshangwayo kanye namathuluzi asetshenziswa ku-mbono elotshiwe ngokunembile, ukwakha isizinda ubufakazi.

Njengomthetho, ithiyori deductive jikelele kakhulu futhi abstract, ngakho ngokuvamile kukhona umbuzo incazelo. Isibonelo esimangalisayo kuwumbono kwemithetho yemvelo. Kuyinto umbono okuyinto akukuniki ukuhlolwa ocacile, ngakho ukutolika yayo ezahlukene.

Ifilosofi umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa: uma ziqhathaniswa kanjani?

I okwakwaziwa ososayensi elikhethekile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi indima ethile eyabelwe nefilosofi. Kuyinto umbuzo ososayensi Ekuthathweni futhi ukuqonda lokhu noma imfundiso, ifike ezingeni hhayi kuphela ukuqonda inkinga ethile yesayensi, kodwa futhi ukuqonda zokuphila futhi uqobo ulwazi. Futhi lokhu Yebo, nefilosofi.

Ngakho, umbuzo uwukuthi. Kanjani ifilosofi inomthelela ukwakhiwa umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa? Impendulo ulula, njengoba lezi izinqubo atehlukaniseki. Ifilosofi elikhona endaweni umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa ngesimo imithetho enengqondo, indlela, isithombe jikelele emhlabeni nokuqonda yayo, futhi isimo sengqondo usosayensi yazo zonke izisekelo zesayensi ayisisekelo. Kulo mongo, ifilosofi ungumthombo futhi umgomo oyinhloko we ukwakha iningi kwezinkolelo-mbono zesayensi. Ngisho ngaphandle ucwaningo, futhi imfundiso yenhlangano (isib - imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuphathwa) akuzona ngaphandle isisekelo zefilosofi.

Ulwazi Ngokusetshenziswa experiment

Indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuqinisekisa enokwehla kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela isilingo okufanele imbandakanye nesilinganiso kanye nokuqapha, kanye nezinye izindlela eziningi kwethonya into ifundelwe noma iqembu lezinto.

Isilingo - kuyinto nomthelela okuthile kwezinto ezibonakalayo ku into ngaphansi cwaningo noma izimo ezisizungezile ke, lapho kukhiqizwa ngenjongo utadisha kule nto. Imfundiso - wukuthi ucwaningo odlule.

Ngo lwesayensi kulungile ukuchaza izakhi eziningana;

• umgomo oyinhloko we ukuhlola;
• into kumele sibukwe;
• izimo lapho into itholakala;
• kusho ukuqhuba ukuhlola;
• negalelo okwalotshwa into ngaphansi cwaningo.

Nge ngamunye isici umuntu angase akwazi ukwakha ucwaningo ngezigaba. Okuvumelana nala mazwi, kungenzeka ukuba akwazi ukuhlukanisa ngokomzimba, begazi, ucwaningo kwamakhemikhali, kuye into lapho kucatshangwa. Kungenzeka futhi ukuba uhlukanise phakathi izilingo akhatshana abashushiswa ekuziphatheni nasebuntwini babo.

Injongo ukuhlola iyona ukuthola nokuqonda ukuthi bathini abanye amaqiniso noma imithetho. Lolu hlobo search ibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa. Waba yini umphumela walesi senzakalo singasisiza kucatshangelwe isandiso idatha mayelana into. Kodwa ezimweni eziningi, ukuhlola okunjalo wenziwa ukuqinisekisa umbono ka umbono olulodwa noma eziyisisekelo. Lolu hlobo lokuhlolwa ibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa. Njengoba wazi, umugqa pretty kucacile phakathi kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili ukuziphatha akukwazi. Okuhlangenwe nakho okufanayo kungenziwa enikeziwe in izinhlobo ezimbili lokuhlolwa noma nomunye ungathola idatha okuyizinto sici nezinye. Isayensi yanamuhla futhi esekelwe lezi zimiso ezimbili.

Isilingo - ngaso sonke isikhathi uhlobo embuzweni uhlobo. Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kufanele kube nenjongo futhi esekelwe pre-ulwazi ukuze uthole impendulo ezanele. Kuyinto lolu lwazi futhi inikeza umbono, kuba ke ubeka imibuzo. Ekuqaleni, kukhona umbono ngesimo yamandla, izinto ephelele yengxoxo, bese kufika inqubo kokuhlola ubuqiniso.

Ngakho, siye sahlola okushiwo igama elithi "umbono", typology yayo, maqondana ezakhelene isayensi umkhuba. Singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi akukho lutho ngaphezulu esisebenzayo kuka umbono omuhle.