Imbongi French Stéphane Mallarmé: Biography, lokusungula, isithombe

Stephane Mallarmé - imbongi ezivelele umbhali odabuka eFrance, owaphila ngekhulu le-19. He is Uthisha-nhloko wesikole symbolist. Ingabe uyazi ukuthi yini enye Stephane Mallarmé laziwe? Umlando iDemo okwethulwa kulesi sihloko kuzokuvumela ufunde kabanzi ngalo.

Umsuka, kwenkathi cwaningo

Imbongi esizayo wazalelwa e-Paris ngoMashi 18, 1842. Uyise wayengumGreki numa Mallarmé, owayesebenza iHhovisi Impahla Affairs. Lapho uStefanu iminyaka 5 ubudala, walahlekelwa unina, bese wayiswa imfundo labazali bayo. UStéphane Mallarmé eseyingane ebucayi. Watadisha lokuqala ngesikhathi zenkolo boarding school, elise Auteuil (e 1853), bese, njengoba 1853, kwaba khona abangu-okusezingeni eliphezulu Saëns esikoleni. Ezemfundo in the sakamuva, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi kubuhlungu imbongi. Waba nomuzwa aqinile isizungu yakhe emva 1857 ukufa umshana wakhe oneminyaka engu-13 ubudala, Maria. ubungako bokudlulisa Mallarmé etholwe 1860. Uyise ayefuna ngibe Stefan iphoyisa, kodwa Mallarmé bashiya lo msebenzi. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, wafikelwa wayeyoba imbongi.

izici ezimbili zokuphila Mallarmé

Kwaphela izinyanga eziningana ngo-1862, Stefan kwaba e-London. Lapha phelelisa isiNgisi sakhe. Ukubuyela France e-1863, waba umfundisi isiNgisi Lycée Tournon. ukuphila kaStefanu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba badabukana baba zingxenye ezimbili. Waphoqwa ukufundisa ngenxa ngemali encane ayeyithola, ukuze banakekele umndeni - kuqala Tournon ke e Besancon, e Avignon (kuze 1871), Paris (kuze 1894) (1866-67 GG.). Olunye uhlangothi zokuphila kwakhe kwaba izinkondlo.

Imisebenzi yokuqala, ujwayele isikole Parnassian

Ukuze kwesikhathi 1862-64 GG. Youth kukhona amavesi okuqala lembhali. Abakwazi ukubona ithonya Edgar Allan Poe noCharles Baudelaire. Ngo-1864, uStéphane Mallarmé wahlangana Kautllom Mendes, uFrederic Mistral, MV Adan de Lille. Kuyaziwa ukuthi waba nesithakazelo izinkondlo Parnassian esikoleni umsunguli eyaziwa Theophile Gautier waqala ukuloba imisebenzi nasemoyeni wakhe.

Ngokushesha, ngo-1865, wanyathelisa inkondlo yakhe eyayinesihloko esithi "Ntambama we Faun." Mallarmé wethule lolu umsebenzi ngesikhathi T. enkantolo de Banville, owayengomunye abaholi esikoleni Parnassian. Lokhu inkondlo kuyinto eclogite inkanuko futhi inobuntu obuhle. injabulo Lobuqaba zokuphila okukuwo wonke umsebenzi.

isikhathi Parnasskii lokusungula

Meyi 12, 1866 labetibambile emphakathini kokuqala Mallarmé (tinkondlo 10 eyanyatheliswa ngo "Contemporary Parnassus"). Leli qiniso kwakusho ukuthi Parnassians bamazi. Kwabe sekufika iminyaka yokusesha izindlela ezintsha yokukhuluma zobuntu bakhe olusankondlo (1868-73). Mallarmé ekupheleni-1860s, wabhala indaba kumnandi, alibiza ngokuthi "Igitur, noma Elbenona Madness". Nokho, kuphela eshicilelwe ngo-1926. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wamisela ukusebenza "kaHerodiya", idrama evesini. Lo msebenzi, ngeshwa, lasala sidle. Ucezu yanyatheliswa ngo-1871 kumagazini yesibili yencwadi "Modern Parnassus."

Mallarmé - ohlehlela emuva, imisebenzi emisha

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1870, Mallarmé ehlukanisiwe parnassians ngahlanganyela decadents. Ngo-1872 wabhala: "Toast Funeral", anikezelwe kokufa T. Gautier. Lo msebenzi imakwe kwathatha Poetics entsha Stefan. Ujwayele Rimbaud libhekisela 1872 nge Manet - by 1873, nge Emile Zola - ukuze 1874. Stéphane Mallarmé waqala a ukusebenzisana umagazini obizwa ngokuthi "ukuvuselelwa yobuciko nokulotshwa kwalo." Lapha, 1874, uStephen eshicilelwe ukuhunyushwa inkondlo Poe sika "The Raven". Imifanekiso ngoba wagcwalisa Manet. Mallarmé futhi wabambisana ne "Magazine zezwe elisha." Lapha wanyathelisa ochungechungeni lwezingxenye kanye Tindzaba. Umshicileli A. Lemerra e 1874 benqaba ukwamukela kushicilelwe umsebenzi Mallarmé sika "Ntambama we Faun." Kuphela ngo-1876 yanyatheliswa. Ngawo lowo nyaka, imbongi ubhale Sonnet enesihloko esithi "Ithuna Edgar Allan Poe." Futhi ezinsukwini ezizayo, 1877, kwaba khona incwadi yesikole, umlobi zazo - Mallarmé. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "Igama lesiNgisi elisho". Okokufundisa ezinganekwaneni yanyatheliswa ngo-1880 ( "Onkulunkulu sidilizwa"). Kuyinto lithathelwe incwadi DU Cox.

"Literary ngoLwezibili" Udumo

Malarme laqala ukuhlela zabo "ngoLwezibili tetemibhalo" ngo-1880. Kwakumelwe endlini yakhe, elise emgwaqweni wamaRoma. I "ngoLwezibili tetemibhalo" iqhaza Saint-Paul Roux, Gyustav Kan, Pol Klodel, Anri De Regnier, u-Andre Zhid, Pol Valeri futhi Per Luis. imbongi French Stéphane Mallarmé waziwa emibuthanweni etemibhalo. Lokhu uye wakhuthaza abaningi P. Verlaine, okuyinto zibalwa kuye okubizwa ngokuthi "izimbongi baqalekisiweyo" (1884 Verlaine wabhala indaba osesikhundleni). Futhi nomthelela ukuthandwa Mallarmé J.-C. Huysmans. Ngo inoveli yakhe, enesihloko esithi "Kunalokho", wadala ngo-1884, lokhu umbhali waba analysis eningiliziwe izinkondlo ekuqaleni we Stefan umlomo Des Essent, protagonist yayo.

Mallarmé - inhloko yabangamashumi Symbolists

Maphakathi nawo-80s kwekhulu le-19 Mallarmé ayebhekwa umholi phakathi izimbongi ohlehlela emuva, kodwa ubani ngo-1886 waqala ukubiza ngokwabo "Symbolists". iqoqo yakhe eyayinesihloko esithi "Tinkondlo Stefana Mallarmé" Uvele 1887, kwathi ngakusasa - izinguqulo izinkondlo adalwe Poe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kanye "amnyama" symbolist izinkondlo, Stephane ukudala ezincane-umthamo kanye tinkondlo letilula ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene. Bakhandwa ezishicilelwe kuphela ngo-1920 ( "ngesikhathi Izinkondlo").

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ngo-1894, sinesithakazelo ekutheni umsunguli eshicilelwe iqoqo izinkondlo namaprozi kanye izinkondlo. Khona-ke washiya isevisi, kokunquma unikele ukuphila kwakhe kuya izinkondlo. Mallarmé ebekwe ukwakha, incwadi ephelele jikelele, lapho incazelo ehlukile futhi olunzulu emhlabeni bekungeke kube elinikeziwe. Ngemva kokufa Verlaine, owenzeka ngo-1896, uStephen wakhethwa "iSikhulu Izimbongi". Ukushicilelwa izinkondlo zakhe zokuhlola onesihloko esithi "Luck neze uqede icala" libhekisela 1897. Ukuma mkhiqizo umusho owodwa eside, akukho izimpawu zokubhala. Yanyatheliswa izitebhisi, nge ifonti esetshenziswa letingemasayizi lahlukene. Inkondlo wabekwa ukusabalala enamakhasi amabili. Khona-ke, ngo-1897, Mallarmé eshicilelwe ochungechungeni lwezingxenye ( "Umculo kanye nezincwadi zokufunda", "Inkinga yokungabi izinkondlo" nabanye.). Igama lazo ezivamile - "umbhedo". Kulezi imisebenzi, umlobi ethulwa umqondo wakhe ukuthi izincwadi kubhekene ukwehla ukuthi liyadingeka ukubuyisela ukubaluleka yayo yangaphambili engcwele. Mallarmé Stefan, biography kanye omsebenzi wakhe uhlala efanele, wafa ngo-September 9, 1898 e-Paris. Ingxenye esemqoka nesekelayo yakhe futhi ukubhalelana yashicilelwa kuphela ngemva kokufa kwakhe.

Okusho ekudalweni nezici Mallarm

Kufanele ukuthi imbongi Stephane Mallarmé, ogama izithombe uzothola kulesi sihloko uvele izincwadi French ngesikhathi lapho kucaca isidingo amafomu amasha asankondlo ukukhathala asendulo. Wayehola ukunyakaza lalifanekisela okuyinto ukucabanga entsha kwezobuciko wathatha ijamo theory, okuyinto isinyathelo wokuguqula ulimi wezinkondlo kwavula indlela izincwadi zanamuhla eFrance.

Mallarmé ngokuphelele kucatshangwe kabusha umbuzo mayelana injongo izinkondlo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi akufanele ufundise noma ukuchaza. Kufanele kube yinto superreality. Ngokusho Mallarmé, izinkondlo - iyona ukudluliselwa incazelo efihliwe esebenzisa ulimi lwabantu. It endows ukuphila kwethu ubuqiniso. Imbongi kuyinto umlamuleli phakathi nezwe womuntu futhi izimfihlo zeziboshwa yonke. Kungaba ekususeni umgubuzelo kufihla obabazekayo, ngokusebenzisa amagama, izimpawu. Kuyinto ngabo ukuyichaza akunjalo, okuyinto ngakho wafuna ukusinika Stéphane Mallarmé. lokusungula wakhe usikisela ukuba afake kuphumelele.