Ibhande imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukudla okuqinile. Mechanics Quantum for Dummies

Lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi siyini theory band kwezinto eziqinile. Kuboniswa ukuba siyini isizathu kuba umfanekiso wanoma isakhiwo ndaba. Ezenye ngezinto ezihlukahlukene kusukela dielectrics futhi Semiconductors.

Rosette futhi Inkinobho

Zingaki izikhathi ngosuku sizobe uchofoze izinkinobho ezihlukahlukene? Akekho ngisho ukuthi ufika ayikwazi sikubheke - isibe ajwayeleke kakhulu kangangokuthi senzo. Futhi indoda akusho bacabanga ukuthi konke lokhu nje sibonga kungenzeka ukuthi kulula kanjani ethwele kagesi in izinsimbi. Vula ukukhanya, ubilise iketela, ugijima umshini wokuwasha, ingasaphathwa izenzo Smartphones, kusho niqede ukujikeleza nokuvumela electron babashayeli ukusebenza esikhundleni abantu. Incazelo ezinjengokungcoliswa isethi conductivity. I ezisobala kakhulu, mhlawumbe, kuwumbono band kwezinto eziqinile.

Atom futhi kettles

Wonke umuntu efunda esikoleni esiphakeme, has umqondo wokuthi uhlaka ye-athomu. Khumbula bezungeza kahle icala nucleus esindayo (siqukethe proton kanye neutrons) uphendukisa emaphashini electron kancane. Inombolo izinhlayiya negative ncamashi lilingana nenani omuhle. Ukuze abafundi ayizalayo, wathi uchaze isitayela "Quantum Mechanics for Dummies." Ngamunye orbit electron akuvunyelwe kungagcini, okuyiwona wona ungakwazi ukushintshanisa emhlabeni core inikezwe chemical isici. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ngamunye zilwane indlela eyingqayizivele engafaniswa Atoms omise ezinjalo. Kwakuthinta spectroscopists ososayensi ukuhlukanisa boron kusukela selenium futhi arsenic kusukela sodium. Nokho, ngaphezu izinto okumsulwa ngokwemvelo, kukhona i isibalo esingapheliyo inhlanganisela ezahlukene. quantum Mechanics (For Dummies, umfundi kufanele akhumbule) uveza ukuthi compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi omise aphambana, hlanganisa, uguqule, welulela, ukudala uxhumano. izinga kangakanani kuncike ekutheni hlobo: covalent futhi ionic namandla, i-hydrogen, isibonelo, mancane.

crystal isakhiwo

Umzimba okuqinile kunzima kakhulu. Ukuze imodeli, esebenzisa inkolelo-mbono band kwezinto eziqinile, ngokuvamile thatha crystal ephelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi engapheli futhi akanasono - athomu ngamunye endaweni yayo siqu, icala Imininingwane zero. Kernel iyashintshashintsha emhlabeni sesimweni oluthile yakhoibrium, kodwa ama-electron, ungasho jikelele. Kuye ngokuthi lakhiwe kanjani "lula" athomu eyodwa kaButhelezi izinhlayiya zayo eduze ezimbi, it is etholwe isandla predetermined khathi isakhiwo electronic dielectrics noma izinsimbi efwini. Mina kufanele engeza ukuthi lapho ucabangela kucatshangwa ukuthi wonke ama-electron hlala inani lemali elincane amandla kubo, okusho ukuthi umzimba zero Kelvin. Emazingeni aphezulu, amplitude of oscillation njengoba nuclei futhi electron kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, lo somabhizinisi bayakwazi ukuba luthathe ephakeme amazinga energy. izinhlayiya Negative ukusatshalaliswa iba ngaphezulu "okubi". Nokho, kwezinye izinkinga, kubalulekile, ukuchaza lesi simo njengoba lokushisa enjalo akubalulekile kangako.

Pauli isimiso kanye Loader

Umqondo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela band kwezinto eziqinile ingafinyelelwa ezinhle kuphela ukukhumbula lokho Pauli isimiso. Uma sicabange ukuthi electron - esikhwameni ushukela ke, uma lezi izikhwama eziningi, Loader okunemibandela ngeke ukuphoqelela nomunye. Ngamunye "isikhwama" kwenziwa isikhala. Ukuze ama-electron, lokhu kusho ukuthi esimweni inikezwe eyodwa kuphela kungaba ohlelweni eyodwa. Lona Pauli inyumbazane isimiso. Qaphela ukuthi esinazo emqondweni izimo ezikahle, okungukuthi lokushisa zero UKelvin, kanye crystal elingapheli. Lonke uhlelo e izimo efanayo lokushisa, ukucindezeleka mechanical, ukukhubazeka Bayefana zonke izingxenye lonke.

zinhlayiya Electronic zone

Esikhathini crystal, sebuningini uhlobo olulodwa ngama-athomu. Omunye imvukuzane lomcebo yakhiwa izakhi eziyishumi ukuze amabili nantathu degree. Bangaki amavukuzi kilogram per, isibonelo, usawoti? Ngakho ungasho ngisho ukuthi ngisho crystal kulencane iqukethe ama-athomu unimaginably eziningi. Ngalinye timphawu chemical has iphethini ayo electron ezungeza, futhi yini okufanele uyenze uma emzimbeni munye ezimbalwa? Phela, ngokuvumelana Pauli inyumbazane ziyazithanda izimiso, kumele luthathe ahlukene. Band imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukudla okuqinile inikeza singalendlela - uzungeza electron babe amandla ezahlukene. Umehluko phakathi kwabo incane kangangokuthi kuthiwa sicindezelwe, osizweni nomunye uvalwe kakhulu ukwakha indawo okuqhubekayo. Ngakho, ngamunye ezingeni i-electron-athomu iguqulwe ibe indawo ku crystal ngobuningi. Tincenye band imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukudla okuqinile kungasiza chaza umahluko phakathi insulators nama babashayeli.

Electronic ngaphakathi zone

Sixoxe kakade okwenzekayo nge eziningi electron, okuyinto e-athomu kungene orbit esifanayo, ukwakheka crystal. Kodwa ukuziphatha kwabo ngaphakathi zone kuze sahamba ezingenagesi. Yaba lokhu kubalulekile kakade ngoba inquma umehluko phakathi izinsimbi kanye non-izinsimbi. Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, imfundiso band kwezinto eziqinile ebonisa ukuthi amazinga amandla ngaphakathi band zama-athomu ngabanye omise ezahlukene kuhluke kancane ukuze cishe yakha spectrum okuqhubekayo. Ngakho, yokunqoba isithiyo esibangwa ezingaba phakathi electron akunzima - libashukumisela ngokukhululekile, ngoba lokhu kwanele ngisho ukushisa. Nokho, ngamunye band avunyelwe ilinganiselwe. Kukhona njalo i ezingeni amandla ukuthi iphansi noma iphezulu kunabanye.

Valence kungavunyelwe, conductivity

Phakathi ala maqembu abe indawo amandla, lapho kungekho ezingeni lapho i-electron kungaba. Esikhathini amagrafu, kubonakala njengendlela igebe emhlophe. Wamqamba igebe band. Ukuze lo mgoqo electron can kuphela Jerk. Ngakho, kumele zithole afanele wale amandla. Izoni ne energy enkulu, okuyinto kulolu hlobo zama-athomu kuvunyelwe ukhona electron ubizwa ngokuthi band Valence, futhi uyalilandela - conductivity.

Metal Kwe-dielectric Heating

Conduction band imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukudla okuqinile igcina ukuthi khona noma ukungabi khona electron band conduction kubonisa indlela kalula ageleza kule ketshezi zamanje. izinsimbi Ngakho ezahlukene kanye dielectrics. Endabeni wangaphambili, band conduction vele iqukethe ama-electron, kusukela ligamanxa Valence. Indlela omubi izinhlayiya bayakwazi ukuhambahamba ngaphansi isenzo emkhakheni kagesi, ngaphandle eyengeziwe energy okokufaka. Ngakho-ke, kagesi in izinsimbi livela lula kangaka, eqinisweni - kweso, ngokushesha nje lapho endle. Futhi ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, wire is ezenziwe ngensimbi, ithusi, aluminium.

Izinto okuyiwona Valence futhi conduction bands ahlukaniswe dielectrics amandla okuthiwa. Lezi electron babambeke ezingeni leliphasi kuvunyelwe. Band igebe ehlukanisa izinhlayiya engemihle ezingeni lapho babekwazi ukuhambahamba ngokukhululekile. Futhi amandla ukuthi kufanele kubikwe electron ukuyinqoba, abhubhise izinto. Noma ukushintsha impahla yayo ngale ukuqashelwa. Ngakho-ke, plastic ukugoqa izintambo liyancibilika kanye ukusha, kodwa akusho ukuqhuba ugesi.

semiconductors

Kodwa kukhona ekilasini Lesisemkhatsini izinto abe bandgap, kodwa ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile uyakwazi kokuqhuba kagesi. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama - Semiconductors. Njengomhlaba Kwe-dielectric Heating, banezizathu igebe amandla phakathi conduction futhi Valence. Nokho, kunamathuba amancane futhi unqobe nabanye umzamo. Semiconductor Classical kuyinto Silicon (ngesiLatini - Silicium). Adume Silicon Valley idume ubuchwepheshe esekelwe ukusetshenziswa zinhlayiya yalolu ketshezi ukudala amadivayisi ayi- elekhthroniki.