Izinto isayensi nobuchwepheshe materials. Ubuchwepheshe zokwakha

Okukhethekile "Materials Science and Technology of Materials" ingenye eyala ebaluleke kakhulu cishe bonke abafundi zobunjiniyela. Ukudalwa ezintsha ezingase ukuncintisana ezimakethe zomhlaba jikelele, futhi kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuba afeze ngaphandle lwati loluphelele isihloko.

Tadisha ububanzi ngezinto ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa nezakhiwo izinto ezihilelekile kule nkambo. izakhiwo ezahlukene ezisetshenziswa ukucacisa uhla lokusentshenziswa yabo ubuciko. Isakhiwo sangaphakathi metal noma esiyinhlanganisela ingxubevange kunomthelela oqonde ngqo ku lomkhiqizo.

izakhiwo Key

Izinto isayensi nobuchwepheshe zokwakha bathi izici ezine ebaluleke kakhulu zensimbi noma ingxubevange. Eyokuqala ubunjalo bomzimba futhi mechanical ukuthi ukubikezela izinga tekusebenta nezobuchwepheshe imikhiqizo esizayo. Basic izakhiwo mechanical lapha amandla - ithinta ngqo ukungabhubhiseki umkhiqizo osuphelile bedle nomthwalo. Imfundiso ekubhujisweni amandla ingenye yezingxenye ezinkulu izifundo eziyisisekelo "Materials Science kanye Izinto Technology". Lokhu isayensi siyisisekelo theory lokuthola Alloys olufanele kwesakhiwo izingxenye womshini izingxenye ne eyayidinga amandla izici. izici kwezobuchwepheshe nokusebenza uvumele ukubikezela ukuziphatha umkhiqizo osuphelile ngesikhathi yokusebenza kakhulu imithwalo, ukubala amandla oyinhloko, ukuhlola ukuqina lonke indlela.

izinto oqondile

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka zokugcina, indaba eziyisisekelo ngokukhiqiza imishini kuyinto metal. Ngakho isiyalo "Izinto" unaka kakhulu isayensi metal - isayensi izinsimbi kanye Alloys yabo. A umnikelo omkhulu ukuthuthukiswa yayo ososayensi Soviet: Anosov P. P., Kurnakov NS, Chernov D. K. nabanye.

Izinto Izinhloso

Kubaluleka Izinto ezidingekayo ukuze ekutadisheni onjiniyela esizayo. Phela, injongo eyinhloko iinthombe lesi siyalo ngokuhamba ukuqeqeshwa ukuqeqesha abafundi zobunjiniyela sikhethe kahle amaphuzu imikhiqizo eyenzelwe ukuthi banwebe isikhathi wokusebenza kwabo.

Ukuphumelelisa lokhu umgomo kuzosiza onjiniyela esizayo ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga ezilandelayo:

• Kahle ukuhlola izakhiwo lobuchwepheshe elinama ngokuhlaziya nemibandela womshini umkhiqizo kanye service yokuphila.
• Ingabe eyakheke kahle ukuqonda isayensi amathuba yangempela ekuthuthukiseni zensimbi noma ingxubevange izakhiwo ngokushintsha isakhiwo yayo.
• Ukuze ukwazi zonke izindlela zokuqinisa izinto ezingaba ukuqinisekisa isikhathi eside nokusebenza amathuluzi kanye nemikhiqizo.
• Isihambile ulwazi amaqembu abalulekile zokwakha, izici ala maqembu kanye isicelo.

ulwazi oludingekayo

Inkambo "Materials Science and Technology zokwakha" yakhelwe kulabo abafundi abavele baqonde futhi kungaba ukuchaza ukubaluleka izici ezifana voltage, umthwalo, plastic kanye ukusonteka nokunwebeka isimo ndaba, ama-athomu isakhiwo crystal of izinsimbi, izinhlobo izibopho zamakhemikhali, izakhiwo ngokomzimba eyisisekelo izinsimbi. Phakathi nesifundo, abafundi ukuthola ukuqeqeshwa okuyisisekelo ezokwenza badinga ukuba anqobe eyala iphrofayli. Yiqiniso Okudala uhlola izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ukukhiqizwa futhi ubuchwepheshe, lapho indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa materials science kanye izinto nobuchwepheshe.

Ubani ukusebenza?

Ulwazi izici kwesakhiwo ezibekiweko izinsimbi kanye Alloys ewusizo ochwepheshe, onjiniyela noma abaklami abasebenza emkhakheni wokusebenza we imishini yanamuhla. Ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha omusha izinto ubuchwepheshe ungathola indawo yabo yomsebenzi ku ubunjiniyela, yezimoto, Aerospace, amandla, isikhala umkhakha. Muva nje, kukhona ukushoda Ochwepheshe nge-diploma ye "izinto zesayensi nobuchwepheshe materials" embonini ukuzivikela futhi ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokuxhumana.

ukuthuthukiswa Izinto

Ngenxa isiyalo, impahla yisibonelo isayensi ejwayelekile osetshenziswayo, echaza ukwakheka, isakhiwo kanye izakhiwo ngezinto ezihlukahlukene futhi Alloys yalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene.

Ikhono ukukhiqiza izinsimbi kanye Alloys ukukhiqiza ohlukile labawatfolile esifundvweni nobe inkathi ukunwetshwa umphakathi lasekuqaleni. Kodwa njengoba ehlukile materials science isayensi nobuchwepheshe materials waqala ukuba zihlolwe kancane eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-200 edlule. Ukuqala ngekhulu le-18 - isikhathi yezinto we French usosayensi-usosayensi Reaumur, owaqala wazama ukufunda Sakhiwo sangekhatsi kwensimbi. izifundo ezifanayo olwenziwa nomkhiqizi IsiZulu Grignon, e 1775 wabhala umyalezo kancane Kwembulwe kubo isakhiwo columnar, ezakhiwe solidification yensimbi okuyinto.

Ngaphansi koMbuso isiRashiya, imisebenzi yakuqala engokwesayensi emkhakheni metal kwakungekaNkulunkulu M. V Lomonosovu, ngubani, kumhlahlandlela yakhe wazama ukuchaza kafushane ubunjalo izinqubo ezihlukahlukene Metallurgical.

A omkhulu eqa yokusansimbi phambili eyenziwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, lapho izindlela ezintsha zocwaningo izinto ezihlukahlukene, kuye kwasungulwa. Ngo-1831, imisebenzi P. P. Anosova wabonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba uhlole izinsimbi ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu. Ngemva kwalokho, ososayensi eziningana ezivela emazweni amaningana kugucuka kwesakhiwo ziye ngokwesayensi kungase kutholakale ukuthi izinsimbi lapho Ukupholisa okuqhubekayo.

Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva ngenkathi nangezibonakhulu optical uye abasekho. Ubuchwepheshe zokwakha ayikwazanga ukwenza izinto ezintsha, usebenzisa izindlela yisikhathi. Esikhundleni zikagesi kuba yokukhanya. yokusansimbi komzimba kwakungenye iphendukele izindlela ngogesi observation, ikakhulukazi, i-neutron umumo womsebenzi kanye electron umumo womsebenzi. Ngalezi ubuchwepheshe obusha kungase kwandise izingxenye izinsimbi kanye Alloys kuze kube izikhathi ezingamashumi 1000, okusho ukuthi isisekelo okushiwo yisayensi babe okuningi.

Imininingwane theory mayelana isakhiwo izinto

Ngo inqubo ukutadisha isiyalo, abafundi ukuthola ulwazi theory mayelana Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izinsimbi kanye Alloys. Ngemva kokuqeda lokhu abafundi Yiqiniso amakghono alandelako kufanele sitholakale:

• yangaphakathi crystalline isakhiwo izinsimbi ;
• the anisotropy futhi isotropy. Yini eyabangela le zici, futhi kanjani they kungalima-;
• isakhiwo ukukhubazeka ngezinto ezihlukahlukene futhi Alloys;
• izindlela kuphenywe Sakhiwo sangekhatsi into.

izifundo ezisebenzayo isiyalo Izinto

Izinto Chair itholakala ngamunye ekolishi lobuchwepheshe. Phakathi ukudlula inkambo onikeziwe, lokho umfundi ofunda amathekhiniki alandelako:

• Kubaluleka Metallurgy - umlando yezindlela zesimanje esikhiqiza metal Alloys. Ukukhiqizwa steel nensimbi zanamuhla kuqhuma amaziko. Ukuxoshwa steel nensimbi, izindlela zokwenza ngcono izinga imikhiqizo steel. Ukwahlukanisa kanye kophawu steel, izici zayo lobuchwepheshe kanye ngokomzimba. Sokuncibilikisa izinsimbi ayoni futhi Alloys zabo, aluminium, zethusi, titanium, nezinye izinsimbi nonferrous. Sebenzisa nale imishini.

• Izinto izisekelo zihlanganisa ukutadisha Foundry ukukhiqizwa, yesimanje esimweni salo, jikelele flowsheets ukuthola Castings.
• Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukusonteka plastic, umehluko phakathi ukusonteka abandayo futhi kushisa, oyenza lukhuni, ngokuyisisekelo UKWAKHA ashisayo, izindlela UKWAKHA abandayo, isicelo ububanzi wokushaya izinto.
• UKWAKHA: ubunjalo inqubo kanye imisebenzi eyisisekelo. Uyini ukukhiqizwa Izigayo kweqa, futhi lapho isetshenziswa, lokho imishini liyadingeka ukuqashwa kanye nekudvweba tintfo. Kanjani ukuze uthole imikhiqizo siphelile kulezi ubuchwepheshe, futhi lapho sisetshenziswa khona.
• Welding ukukhiqizwa, izici zayo jikelele futhi amathemba ukuthuthukiswa, ngezigaba Welding izinto ezahlukene. Physico-chemical izinqubo ngokuba welds ukukhiqizwa.
• izinto Composite. Plastics. Izindlela ukuthola izakhiwo ezivamile. Izindlela ukusebenza izinto oluyinhlanganisela. Outlook isicelo.

ukuthuthukiswa Wanamuhla izinto

Eminyakeni yamuva, materials science wathola yisisusa esinamandla nokuthuthukiswa. Isidingo izinto ezintsha kuye kwaphoqelela ososayensi ukucabanga mayelana ukuthola izinsimbi okumsulwa futhi ultra-okumsulwa, sisebenza ukudalwa izinto ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa for ekuqaleni ukusebenza ebalisisiwe. Modern zokwakha ubuchwepheshe inikeza ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphinde zisebenziseke elisha elalizothatha indawo metal ezivamile. ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa ukusetshenziswa zepulasitiki, izinto ezenziwe ngobumba, izinto esiyinhlanganisela, okuyizinto kwemigomo amandla, iyahambisana ihadiwe, kodwa akekho kahle.