I-Talmud yiyiphi? Umlando kanye nesisekelo se-Talmud

Kuze kube manje, wonke umuntu owaziyo uyazi ukuthi i-Talmud iyinhlangano yokufundisa ivolumu, okuyiqoqo lamaJuda ukuhlinzekwa kwemvelo yenkolo nengokomthetho efomini lezingxoxo ezungeze umthombo walo wokuqala - iMishnah. Ngamanye amazwi, lo msebenzi omkhulu oyisisekelo umlando ohlelekile futhi olinganisiwe we-Oral Torah.

Iyini i-Talmud?

Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi ekuhumusheni okungokoqobo okuvela esiHeberu elithi "Talmud" imfundiso noma imfundo. Leli gama ngumthombo oyinhloko, kamuva owawuthola okwesibili, igama elingaziwa kakhulu, ngokuqondile "iGemara." Ngakho-ke, i-leitmotif yalo mBhalo iyisisusa samazwe angamaJuda okuyizo zonke izizukulwane zokufunda nokuthuthukisa izwe labo elingokomoya.

Indlela yokubhala incwadi akulula, futhi isethulo kunzima ukuyiqonda.

Ngokuqondene nolimi lokubhala, i-Talmud isetshenziswe ngezilimi ezihlukahlukene zesi-Aramaic, ihlangene namazwi esiHeberu namaBhayibheli, izingcaphuno zesiLatini, isiPheresiya nesiGreki.

Okuqukethwe kanye nemibhalo yemfundiso yasendulo

Izincwadi ze-Talmud aziqukethe kuphela imibhalo yokuqukethwe komthetho, kodwa futhi izindaba eziningi ezithakazelisayo zezokwelapha nezomlando. Intambo ebomvu kulo lonke i-treatise yiyona incazelo yeTanach, ingxenye eyinhloko yayo equkethwe eTorah.

Ekuqaleni, le mfundiso yabacwaningi bamaJuda yayingahlonywanga ngezibonakaliso zokwenza izinto. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa izigaba ezahlukene komunye nomunye, ngakho kwaba nobunzima enkulumweni yokufunda, ukudala ukukhathazeka okuthile kuwo wonke umuntu oqonda izisekelo zesayensi.

Izimpande zomlando kanye nenkathi yokuvela kwemfundiso engcwele

Izivumelwano ze-Talmud ekuhumusheni kwazo okukhulisiwe zaqoqwa ngonyaka owedlule ka-210 AD, ngenxa yemizamo kaJehuda Ha-Nasi. Leli qoqo lalibizwa ngokuthi i-Mishnah, eliphinde laphinde labhalwa futhi lihunyushwa ngabalandeli bayo.

Abasekeli balezi zenzo babengama-Amori, abakha izincazelo zabo ngeMishnah yasendulo enegama elithi "Gemara". Izenzo zokubhala lo msebenzi zaziqhutshwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ezindaweni ezimbili, okungukuthi eBhabhiloni nasePalestina. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, kwadalwa izinhlelo ezimbili: iTalmud yaseBabiloni kanye nomlingani wayo waseJerusalema.

Ukuhunyushwa kweTalmud yasendulo kanye nokuhlelwa kwayo

Kudingekile ukuchaza iqiniso elingenakuphikwa futhi elicacile lokuthi kunomthetho wokunyathelisa yonke imisebenzi nokulondolozwa kokubalwa kwekhasi lomthombo wokuqala, owashicilelwa nguDaniel Bromberg oyingqayizivele. Ngakho-ke, noma yikuphi ukuhumusha kwe-Talmud kugcina inani, okungu-2947 amashidi noma amakhasi amaningi kabili. Ngakho-ke, uma kunesidingo, ungathola inkomba engxenyeni edingekayo ye-Talmud.

Isibonelo, uhlelo lokuqala lokuqala lweTalmud, olwakhona endaweni yoMbuso waseRussia, kwakuyi-version yabafowethu Shapiro eSlavuta. Enye yezinguqulo ze-Talmud yenziwa ngaba rabbi baseLithuania futhi ngo-1880.

I-Talmud neTorah: Uyini umehluko?

Kubalulekile ukuqala ngokuchazwa kokubili kokushicilelwa, ukuze uqonde ngokuphelele ukuhlukana kwabo.

I-Talmud ngokuyinhloko umsebenzi wabalingisi abangamaJuda abakhulu, okuyilokho okulotshiwe kwenguqulo yomlomo yeTorah. Ekubunjweni kwayo kuneziphakamiso kanye nezigwebo zabantu abakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaJuda angumhumushi kanye nomhumushi wezinhlinzeko ezitholakalayo kokubili eTalmud naseTorah. Ngokomqondo oyisisekelo wabantu abahlakaniphile kakhulu abadlula kuzo zombili izinguqulo zencwadi ngezintambo ezibomvu, ummeli ngamunye walesi sizwe kufanele afunde iTorah. Okusho ukuthi, i-Talmud ikhulisa ikhono lokufunda nokuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa amakhono ayo.

Incazelo yeTorah kanye nemigomo yayo eyisisekelo

I-Torah yiqoqo elungile nelithembeke kunazo zonke lemisebenzi kaMose, ekhona kokubili ephrintiwe nasencwadini yesandla. Kuyinto yokutadisha lo MBhalo Ongcwele okuyiyona leitmotif yobuJuda. Phakathi kwama-Judaism kukhona imiyalo emibili: ukutadisha iTora kumJuda ngamunye ngokuzimela nangokuhlonipha bonke abalandeli bayo. Ngempela, kubalulekile ukuthi wonke umuntu azinike isikhathi sokufunda iTorah. Umqondo wabomdabu wawuwukutadisha kweTora ngabantu, kepha abesifazane abenza lo msebenzi awunqatshelwe, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, noma yikuphi okwenziwa kulolu hlangothi kuyamukelwa.

ImiTorah evinjelwe

Ukutadisha i-Torah kunqatshelwe ukuba abamele ezinye izizwe, ngaphandle kwamaJuda. Kodwa lesi sihloko asikhathaleli imiyalo eyisikhombisa yenzalo kaNowa. Siyakwamukela ukutadisha imiyalo engcwelengcwele kanye namavesi abo, izingcaphuno ezivela kuzo zonke izincwadi. Futhi, leli taboo elishiwo ngenhla alisebenzi kulabo abalungiselela ukutholwa kwe-gyur.

Izindlela zokutadisha imibhalo engcwele yamaJuda yasendulo

Ngaphandle kwendlela evamile yokutadisha i-Talmud noma iTorah, kunezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganisa izindlela ezithakazelisayo nezisebenzayo.

Njengoba i-Talmud iyimfundiso, ukuze kutholakale umphumela omuhle kakhulu futhi ophumelelayo kakhulu kuyadingeka ukuyiqonda ngokuhambisana neTorah, ebantwini babantu, okungaba ngabantu ababili. Ukuqeqeshwa okunjalo kunamagama ahlukumezayo we-Hawrut. Ngenxa yezinombolo ezimbili, ziyancedisana futhi zihumusha ngokuqukethwe kwayo.

Indlela yesibili ukuqonda imfundiso yale Mibhalo Engcwele ngokusebenzisa ukuhumusha. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi i-gematria. Isibonelo, ngenxa yale ndlela, kungenzeka ukufaka esikhundleni samagama ngezinombolo, kanti inani lezimpawu kufanele lifane nomthombo wangempela.