Ukuguquguquka kwempilo wona: ukulandelana izinyathelo

Ukuze hlala izikhala entsha, izitshalo lasendulo okwadingeka bazivumelanise ngayo izimo ezintsha ngokuphelele eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulahlekelwa unomphela umswakama ngokusebenzisa ukuhwamuka ukunyusele nesenzakalo wax zokuzivikela ungqimba. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela nokusekela emoyeni, ngokungafani amanzi okubangelwa ekwakhekeni komzimba ngokwanele eqinile ukushintsha isimiso isitshalo emishinini yokuphefumula, negesi lokushintshisana. Temperature nemibandela kwamakhemikhali babé ehluke ngokuphelele, futhi izitshalo sebejwayele ngempumelelo kubo. Cabangela lesi sihloko ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe wona.

Kuyini moss?

Mosses - iqembu eziphilayo lasendulo. Ngokwezazi ezithile ezicatshangwayo, zingabantu okhokho izitshalo eliwumhlaba ekhona okwamanje. Amanzi eplanethini yethu - umthombo wokuphila, nesuka zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise izitshalo. iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-420 edlule inzalo ulwelwe oluhlaza eqala ukuhlola izwe.

Izinqubo abahlukene kakhulu zinsizakuphila usukela kusukela moss. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo esiyinhloko zizalela ngempumelelo ulwelwe kuba phambi amanzi. Mosses futhi kungaba ukukhiqiza kabusha kuphela esebenzisa umswakama.

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo wona ithakazelisa kakhulu. Of lonke iqembu izitshalo ephakeme zinjalo eziphilayo bakudala kakhulu. Bryophyta noma ukusakaza Moss umndeni - izitshalo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, cishe elingenalo Indwangu conductive. Ngakho-ke, usayizi la magciwane mancane kakhulu - kusuka 1 mm kuya ku-50 cm babe moss ayinakho izimpande, basuke enamathiselwe kobuso ezihlobene emhlabeni asamicwana, rhizoids, okuyinto izimila zimunce amanzi .. Rhizoids aqukethe ngezinye izikhathi yeseli elilodwa. Ngokungafani izimpande zezinye nezitshalo indwangu ezinamangqamuzana amaningi conductive. Okunye izingxenye zomzimba moss kungenziwa cishe lichazwa ngokuthi isiqu kanye namahlamvu. Nokho, empeleni iyafana ngeziqu kanye namahlamvu yezinye izitshalo emhlabeni ngo-oyiyo.

Lapho ukuhlangana?

Mosses sebejwayele ngempumelelo ekuphileni ezihlukahlukene lokushisa kanye izimo zezulu bese kutholakala cishe wonke iplanethi, kusuka ezindaweni ezibandayo ezindaweni ezishisayo. Basuke khona kahle nemibandela umswakama high - emahlathini, ezintabeni. Kukhona futhi izindawo moss futhi yomile. Ukusinda iziteleka mossy - bakwazi ukumelana okushisa aphezulu kakhulu, kufika ku-70 degrees Celsius. Esimweni sezulu esomile wona bazivumelanisa iwela simo sokuba utiligi elihlobene ne yezinkathi ezithile sezulu iyehla iyenyuka. Lapho imvula ine kakhulu futhi izinga lokushisa komoya lehliselwa, inhlabathi oswakanyiswe, futhi moss "zingaphila", ukukhiqizwa kabusha mjikelezo uqala. Cabanga ngezinzuzo zalokho impikiswano e ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe wona.

Izimo zokuphila wona

Moss ekhula kahle izindawo singakutholi ukukhanya kwelanga, isibonelo emihumeni uqhekeke nemifantu edwaleni, ukuthatha lezo niches kwemvelo lapho abakwazi khona nezinye izitshalo.

Okuwukuphela kwendawo lapho moss ngeke kube khona - kuba nenhlabathi nosawoti eduze kolwandle.

Ngokungavamile ezinhlamvu eziqinile ka wona. Nge umoya bona angahamba amabanga amade. Ukusebenza ezinhlamvu ahlale amashumi eminyaka.

Mosses buthelela izinqolobane ezinkulu umswakama, usebenzisa ngakho kubo kungumnikelo esele amanzi a landscape. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa moss ecosystem kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ezinye izilwane, kodwa lo moss liwumthombo enkulu yezokudla.

Enhlabathini namuhla, zikhona mayelana 30,000 zama-wona. Ososayensi uhlukanise lezi zitshalo phezu morphology, isakhiwo kanye nezindlela spore amaphilisi ukusakaza ezinhlamvu.

Mosses kungaba ukukhiqiza kabusha kokubili by ezinhlamvu futhi vegetatively. Ukuguquguquka kwempilo wona ubuswa bezocansi isizukulwane asexual.

wona ezibunayo noma briopsidy

Lena ekilasini kunalokho enkulu izitshalo, okumelelwe ayizinkulungwane ezingu-15 wona. Ziyakwazi ezihlukahlukene kakhulu ngokubukeka, isayizi shape. Lesi simila kuyinto Isiqu ehlanganiswa amaqabunga ahlelwe spirally emhlabeni stem. Kakhulu kubalulekile komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane yabo ubizwa ngokuthi gametophyte. Indlela zizalela esinezimila wona - ezinhlamvu. Ngokuvamile, lezi zitshalo zitholakala ezindaweni eziswakeme, emaxhaphozini nezimfunda. Kukushkin Ifilakisi Peat moss - abamele ejwayelekile briopsidov.

wona hepatic

Liverworts emelelwa subclasses ezimbili: jungermanniales futhi marshantsievye. Lezi zitshalo nazo mningi - 8500 zilwane. Njenga nje oluqinile moss gametophyte - esigabeni esiphezulu sokuhlukanisa nokusebenza sabo. Lesi sitshalo kukodwa stem obukhulu amaqabunga, okuyinto zitholakala eduze stem. zizalela indlela - ezinhlamvu ukuthi lisabalaliswe idivayisi ekhethekile, a uhlobo "iziphethu", okuthiwa elaters. Lezi zitshalo amiswa ezindaweni ezinomswakama ezishisayo esipholile kahle. Phakathi abameleli - marchantia polymorphic, ptilidium ciliated, blefarostroma volosolistnaya, nabanye.

Antotserotovye wona

Lesi sigaba akuyona eziningi kangaka, futhi imelelwa 300 zezitshalo. Sporophyte - yisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu emjikelezweni wokuphila zalesi sihlahla. Antotserotovye wona ibukeke thallus - umzimba okuyinto bonyana akukafaneli kuphulwe kube impande, ekunqandeni kanye namahlamvu. Khulisa lezi wona e amahlathi emvula ezinomswakama nendawo ezizobekwa athokomele. Antotseros - nomele ejwayelekile alesi sigaba.

KUKUSHKINA umjikelezo yefilakisi ukuphila uzobe kuchaziwe ngezansi. Moss Kukushkin yefilakisi - kuyinto isitshalo zisetshenziswa. isakhiwo salo isakhiwo evuthiwe. Okuxhunyanwa stem enezingqimba ansundu futhi ngaphandle Isiqu yesibili emi iqonde, branched noma eyodwa.

Isiqu yesibili embozwe aluhlaza elibuhlungu, efana usungulo, amapheshana. Lezi sifanamsindvo singafinyelela ubude obungamamitha ka 10-15 cm 40 cm. Amahlamvu engezansi kukhona ishq. Lesi sitshalo has a bakudala uhlelo conductive okuyinto uyakwazi ezihambayo amanzi kanye namaminerali ukuze amaqabunga kanye stem. rhizoids wayo ungaba mude ube ubude cishe u-40 cm.

indawo sokukhula moss yefilakisi Kukushkin

Kukushkin yefilakisi amahlumela ngokuvamile kahle ezindaweni ezimanzi, emaxhaphozini, izimfunda elina sonwele amahlathi, uthanda kwelanga. Ezindaweni evulekile ukhula kakhulu impela, athumba yonke indawo entsha. Its sifanamsindvo kuqinile kangaka "ukugoqa" ezweni imbewu nezinye izitshalo zikhule cha. Lokhu sitshalo elingabhekiselwe ukugawula amahlathi noma yimpi. Lokhu moss kahle kakhulu edonsa amanzi. Ubuningi izitshalo kugcina umswakama enhlabathini. Ngenxa yalokhu kukhona amanzi egawula izindawo.

Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu esetshenziswa zalesi sihlahla ngale heater. Caulk ngosizo odongeni kwezindlu log. Ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa njengoba ikhambi elithile lokwelapha ngoba imikhuhlane.

yefilakisi Kukushkin ehilelekile kumiswa Peat. Lena Umanyolo eziwusizo, a material enhle eluhlaza ukuze umkhakha zamakhemikhali.

Sokuphila yefilakisi moss Kukushkin

Moss Kukushkin yefilakisi - isitshalo dioecious. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa, lapho lowo muntu neziqu eyodwa isitshalo akhiwa abobulili obuhlukile izitho - owesilisa nowesifazane.

Kukushkin yefilakisi akhiwa ngaphakathi alternation of izizukulwane ezimbili - asexual futhi ngokocansi. Sporophyte - umjikelezo wokuphila moss, kuphumele i asexual kwamangqamuzana nokwakheka kwamanye ingaphazamiseki. Ziqukethe a isethi diploid lezakhi zofuzo. Gametophyte - umjikelezo ezahlukene isikhathi sokuphila kwayo efanayo, okuyinto lufinyelela umvuthwandaba walo e kumiswa gametes, germ cells aqukethe kuphela isethi eyodwa wama-chromosomes - haploid.

Manje ngiyaqonda ukuthi kungani e ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe wona ubuswa bezocansi isizukulwane asexual.

Amabhokisi nge izingxabano, ngokuvumelana abantu, efana cuckoo ehlezi elugodvweni. Ngokubukeka jikelele moss Kukushkin yefilakisi sifana miniature isitshalo yefilakisi, okuyindawo uthola igama layo. izinwele Izacile ku cap, amboze ibhokisi izingxabano, futhi efana nelineni ntambo.

Ibhokisi ngokwayo inezingxenye eziningana - urnochku, Intamo kanye cap. Ngaphakathi kuba ikholomu encane. It nje inamaseli oyinyumba, okwakuyoholela ukunciphisa division ezinhlamvu haploid abavuthiwe. Urnochka indandatho uphela. Ngemva kokuphothulwa inqubo yokuvuthwa kuyinto indandatho we wadlulisa umoya urnochku ehlukanisa kalula kusuka stem cap. Izingxabano iwe phansi, futhi lesi sitshalo kuyinto umjikelezo wokuphila ezibalulekile kuqala futhi.

Moss umjikeleto wemphilo esiteji

ezinhlamvu Asexual phakathi "nokuvuthwa" kukhona ezinhlamvu haploid (aqukethe ingxenye iqoqo Ama-chromosomes e) ngenxa ngokungaqondile, ukunciphisa division.

Lapho inhlabathi uthola ezimanzi ezinhlamvu haploid ke iqala ukuhluma, ukwakha proton - filamentous predrostok. Kusukela kwakheka gametophyte! - Duna esifazane.

Ngesikhathi eziqongweni ezahlukene sifanamsindvo, gametophytes Kukushkin yefilakisi nokuthuthukisa antheridia archegonium - owesilisa nowesifazane ubulili izitho. Ngo archegonium Iqanda avuthiwe, antheridium - isidoda biflagellate. Ngaphandle izitshalo besilisa babe amaqabunga amakhulu aphuzi ansundu phezulu. Ngo izitshalo zesifazane amahlamvu enjalo bengekho.

Ukuze uphumelele kokukhulelwa edingekayo umswakama amaconsi zidluliselwa kusukela spermatozoa ukuze antheridium archegonia lapho amaqanda etholakala. Le nqubo ngokuvamile ikhuthaza imvula enamandla noma amazolo.

Ngenxa nokuhlanganiswa isidoda neqanda phezu isitshalo zesifazane yakha zygote diploid. Kusukela likhula isizukulwane esisha lesi sitshalo, le sporophyte noma sporogonia. Futhi limelela sporangium-ibhokisi abavuthiwe ezinhlamvu.

Sibukeze ukulandelana izinyathelo umjikelezo wokuphila kwe-moss.

Isakhiwo moss yefilakisi Kukushkin

wona umzimba isakhiwo esifana ulwelwe, njengoba futhi siqukethe thallus. Nokho, kungase kube isakhiwo efaniswe neziqu kanye namahlamvu. Ukuze inhlabathi sinamathela esebenzisa rhizoids. Lezi zitshalo labo abazokwazi iyavuleka amanzi namaminerali rhizoids ngqo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi umzimba wonke.

Inani moss ngokwemvelo

Ngokuvamile, wona - iyingxenye ebalulekile ohlelweni emvelweni emhlabeni wethu. Ukuguquguquka kwempilo wona libhekene umjikelezo yezinye izitshalo ephakeme. Ziyosinda kahle abampofu inhlabathi umsoco. Abahlala lezo zindawo eziye zabhekana imithelela womuntu ezingezinhle. ukulungiselela Ngakho phansi okubuyisela. Phela, otmiraya moss yakha inhlabathi substrate ewusizo, okuzokwenza kamuva sikhule nezinye izitshalo.

Mosses - ayizikhombisi ukungcola kwemvelo, ikakhulukazi emkhathini. Ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izinhlobo ze-moss ayibi ezindaweni lapho emoyeni weqiwe lokuhlushwa i-sulphur dioxide. Ngu ukungabi kuleli izindawo yendabuko uhlobo oluthile moss kungenziwa bahlulelwe komoya. Nokho, njengoba wona ubonise izinguquko nenhlabathi, nokunye okuningi.

Mosses singalazisa ukulinganiswa ngokucophelela e eyiqhwa izifunda, ukufihla emhlabathini imisebe yelanga. ukulondoloza Ngakho, ukuzinza kwemvelo.

Manje, uma babuzwa ukuthi: "Chaza umjikelezo wokuphila kwe-moss," khona-ke ungakwazi kalula ukukwenza.