I-Principle Le Chatelier: ukuphumelela kwesayensi kwekhulu le-18

Abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi kukhona umgomo weLe Chatelier ovela ebhentshini yesikole. Kodwa bambalwa abaqonda futhi bangachaza ukuthi lesi simiso esaziwayo siyini.

Usosayensi waseFrance watshela umhlaba ngomthetho wokulingana okunamandla ngo-1884. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ukutholakala kwakubaluleke kakhulu futhi ngokushesha kwakha umphakathi wesayensi. Kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kokubambisana kwezesayensi emhlabeni jikelele ikhulu leminyaka nengxenye edlule kuphela abantu basekhaya bakhe bazi ngokuphumelela kwesayensi kweLe Chatelier. Ngo-1887, ososayensi waseJalimane uKar Ferdinand Brown, owazitholela umthetho ofanayo wesayensi ngokuzimela, engazi ngokutholakala komFulentshi, wathi ngokushintsha kwe-chemical equilibrium ngaphansi kokushintsha izimo zangaphandle. Akuyona ingozi ukuthi lesi simiso ngokuvamile sibizwa ngokuthi i-Le Chatelier-Brown.

Ngakho-ke yisiphi isimiso seLe Chatelier?

Izindlela ezilinganayo zizama njalo ukugcina ukulingana kwazo nokulwa namandla angaphandle, izimo nezimo. Lo mthetho usebenza kuzo zonke izinhlelo kanye nanoma iyiphi inqubo: amakhemikhali, kagesi, umshini, oshisayo. Isimiso se-Le Chatelier sinokubaluleka okhethekile okwenzekayo ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuguquguqukayo.

Umphumela wokushisa ngesilinganiso sokuphendula uxhomeke ngokuqondile kulohlobo lokuphendula ngomphumela wokushisa. Njengoba ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa, ukushintsha kokulingana ngokubhekene nokuphendula okuphelile kubonakala. Ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa, ngokulandelana, kuholela ekushintsheni kokulingana kwamakhemikhali kuya ekuphenduleni okubuhlungu. Isizathu salokhu sibonakala ukuthi uma uhlelo lususwe ekulinganisweni ngamandla angaphandle, luphenduka isimo sokungaphansi kokungaphansi kwamandla angaphandle. Ukuxhomekeka kwezinqubo eziphelile nezixakile embusweni we-equilibri kuboniswa ukulingana kweVan't Hoff:

V2 = V1 * y (T2-T1) / 10,

Lapho i-V2 isilinganiso semiphumela yamakhemikhali ekushiseni okushintshileyo, i-V1 iyinani lokuqala lokuphendula, futhi yilapha i-parameter yemingcele yokushisa.

Usosayensi waseSweden u-Arrhenius wathatha umthamo wokuxhomeka kokuzibonakaliswa kwesilinganiso sokuphendula embusweni wokushisa.

K = A • e (-E (RT)), lapho u-E yindlela yokusebenza, i-constant constant gas, kanye noT is lokushisa ohlelweni. Inani le-A lihlala njalo.

Njengoba ingcindezi ikhula, ukuguqulwa kokulingana kwamakhemikhali kubonakala lapho izinto zithatha umthamo omncane. Uma ivolumu yezinto zokuqala zikhulu kunomthamo wemikhiqizo yokusabela, khona-ke ukulingana kushintshela ezakhiweni zangempela. Ngakho-ke, uma ivolumu yemikhiqizo yokusabela ingaphezu kwevolumu ye-reagents, khona-ke ukulingana kushintshela ekugcineni kwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali. Kucatshangwa ukuthi imvukuzane ngayinye yegesi inomqulu ofanayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Kodwa ushintsho ekucindezelweni ohlelweni alithinti ngaso sonke isikhathi ukulingana kwamakhemikhali. Isimiso se-Le Chatelier sibonisa ukuthi ukwengezwa kwegesi lesimo se-inert kuya ekushintsheni kokushintsha kwengcindezi, kodwa akukhiphi uhlelo kusuka kokulingana. Kulesi simo, ukucindezeleka okuhambisana nezinto eziphendulayo kuphela kubalulekile ekuphenduleni (i-helium ayinawo ama-electron mahhala, ayisebenzisani nezinto ezisetshenzisweni).

Ukwengezwa kwesilinganiso esithile sezinto ezithinta ukusabela kubangelwa ukushintshwa komlinganiso ekubhekaneni nenqubo lapho le nsimbi iba yincane.

Ukulingana kunomuntu onamandla. It "iphazamisekile" futhi "imiswe" ngokwemvelo ngenkathi yokusabela. Asichaze lesi simo ngesibonelo. I-hydrogenation yekhambi le-bromine ikhiqiza i- hydrobromic acid. Kufika isikhathi lapho umkhiqizo wokuphela usungulwa kakhulu, ivolumu yayo idlula ingqikithi yenani lama-monomolecules ka-hydrogen ne-bromine, isilinganiso sokuphendula sinciphisa. Uma ufaka i-hydrogen noma i-bromine ohlelweni, ukusabela kuzohamba ngendlela ehlukile.