I-MLRS BM-30 "I-Tornado": izici, isithombe

Kusukela iMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ukubaluleka kwezinhlelo ze-jet mortar kuye kwanda kuphela. Yiqiniso, namuhla bachithelwa yizinhlelo eziningi ze- rocket launcher (MLRS), kodwa ukubaluleka kwalolu hlobo lwezikhali akuzange kushintshwe: "balima" izindawo ezithathwe yizitha, bengashiyi ithuba lokusinda, hhayi ngisho nemishini enzima. Futhi BM-30 "Smerch" nalezi zinto zingakwazi ukusingatha ngokuphelele.

Ulwazi oluyisisekelo

Lokhu kuhloswe ekunqobeni isikhathi eside kwezinhloso zeqembu lesitha. Amathekisthi afanelekayo yalesi simiso yizinto eziphilayo ezivikelekile nezingavinjelwe ezithandweni, ezithintekayo nezikhali ezingenalutho (kuhlanganise nezinhlobo eziphakeme kunazo zonke zamathangi), izindiza zamabutho ezempi nezombuso, izinsiza zokuqalisa izikhali. Ingasetshenziselwa ukubhujiswa okuqondiswayo kwengqalasizinda yezimboni, ukubhujiswa kwezikhungo zokulawulwa kanye nezinye izikhungo ezibalulekile zokuxhumana.

Ukuthuthukiswa

Esikhathini kusukela ngo-1969 kuya ku-1976, umsebenzi omkhulu wenziwa eTula endaweni yokuthola izindlela ezintsha zokuthuthukisa izinhlelo eziningi ze-rocket launcher, ezingasetshenziswa njengezikhali zokusekela zamandla akhethekile uma kwenzeka impi enkulu. Isimemezelo, lapho kudalwa khona i-BM-30 "Smerch", yakhishwa ngoDisemba 1976.

Indima eyinhloko ekuthuthukisweni ibeka kuqala ku-AN Ganichev, bese iqhubekela ku-GA Denezhkin. Kakade ekuqaleni kuka-1982, i-MLRS entsha idlulise ngempumelelo zonke izigaba zokuhlolwa kobuso. Kodwa-ke, yafakwa enkonzweni kuphela ngo-1987, ngemuva kokuba iqembu lokuklama seliqede ukwehluleka okuthile okuyisisekelo. Kodwa azixhunyiwe ngezinye izinto ezingalungile kanye neziphambeko ekwakheni uhlobo olusha lwezikhali, kodwa kunesidingo sokwakha izinhlobo ezintsha zezinhlamvu, ngoba amasampula akhona awakwazi ukufanisa amandla ekulweni we-Smerch.

Isistimu entsha yokuvuselela isizukulwane

Umsebenzi wenziwe kakhulu kangangokuthi BM-30 "Smerch" ingabhekwa ngokuphepha ngesizukulwane esisha salolu hlobo lwezikhali. Lokhu kubangelwe ikakhulu ekudalweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezinhlamvu. Nakhu kuyadingeka ukwenza ukucindezeleka okuncane. Lapho abaseMelika bedala i-MLRS MLRS, bafika esiphethweni esingavamile: u-30-40 km ngezinhlelo ezinjalo zingaphezulu kakhulu lapho inani elibanzi lokusabalalisa lenza ukusetshenziswa kwabo kungabi nalutho.

Kodwa abathuthukisi be-"Smerch" nale ndlela abavumelani neze. Bakwazi ukwakha amagobolondo ayingqayizivele ngempela: aphelelanga kuphela ezindaweni ezikude, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo banamanani amancane ahlakazeka, aphindwe kabili kunamaphesenti amathathu kunamanye amazwe. Okokugcina, ukuphumelela okuyinhloko kwabantu baseTula kwakungokuthi okokuqala igobolondo lezinqola zethu zaqala ukulungiswa emva kokuqaliswa.

Izici zegobolondo

Iqiniso liwukuthi isistimu ekhethekile yokuqondisa inertial yayifakwe ekuklanyeni kwayo. Inikeza ukuqiniswa okufanelekayo esigabeni sokuqala se-trajectory, futhi ibuye iqondise ukuhamba kwe-rocket. Futhi lezi zibalo zibalwa ngokusekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezici, kufaka phakathi lokushisa "okungekho emhlabathini", isivinini somoya nesiqondiso, umswakama, njll.

Amakhophi noma i-MLRS

Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi ngenkathi uKrushchev ephethe amandla, abanikezwa "rocketomania", abaningi abazoba yizibonelo zabasebenzi bezimoto kanye nezinye izinhlobo zamapulangwe abahamba ngaphansi kommese, okwathi iminyaka eminingi yanciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kwaleli gatsha ezweni lethu. Ukuze "iqhubekele" ekudalweni kwayo kwe-BM-30 "Smerch" ezimweni ezinjalo, abakhiqizi baseTula kwakudingeka bafake kuzo izici ezizovumela ukukholisa abaphathi abaphezulu be-system. Kuphela kulesi simo bekuyoba nethuba lokutholwa.

Kodwa kungani sibheka ubuntu bukaNicita Sergeyevich kule ndaba uma engashiya amandla ngo-1964? Le ndaba yukuthi umsebenzi wokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo ezintsha ezintsha zomlilo we-volley wenziwa kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-50, kodwa kwakudingeka ukwenza lokhu, cishe ngaphandle kokwenza ubuholi bwazi. Nokho, ngo-1964 Khrushchev washiya, futhi uLeonid Brezhnev akazange avimbele ukudala ubuchwepheshe obusha. Kodwa imiphumela yanikeza umphumela wayo, okwenzeke ukuthi uhle kakhulu.

I-MLRS BM-30 "I-Smerch" inezinhlobo ezinjengalezi nokuthi "ukubulala", okuyingxenye ethile phakathi kwezinhlelo ze-rocket launcher kanye nezinhlelo ze-missile. Eqinisweni, okokuqala ngqá emsebenzini wokuqaphelisa we-Smerch, kwakuseyunithi ye-missile eqinisekisile ukuthi inhlonipho, eyanikelwa zona yizikhulu zezempi eziphakeme kakhulu ze-USSR.

Isimo sezwe samanje

Ngo-1989, kukhishwe inguqulo yokugcina ye-BM-30 "Smerch" MLRS. Manje le nqubo iye yamkelwa hhayi ezweni lethu kuphela. Lawa masampuli ayatholakala e-Ukraine, eBelarus, e-Kuwait nase-United Arab Emirates. Ngokwesiko, abameleli baseNdiya naseChina baye baveza isithakazelo ngokuphindaphindiwe emotweni, kodwa ayikho idatha esemthethweni ekudayiseni imishini noma ubuchwepheshe ekudalweni kwayo. Yikuphi, kodwa, akufaki iqiniso lokuthi amasampula anamuhla e-MLRS China, afana kakhulu ne "Tornado", cishe ngokuqinisekisiwe eyakhiwe emfanekisweni nemifino eyenziwa yiShayina ema-90s ngokuqinile ngokuthenga ama-Ukrainians afanayo.

Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu

Abaningi ngesizathu esithile bakholelwa ukuthi uhlelo lwe-BM-30 "Smerch" lwe-rocket launcher luhlanganisa kuphela izimoto ezineziqukathi zokwethulwa kwamagobolondo, okuvame ukufakwa emlandweni osemthethweni nasezithombeni. Kodwa lokhu akunjalo:

• Empeleni umshini ngokwawo u-9K58.
• Umshini wokuhamba nokunikezwa kwe-9T234-2 projectiles.
• Iqoqo lezinhlamvu, okuyinto, kuye ngokuthi umsebenzi, ingahluka kakhulu.
• Izinsiza ezibonakalayo namathuluzi okuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi.
• I-Kit 9F819, ehlanganisa kokubili amathuluzi akhethekile wokulungisa, kanye namathuluzi okubeka imishini ecacile.
• Uhlelo lokulawula umlilo oluzenzakalelayo "Slepok-1".
• Umshini wokuhlola kwezemvelo yendawo, imiphumela okusetshenziselwa ukuxhumanisa endaweni kanye nezingxenye ezivelele kakhulu zezwe.
• Ukuqondisa ukuthola i-radar 1B44. Ikuvumela ukuba ufike ngesikhathi esifanele ukubona ukuthi isitha sithuthuka kanjani, silungisa ukushintshaniswa komsakazo, kufaka phakathi i-encrypted.

Umsunguli ngokwayo uqukethe i-chassis enezinkomba ezinama-tube kanye nemoto ye-MAZ-543 ehamba phambili. Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sisezingeni elingemuva, futhi ngaphambili kukhona ikamelo lomshayeli kanye nezindawo zokusebenza, ezihlomele phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngezinhloso zokuhlosisa nokuqhuba umlilo. I-MLRS ingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ezinhlobonhlobo zezimo zezulu nezomkhathi, ngokushisa okulingana kwama-50 kuya ku-50 degrees Celsius.

Izimpawu zokulwa zesistimu

Iyini ukuphumelela kwe-BM-30 "Smerch", ububanzi bomlilo lapho usebenzisa? Konke kuyaziwa uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi izici ezimangalisayo zalesi simiso - ikakhulukazi. Ngakho-ke, uma iGreydi evelele ingakwazi ukumboza indawo engamahektha angu-4 ukusuka ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angu-20, isivunguvungu sishaya ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-35 endaweni engamahektha angu-29, i-MLRS yaseMelika ishisa amahektha angama-33 endaweni endaweni engama-33 km ubude ... Leyo BM-30 " I-Smerch ", i-TTX yayo eyingqayizivele, ingafaka amahektha angama-67 ngesikhathi, futhi ibanga lokuqalisa lifinyelela amakhilomitha angu-70!

Kubikwa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwamanje kwamanje kungakwandisa leli banga kude amakhilomitha ayikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani ne-classic "Grad", i-projectiles yalesi simiso ayikwazi nje ukukhubaza izimoto ezithintekayo, eziqhakazile futhi zibangela izingxabano kubasebenzi bayo. Bavele bedle ngisho namathangi amakhulu lapho bexhumana nabo ngenxa yebutho labo elibulalayo. Ngakho-ke uhlelo lwe-BM-30 salvo umlilo "Smerch" yisikhali esesabekayo samandla amakhulu okubhubhisa.

Izimpawu zamagobolondo asetshenzisiwe

Ekubambeni kokuqala kuhlasela ekujuleni komphefumulo wabo ukulinganisa kwabo - nje 300mm! I-layout iyinhlangano evamile ye-aerodynamic, esebenza ngokuqinile-ye-propellant propulsion injini, esebenza ngxube yezingxenye eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Njengoba sesishilo kakade, isici sabo esiyingqayizivele kuba khona kohlelo lokulawula izindiza olulungisa ukugoba kanye ne "imbuzi" esikoleni. Lezi zindlela ezintsha zandisa ukunemba kokudubula okungenani kabili ezindaweni ezide kakhulu, kanti inani lokusabalalisa ngisho nasezimo ezibi kakhulu akudluli u-0.21% wobubanzi bomlilo.

Mane nje, ngisho nalapho udutshulwa ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-70, i-projectiles ilala nokungahambi kwamamitha angu-150 ukusuka ekuhlosweni okuhlosiwe. Lezi zikhombisi zihlobene ne-BM 30 9K58 "Smerch" nezinhlelo zanamuhla zokulwa nezikhali!

Ukulungiswa kwezindiza

Ukulungiswa kwenziwa yi-gudders yegesi eguquguqukayo, ephethwe yi-gesi ephezulu yokucindezela igesi ekhiqiza igesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqiniswa kwe-projectile endizeni kwenzeka ngenxa yokujikeleza kwayo nge-axis longitudinal, okuhlinzekwa ukungahambisani nesikhathi sokuhamba phakathi komhlahlandlela we-tubular futhi usekelwa ngendiza ngokufaka ama-blades of stabilizer evulekile ngandlela-thile kuze kube yikhijithali le-longitudinal ye-projectile.

Ukwakhiwa kwezikhali ezijwayelekile

Izinhlobo ezilandelayo ze-projectile zingafakwa ekubunjweni kwezinhlamvu:

• I-9M55F, uhlobo oluvame kakhulu. I-unit combat iyi-monoblock enokutholakala neyindlela yokwehlukana-ephezulu yokuqhuma.
• 9M55K. Ihluke kwi-cassette CU, equkethe izingcezu ezingu-72 zokuhlukaniswa.
• 9M55K1. Ibuye ibe nekhanda le-cassette, kodwa kulokhu liqukethe ama-projectile amahlanu amancane ngesiqondiso esizimele kulitshe.
• 9M55K4. I-cassette CU iqukethe imayini ye-anti-tank emine , ehloselwe ukumbiwa kwezimayini ezikude.
• 9M55K5. I-cassette i-GC enezimpawu zokuqhekeka-ukuhlukanisa;
• I-9M55S nge-GC ye-thermobaric;
• I-9M528 ngokuhlukaniswa okukhulu okuqhuma.

Ukwenza ukudubula

Ungadubula ngokudubula okulodwa noma ngemibhobho. Wonke ama-projectile angadedelwa ngemizuzwana engu-38. Ukuqala-up kungalawulwa kusuka ku-cab, noma nge-remote control. Amandla okufaka ukukhonjiswa kubonakala, okungenani, ukuthi lezi zinyunithi ezintathu zokuphumelela kokulwa azizona eziphansi kwamabhomu amabili e-Tochka-U. I-volley eyodwa egcwele ngamagobolondo ane-cluster warhead ingakwazi ukumboza ku-400,000 amamitha square square ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngelinye igama, BM-30 "Smerch", isithombe esitholakala kulesi sihloko - yisikhali esinamandla, amathuba okukhuthaza inhlonipho eqotho.

Isisindo esiphelele se-projectile ngayinye, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwayo, yi-800 kilogram, kanti impi yezempi ngokwazo ibheka ama-280 kilogram. I-angle ejwayelekile yokufinyelela ekuhlosweni ivela kuma-30 kuya ku-60 degrees, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo ze-projectiles zingalungiswa ukuze zihanjiswe nge-angi angu-90 degrees. Lezi "meteorites" imbobo ngokusebenzisa izimoto ezinamandla ezikhaliphile.

Ngisho noma kungekho ukuphumula, ukuqhuma kwama-explosive 280 kg endaweni eseduze ne-tank kuwukufa okuqinisekisiwe kwesigameko esinamandla kunazo zonke abasebenzi bakhe, futhi imoto izoba nomonakalo onjalo ngaphandle kokukhanda ngeke kuhambise ngisho nendawo. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-BM-30 "Smerch" noma "i-Tornado" i-MLRS (isichazamazwi samanje) ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuvimba amakholomu e-tank emakethe. Kwenzeka okufanayo eGeorgia ngo-2008, lapho amaGradi ehlanganisa amathikithi aseGeorgia ayesebenza ezindaweni zethu.

Ulwazi mayelana nesimanje

Njengoba sesishilo kakade, ngo-1989 uhlelo lwalusimanje. Esikhathini sayo, cishe konke ukuhamba kwe-elekthronikhi neyomsakazo "ukugxila" kwenkimbinkimbi yonke kwashintshwa:

• Kungenzeka ukuthi ukushintshaniswa okusheshayo kwe-data tactical nekomkhulu kanye nezinye izingxenye ze "Smerch" kwengezwe, futhi ulwazi lubethelwe futhi luvikelwe ngokuqinile ekuphazamiseni okungaxhunyiwe.
• Uhlelo lokuzimela olubopha izici zesimo sezwe futhi lubonise lolu lwazi kumbukiso we-elekthronikhi ngesikhathi sangempela.
• Ukubala okuzenzakalelayo komsebenzi wendiza nokufaka kwawo.
• Kungenzeka ukulungiswa okuphelele kokufakwa kokudubula, kufaka phakathi ukuthunyelwa kanye nokuhloswa, ngaphandle kwesidingo sabasebenzi sokushiya ikamelo.

Ngenxa yamuva emisha ye-BM-30 "Smerch", izici esasiqedile ngazo, isibe isimiso esizimele futhi esiyingozi kakhulu. Kusukela manje abakwa-artillery banganikeza i-volley bese behoxisa ngokushesha ezindaweni zokuqala, okwenza kakhulu kunciphisa amathuba okutholakala nokuqedwa kokufakwa kwesitha.