I kagesi umthombo zamanje i kagesi lamanje: definition kanye essence

Sonke siyazi physics Yiqiniso ukuthi ngaphansi kagesi ehloselwe ohlangothini ngaphambilini ezinyakazayo izinhlayiya ethwele kwenkokhelo. Ukuze uthole umqhubi bakha ensimini kagesi. Kungokufanayo kuyadingeka ukuze uqhubeke ukhona isikhathi eside, kagesi.

Imithombo kagesi kungaba:

• static;
• chemical;
• ngemishini;
• Semiconductor.

umsebenzi ngamunye wenziwa lapho raznozaryazhennye ihlukaniswe izinhlayiya, isb i kagesi emkhakheni amandla umthombo. Umkhaya Ohlukene, bandisa ezigxotsheni e uxhumano kwesizathu babashayeli. Lapho lezi zingongolo uxhumeke kwi-izinhlayiya umqhubi nge icala ukuqala ukuhambisa, futhi kwakhiwa i kagesi.

Imithombo kagesi okusungulile zamanje umshini kagesi

Kuze phakathi nekhulu le-nesikhombisa ukukhiqiza i zamanje kagesi wawudinga umzamo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani elandayo lososayensi abathintekayo kulolu daba. Futhi Otto von Guericke yasungulwa ngowokuqala imoto kagesi emhlabeni. Ngo okukodwa ngohlelo ke isibabule, oncibilikisiwe ngaphakathi ball ozwakala ezenziwe ngengilazi, wayenza lukhuni waphihliza ingilazi. Guericke waqinisa ibhola ukuze kungaba cool. Sijikise bese ucindezela ucezu esikhumbeni, kuba a inhlansi. Lokhu ukuhlikihla kakhulu kulula ukuthola ugesi yesikhashana. Kodwa yezimfundiso eziyinkinga kakhulu ingaxazululwa kuphela ukuqhubeka isayensi.

Inkinga yayiwukuthi ukuthi amacala Gericke baphela masinyane endaweni. Ukwandisa ubude emzimbeni ukukhokha afakwe ezitsheni avaliwe (glass amabhodlela), futhi ugesi namanzi izithombe owazenza isipikili. Isilingo elungiselelwe lapho ibhodlela zombili camera nge material conductive (metal UTJHAPHISA, isibonelo). Ngenxa yalokho, sabona ukuthi kungenzeka ukwenza ngaphandle kwamanzi.

imilenze Ixoxo njengoba umthombo zamanje

Enye indlela ukukhiqiza ugesi okokuqala wathola Luidzhi Galvani. Njengoba isazi, wasebenza lab lapho bazama ugesi. Wabona umlenze efile frog sika lancipha lapho ezazivuswa inhlansi kusuka umshini. Kodwa ngolunye usuku, umphumela ofanayo yafinyelelwa ngengozi lapho usosayensi wathinta steel wakhe nommese.

Waqala ukubheka ngenxa yezizathu, lapho kuvele kagesi. Imithombo kagesi ngokusebenzisa isiphelo sako sokugcina abangu Frog kwezicubu.

Enye Italy u-Alessandro Volta, amelana khona "frog" yesimo okuvela wamanje. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi wamanje kakhulu kwaba ngokungeza yethusi zinc ikhambi acid sulfuric. Le nhlanganisela ibizwa ngokuthi isici kukagesi noma amakhemikhali.

Kodwa ukusetshenziswa lezo zimali EMF kwakuyoba kubiza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi abasebenza ngakolunye, kusetshenziswa imishini, ngokwenza indlela ukukhiqizwa energy kagesi.

Kanjani umshini wokuphehla abavamile?

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye AH Oersted wathola ukuthi ukudlula wamanje ngokusebenzisa umqhubi kazibuthe kuphakama imvelaphi. Ngemva kwesikhashana, Faraday wathola ukuthi lapho empambana imizila amandla EMF unxenxwa e umqhubi, elibangela zamanje. EMF siyahlukahluka ijubane babashayeli ngokwabo, kanye namandla ensimini. Ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo lemigqa kwezigidi ezingu ayikhulu amandla ngesekhondi eyenga amandla electromotive iba lingana kuze fike volt. Kuyacaca ukuthi ukubambisa lemanyuwali kazibuthe ayikwazi enikeza wamanje enkulu kagesi. Imithombo kagesi yalolu hlobo kuba kuphumelela kakhulu wakufakazela ngendlela emazombezombe wire kwi spool ezinkulu noma ukukhiqizwa sigubhu-okwenyanga yayo. Ikhoyili ubekwe kushaft phakathi uzibuthe futhi amanzi rotatable noma isisi. a mechanical amandla umthombo okunjalo esingokwemvelo ugesi ezivamile.

Tesla enkulu

Usosayensi brilliant iSerbia, Nikola Tesla, anikezele ukuphila kwakhe ugesi, bathole okuningi esiwasebenzisa namuhla. Multiphase kagesi ngomshini, indlela motors kagesi, ukudluliswa kwamandla ngokusebenzisa multi-Isigaba kushintshana wamanje - lokhu akulona lonke uhlu ezisunguliwe omkhulu ngokwesayensi.

Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lo mkhuba eSiberia, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Tunguska kwemvula yezinkanyezi ezinomsila, eqinisweni ibizwa ngokuthi Tesla. Kodwa mhlawumbe omunye oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke kokusunguliwe a transformer chweba voltage kuze volts kwezigidi ezingu eziyishumi nanhlanu. UKwenza iZinto ngeNdlela eNgakajayeleki yidivayisi yakhe futhi imithetho eyaziwayo izibalo Ezingalapheki. Kodwa ngalezo zinsuku saqala ukuthuthukisa cleaner ubuchwepheshe, lapho kwakungekho emagama. Ngakho-ke, lo mshini usosayensi ngesikhathi ukhohlwe.

Kodwa namuhla, ne obhekwe physics theory emsebenzini wakhe kuvuselelwe isithakazelo futhi. Amadili E-ether neyaziwayo igesi ukuthi kungaphansi kwayo yonke imithetho Mechanics igesi. Idonsa amandla ayo lapho Tesla okukhulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi imfundiso ether obabuvamile kakhulu esikhathini esidlule phakathi ososayensi abaningi. Kuphela ukuvela SRT - theory ka-Einstein ye okhethekile wokuhlobana kwezinto, lapho babenqaba ukuthi sikhona ether - ukhohlwe ngakho, nakuba kamuva washayelwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela jikelele akazange inselelo kanjalo.

Kodwa ngenkathi abahlala kagesi kanye kumadivayisi ikuyo yonke indawo namuhla.

Ukuthuthukiswa amadivayisi lobuchwepheshe - segezi

Amadivayisi anjalo asetshenziselwa ukuguqulwa wamandla ezahlukene ibe amandla kagesi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izindlela ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali esikhiqiza ugesi Kuye kwavulwa isikhathi eside, ikuyo yonke indawo, bathola kuphela kusukela engxenyeni yesibili ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, lapho sekungenzeka electronics ithuthuka ngokushesha. I kokuqala imibhangqwana emihlanu kukagesi abangu eyayihambisana 25 izinhlobo. A imfundiso yokuziphendukela imibhangqwana kukagesi angaba izinkulungwane eziningana, ngoba lapho amandla khulula ezingase zithathwe kunoma iyiphi oxidizing namanxusa ukunciphisa.

Physical Amandla Imithombo

imithombo yemvelo ugesi basungula kamuva. Izinqubo zanamuhla kuthiwa ziba elawula, nezezimboni ukushisa kanye amakheli ndawonye ugesi zibhekane ngokuphumelelayo nezinselele ezikhulayo. Physical ugesi - amadivayisi lapho ezishisayo, kagesi, mechanical amandla emisebe nokubuna yenuzi iguqulwe ibe amandla kagesi. Ngaphezu okungenhla, nabo zibalwa njengoba izinjini kagesi, MHD ugesi, kanye yokuguqula emisebeni yelanga nokubuna athomu.

Ukuze kagesi e umqhubi zinyamalale, idinga njengomthombo wangaphandle ukuba silondoloze ezingaba umehluko yonkana umqhubi uphela. Ngenxa yalesi imithombo yamandla ukuthi abe ezithile amandla electromotive yokwakha kanye nokugcina ezingaba umehluko. EMF kulinganiswa kagesi umthombo ukusebenza yamanje isebenza uma ukudluliswa plus icala yonkana somshini esivalekile.

Ukumelana ngaphakathi kwamandla quantitatively ephawula ke, yokunquma inani amandla ukulahleka ngokusebenzisa umthombo.

Amandla nokusebenza voltage elilingana isilinganiso zangaphandle wesifunda kagesi EMF.

imithombo Chemical

Chemical umthombo samanje i kagesi wesifunda EMF yidivayisi, lapho amandla zamakhemikhali iguqulwe ibe amandla kagesi.

isisekelo salo siqukethe electrode ezimbili: a omubi icala ekunciphiseni ejenti kanye oxidizing inxusa kahle icala, okuyizinto nabo electrolyte. Phakathi electrode umehluko ezingaba, EMF.

amadivaysi Modern avame ukusetshenziswa:

• njenge-ejenti ekunciphiseni - phambili, cadmium, i-zinc nabanye;
• oxidant - nickel hydroxide, i-nitrous phambili, manganese nokunye okunjalo;
• electrolyte - izixazululo of acid, alkalis noma nosawoti.

Kabanzi amaseli ezomile zinc kanye manganese. Isitsha ethathwe zinc (kokuba electrode negative). Ngaphakathi ibekwe a electrode omuhle nenye dioxide manganese ne-carbon noma graphite powder esehlisa ukumelana. I electrolyte uba udaka of ammonium chloride, isitashi kanye nezinye izingxenye.

Uphawu ibhethri nomthofu-acid - ke ngokuvamile kuba yesibili chemical umthombo samanje i wesifunda kagesi kokuba umthamo omkhulu, ukugijima esitebeleni nokuba eziphansi. Amabhethri zalolu hlobo zisetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Bavame khetha amabhethri ukuziqalela, okuyizinto zenani elikhulu ikakhulukazi emotweni, lapho ngokuvamile kukhona monopolists.

Enye ibhethri ezivamile siqukethe yensimbi (anode), nickel oxide hydrate (cathode) kanye electrolyte - i isixazululo aqueous potassium noma sodium. Indaba okusebenzayo nickel-kuhlinzwa amashubhu steel.

Ukusetshenziswa lolu hlobo kwehle emva komlilo kule fektri Edison ngo-1914. Nokho, uma siqhathanisa izici lokuqala nelesibili uhlobo ibhethri, kuvela ukuthi ukusebenza kwe-iron ne-nickel kungaba kakhulu isikhathi eside kunaleso phambili acid.

Kwafika ama-generator ye DC futhi AC

I generator amadivayisi enzelwe ukuthi uguqule amandla mechanical ibe amandla kagesi.

Indlela elula DC generator kungenziwa umelwe isimo umqhubi, okuyinto wabekwa phakathi izigxobo kazibuthe nemikhawulo yomhlaba uxhumeke ku angawodwa isigamu-amasongo (ngalendoda). Ukuze idivaysi umsebenzi, kufanele uqiniseke ukujikeleza ifreyimu ngalendoda. Khona-ke uyobe unxenxelwe kagesi izinguquko zamanje isiqondiso ngaphansi kwethonya imigqa yamandla kazibuthe omhlaba. Isifunda zangaphandle kuzoqhubeka ohlangothini olulodwa. It kuvela ukuthi ngalendoda uyozilungisa kushintshana zamanje, okuyinto kuveza uzimele. Ukuze sifinyelele DC ngalendoda senziwa izingqimba amathathu nesithupha noma ngaphezulu, kanye umqhubi kuhlanganisa sebuningini ozimele ngesimo le armature emazombezombe.

Cabanga ngalokho injongo wamanje umthombo wesifunda. Thola kangakanani imithombo engaphezulu zamanje khona.

Kuvele wesifunda kagesi: kagesi lamanje, amandla lamanje, umthombo zamanje

Isifunda kagesi kuhlanganisa umthombo zamanje lelo, kanye nezinye izinto kudala indlela yamanje. Umqondo EMF voltage zamanje egeleza ngalesi izinqubo evulekile kagesi.

Kakhulu elula wesifunda kagesi siqukethe umthombo wamanje (ibhethri, i-electrochemical cell generator, njalo njalo), abathengi amandla (heater kagesi, motors kagesi kanye nezinye), kanti izintambo ohlanganisa terminals umthombo voltage umthengi.

Isifunda kagesi ine yangaphakathi (umthombo wamandla) kanye yangaphandle (izintambo, ukushintshwa, amadlambi, ukulinganisa amathuluzi) izingxenye.

It izosebenza futhi zinenani omuhle kuphela uma enikeziwe somshini esivalekile. Noma yimuphi igebe kubangela ukumisa ukugeleza zamanje.

Isifunda kagesi siqukethe umthombo wamanje ngesimo amaseli electrochemical, accumulator kagesi, electromechanical futhi ugesi thermoelectric, nama-solar, nokunye.

Njengoba motors kagesi isinyathelo abamukelayo ukuthi ukuguqula amandla angaguqulwa abe namandla mechanical, kukhanyisa Ukushisa amadivayisi, ukufakwa electrolysis nokunye.

Izesekeli kukhona amadivaysi ezibalulekile ukuze ukuvula futhi off, ukulinganisa amathuluzi kanye nezindlela zokuzivikela.

Zonke izingxenye zihlukaniswe zibe:

• asebenzayo (lapho circuit kagesi kufaka zamanje umthombo EMF, motors kagesi, amabhethri nokunye);
• yokwenziwa (okuyinto zihlanganisa abamukelayo kagesi kanye interconnecting wiring).

I chain kungaba futhi:

• yomugqa, lapho element ukumelana njalo libhekene umugqa oqondile;
• nonlinear, lapho ukumelana luncike voltage noma yamanje.

Lokho isikimu elula, lapho isifunda sihlanganisa iSifundazwe umthombo inkinobho zamanje, isibani, a rheostat.

Nakuba kunezindlela okwandile amadivayisi lobuchwepheshe umusa onjalo, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zamuva abantu abaningi babuze imibuzo mayelana ukufakwa ehlukile imithombo energy.

A ezihlukahlukene imithombo yamandla kagesi

Yini imithombo zamanje kagesi kusalokhu kukhona? Akukhona nje kuphela ilanga, umoya, umhlaba nasemagagasini. Babé okuthiwa ehlukile imithombo ezisemthethweni amandla.

Mangisho ukuthi kukhona isethi ehlukile. Ababona ezivamile, ngoba abakabi esiwusizo futhi ukhululekile. Kodwa kwazi bani, mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo kuyoba ngemva nje kubo.

Ngakho, kungenzeka energy kagesi etholakala amanzi anosawoti. Norway isungule kakade amandla, ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe.

Izikhungo zikagesi Ungase futhi ugijime on fuel cell nge okuqinile oxide electrolyte.

Akwaziwa ugesi piezoelectric ukwamukela amandla ngokusebenzisa energy kinetic (kakade nge ubuchwepheshe ezifana zokuhamba, isivinini uhlevane, turnstiles ngisho umdanso izibuya).

Kukhona nanogenerators, okuyinto yenzelwa ekuguquleni amandla emzimbeni womuntu ku ugesi.

Yini ongayisho mayelana ulwelwe ukuthi ukufudumeza imizi yabo, football izinkemba, ugesi, amabhayisikili, zobuchwepheshe lingashajwa, ngisho oqoshiwe iphepha, esetshenziswa njengoba umthombo wamandla?

isithembiso Omkhulu, yebo, eyakho ukuthuthukiswa amandla mlilo.

Konke lokhu kungenxa banamuhla ezingokoqobo phezu ososayensi ukusebenza. Kungenzeka ukuthi abanye babo ngokushesha kakhulu sesingochwepheshe angenanhlonipho, njengogesi emakhaya namuhla.

Mhlawumbe othile kuzoveza izimfihlo usosayensi Nikola Tesla isintu bazokwazi ukuthola kalula amandla emoyeni?