I-Diphtheria - iyini? Izimbangela, izimpawu, ukuvimbela

Esinye sezifo ezithathelwanayo kakhulu ezithathelwanayo yi-diphtheria. Yini eyaziwa abaningi. Lesi sifo, esithinta kokubili abantu abadala kanye nezingane, kunzima ukuphatha kuphela, kodwa nokuhlola. Ukugonywa kusuka ku-diphtheria kuyimpoqo futhi kufakwe ohlelweni lokugoma.

Uma amabhaktheriya athile angena emzimbeni womuntu, ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwesifo kuqala. I-Diphtheria inzima futhi ifuna ukwelashwa okusheshayo, ngaphandle kwalokho izinkinga ezinkulu zingenzeka.

I-Diphtheria. Kuyini futhi kuyingozi kanjani ukugula?

Lesi sifo sithinta izinambuzane ezimangcwabeni ze-nasopharynx ne-oropharynx. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudakwa ngokweqile kukhula, izinhlelo zezinzwa nezinhliziyo zempilo zihlupheka. Ukuvuvukala kuhambisana nokubukeka kwamafilimu e-fibrin afana nokugqoka okumhlophe. I-Diphtheria ingaba yinto enobungozi, ngaphandle kokudakwa okuphawulekayo.

Ingozi yukuthi ngalesi sifo, i-laryngeal asphyxia, ukuphefumula kwesifo sokuphefumula, i-myocarditis enobuthi noma ukungaqiniseki okunamandla okungase kube khona, kungabangela umphumela obulalayo. Njengoba isifo esinjalo njenge-diphtheria, ukugoma kuyindlela engcono yokuvimbela, okuvumela ukugwema uma kungenjalo isifo, okungenani izinkinga zayo.

Izimbangela

I-agent causative yi-bacillus kaLeffler, ephikisana kakhulu nemithonya yangaphandle. Ezimweni ezijwayelekile, ukumelana okuqhubekayo kwamasonto amabili, emanzini noma ebisi - amasonto amathathu, emazingeni okushisa aphansi - ezinyangeni ezinhlanu. Ngesikhathi sokubilisa noma ukwelashwa nge-chlorine, i-agent ye-causative iphela phakathi komzuzu owodwa.

Ungatheleleka ngamaconsi amanzi avela kumuntu one-diphtheria noma esithwalathini enempilo. Uma ugonywe ngamagundane omzimba we-nasopharynx, ukuphindaphinda kombane we-bacillus ye-diphtheria kwenzeka. Kule nkinga, kukhishwa i-exotoxin, okuyinto, isakazeka ngokugeleza kwegazi, isusa umonakalo ezinhlungwini zenhliziyo, izigulane ezinama-adrenal, izinso kanye nesistimu yesifo sezinzwa. Isiguli sigqugquzela izinga lokushisa futhi lihlala isikhathi eside. Ngezinye izikhathi ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa izinto zasendlini, ukudla.

Ukwehluleka kwe-agent causative yesifo kuphezulu kakhulu. Isizathu salokhu ukuntuleka kokugoma, ukuvimbela ukukhubazeka, ukumelana okulinganiselwe kwe-bacillus ye-diphtheria kuya emathonyeni angaphandle.

Izinhlobo namanje

Kuye indawo, i-diphtheria ye-oropharynx, izitho zokuphefumula, impumulo itholakala. Ezimweni ezingavamile, amehlo, izicathulo, nesikhumba zithintekile. Uma izitho eziningana zithinteka ngesikhathi esisodwa, le fomu ibizwa ngokuthi ihlangene.

Ifomu elivame kakhulu lesi sifo yi-diphtheria ye-oropharyngeal (cishe ngamacala angu-95%). Okokuqala, ukushisa kwesiguli kuphakama kancane, izimpawu zokuphuza ngokweqile, ukuphakama kwamathambo kanye namathambo kuphakama, ukuphathwa ikhanda, ubuthakathaka, isikhumba sehla, isifiso sinciphisa.

I-diphtheria ye-oropharynx yendawo, ejwayelekile futhi enobuthi, i-hypertoxic.

Ngokuvamile lesi sifo sitholakala kwifomu elula (elula) ifomu. Ekuhloleni okubukwayo ekuqaleni kwesifo isembatho esimhlophe ngamathoni anezimingcele ezicacile nesakhiwo esithintekayo sitholakele, isibhande esibomvu sombala obomvu obomvu. Ngemva kwesikhashana, ukuhlaselwa kuba grey noma okuphuzi okuphuzi. Ngeke isuswe. Uma uzama ukukwenza ngezikhwama, kuzoba nesilonda esiphunga. Ubuhlungu emqaleni buyabonakala uma kugwinya.

Ifomu elivamile lingavamile kakhulu. Kubonakala ukuthi akugcini nje ngokuthi amathoni kodwa ama-arches anamakha, ulimi, izindonga ezincane, ukuvuvukala nokubomvu akuhlanganiswa nje kuphela nobuhlungu be-pronotal, kodwa futhi nobubele obumnene. Ukuhlasela kuyanyamalala cishe amasonto amabili.

Ngefomu eliyingozi, izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngokushesha ku-39.5-41 ° C, izimpawu zokudakwa komzimba ukwanda, ubuhlungu esiswini, izinhlungu ezibuhlungu, ukulala, ukunganaki, izitho ezivuvukala, isikhumba esikhuphukile. Ngolimi ungathola ukugqoka okumhlophe. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo kubonakala kukhwehlela, ngenxa ye-edema yama-laryngeal isiguli sinzima ukuphefumula, kukhona ukulahlekelwa kwezwi.

Ifomu le-hypertoxic libhekene nezimpawu eziveziwe zokudakwa. Lo muntu akazi lutho. Uma ukwelashwa kungaqalwanga ngesikhathi, umphumela obulalayo kungenzeka. Kukhona ukunqotshwa kwesimiso sokujikeleza, kukhona ukuqhuma emzimbeni, ukuphahlazeka kwamagundane emangcwabeni, umgudu wamathumbu.

I-Diphtheria croup

Ama-diphtheria (weqiniso) okusanhlamvu angasendaweni futhi asakaze. Ubukhulu besigaba saleso sifo kuncike ekungenikeni kokuphefumula.

Izimpawu ze-diphtheria ye-larynx zikhula kancane kancane. Esikhathini sokubeletha, isiguli sibonakala sishaya izwi, sikhwehlela ukukhwehlela, izinga lokushisa likhuphuka kancane. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili noma ezimbili, ukukhwehlela kuyaqina, ukuphefumula kunzima, umsindo wokumemeza uzwakala ngesikhathi sokuphefumulelwa.

Esikhathini sesibili - i-stenotic, isiguli sibhekene nokukhwehlela kwe-spasmodic, okuhlala emaminithini amabili kuya kwangu-30. Kulolu cala, ubuso buba yinkimbinkimbi, ubukhulu bezinxantathu zendlala, ukukhukhumezeka kwanda kuphawulwe.

Ngemuva kwalokhu kufike isikhathi sokuphefumula, esibonakala ukulala, ukunganaki, isikhumba, ukuxubana, ukucindezeleka kwegazi. Uma isiguli singanikeli usizo lwezokwelapha ngesikhathi, imiphumela ebulalayo izokwenzeka.

Leli fomu le-diphtheria liyathinteka yizingane ezincane, abantu asebekhulile kanye nabantu abane-immunity ebuthakathaka, obangelwa ukuhlukunyezwa kotshwala, ukungondleki kahle.

I-Diphtheria yekhala

Leli fomu lesi sifo alinzima kakhulu. Kubonakala ngokubonakala kwe-rhinitis ene-purulent, i-mucosa yama-nasal ihlanganiswe izilonda, ziyaqhakaza, ubuso buqhuma emathunjini nasweni. Ukushisa kungaphakathi kwemingcele evamile, noma ukuphakanyiswa okuncane, ukuphuza ngokweqile akusekho. Indawo ezungeze impumulo iyathukuthela, kunezinhlanzi zokugcoba nezinsimbi. Uma kwenzeka ifomu eliyingozi le sifo, izicubu ezingaphansi kwezinhlansi nentamo ziyaqhuma.

I-Eye Diphtheria

Leli fomu lesifo lingase lidideke ne-conjunctivitis evamile. Lesi sifo sibonakala nge-hyphenia elinganisiwe kanye ne-edema ye-conjunctiva yekhulu leminyaka. Ngefomu le-catarrhal, ukukhishwa kancane kwe-serous-purulent kubonakala. Uma ifomu lefilimu ku-conjunctiva ibonakala amafilimu amhlophe amhlophe asemqoka ukususa, izinga lokushisa landa kancane. Ifomu eliyingozi linokuqala. Amapilisi avuleka, kukhona okuyimfihlo ye-purulent-purulent uhlamvu. Izindawo zesikhumba ezungeze amehlo zicasuliwe futhi zimanzi, i-cellulose emhlabeni wonke.

I-diphtheria yesikhumba, izitho zangasese, indlebe

Izindlela ezinjalo ze-diphtheria azivamile futhi zivame ukukhula ezinzima nezinye izinhlobo zalesi sifo. Zonke lezi zinhlobonhlobo zinezibonakaliso ezivamile zesifo: i-edema, ukubomvu kwesikhumba kanye ne-membrane yamangqamuzana, i-fibrinous plaque ezindaweni ezithintekayo, izilonda zendawo zesigameko ezibuhlungu nezibuhlungu.

E-diphtheria yezidalwa zesilisa zobulili, inqubo ye-pathological igxile ehlathini. Kulaba besifazane, lingasakazeka ku-crotch, anus, bese kuthatha isisindo kanye nelabi. Kulesi simo, ukubonakala kokuphuma kwe-serous-blood. Kukhona ubunzima bokuchama, kuba buhlungu.

Njengoba i-diphtheria yesikhumba, inqubo ye-pathological iqala endaweni lapho i-diaper ihlaselwa, amanxeba, i-eczema noma i-fungus. Kukhona ukugqoka okungcolile okwesibhakabhaka esikhunjeni nasesiswini se-serous-purulent. Ukudakwa ngokweqile akubhekwa.

Ngokwehlukana, umuntu angahlukanisa uhlobo olunjalo lwesifo njengesifo se-diphtheria esiyingozi. Kuyini? Ngalolu fomu, ukuphuma kwegazi endaweni esithintekayo kubonakala. Ukuze ukwelashwa kuphumelele, kubalulekile ukunquma ukuthi lokhu kuyisibonakaliso se-diphtheria noma isifo esiyingozi esivamile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kubalulekile ukunaka isimo sesiguli kanye nokuba khona kwamanye izimpawu.

Izifo

Ngesisekelo sokuhlolisiswa okubukwayo kobukhona bezimpawu zamafilimu, ukuphefumula okunciphisa ngomsindo wokumemeza ophefumlelwe, ukukhwehlela ukuhlaziya ukukhwehlela "i-diphtheria". Ukuxilonga kufaka phakathi izindlela ezengeziwe zokucwaninga ezisetshenziselwa ukunquma uhlobo oluthile lwezinkinga, ukuhlolisisa izinhlobo ze-atypical zesifo.

Ezimweni ezinjalo, kusetshenziselwa uphenyo lwe-bacteriological, oluqukethe ukuthi isiguli sithola i-diphtheria smear emqaleni. Le ndlela ivumela ukuhlukanisa i-pathogen nokufunda izici zayo ezinobuthi.

Indlela ye-serological iyadingeka ukuze kunqume izinga lokuzivikela, ukutholakala kwamagciwane omzimba we-antitoxic kanye ne-antibacterial.

Ngosizo lwe-genetic method, i-DNA ye-pathogen iyahlolwa.

Ukwelashwa kwe-diphtheria

Kungakhathaliseki ubuhlungu besifo, i-diphtheria kubantu abadala nezingane iphathwa kuphela esibhedlela. Isiguli kufanele sihambisane nokudla futhi sihambisane nokuphumula kombhede. Ukuze unciphise i-exotoxin ye-diphtheria futhi ayeke ukudakwa komzimba, i-antidiphtheria serum (i-PDS) ilawulwa. Isidakamizwa kufanele senziwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, lokhu kuzogwema ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkinga. Isebenza ngokukhethekile ezinsukwini ezingu-4 kusukela ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo. Isidakamizwa sisetshenzisiwe ngisho noma usola ukuthi ungcolile ngemuva kokuxhumana nomuntu ogulayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiguli sinqunywe inkambo yama-antibiotic, okunciphisa inani lezinambuzane, kunciphisa izimpawu zokudakwa. Ngokuvamile basebenzisa i- "Ampicillin", "Amoxicillin", "Cephalexin", "Oxycillin". Uma kunesidingo, hlela ama-hormone (izidakamizwa prednisolone), antihistamine ("Diazolin", "Suprastin", njll), antipyretics, amavithamini.

Ukuze uvimbele i-stenosis, igumbi kufanele libe nomoya omuhle, isiguli sinqunywe isiphuzo esifudumele ngendlela yetiyi noma ubisi nge-soda, umshayeli we-inhalation. Ukuze unciphise i-hypoxia, i-oksijeni ewakhiwe ijojowe nge-catheter yangasese. Uma lezi zinqubo zingasiza ukuthuthukisa isimo sesiguli, i- "Prednisolone" inqunywe.

Uma isiguli sinokuhluleka kokuphefumula, kulokhu, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ukususa amafilimu. Ngalokhu, sebenzisa i-forceps, ipompi kagesi. Amacala amakhulu kakhulu akwenzi ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa. Isiguli sinikezwa ithubhu lokuphefumula ku-larynx noma i-trachea.

Nge-diphtheria enobuthi obukhulu, i-diphtheria croup, ukushaqeka okwesifo esithathelwanayo kanye nezinye izinkinga eziyingozi, isiguli siyiswa esibhedlela ngokuvuselelwa.

Izinkinga

I-toxin eyenza i-bacillus ye-diphtheria isheshe igxilwe egazini, okubangela izinkinga ezinkulu futhi eziyingozi. Ziqondile (eziyingozi) futhi ezingekho emthethweni.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziqondile kwenzeka kakhulu kaningi ngesimo esiyingozi sesifo, nakuba kungenzeka kwezinye izinhlobo. Izinkinga zihlanganisa i-myocarditis, neuritis, nephrotic syndrome.

I-myocarditis ingase isheshe futhi iphuze. Ukuqala kungenzeka ngesonto eli-1-2 lesifo. Inkambo inzima, ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo kuyaqhubeka. Iziguli zithola ubuhlungu besisu, ukuhlanza kanye nokushayela okusheshayo. Kukhona ukukhononda kwe-systolic enhliziyweni, isigqi esingavamile, ukwehla okucindezelayo kwegazi. Isibindi sanda futhi siba nobuhlungu.

I-myocarditis ezayo, eqala ngamaviki angu-3-4, iyingozi kakhulu.

Ukuphikisana okuvamile kwesifo sokuthi i-diphtheria sekuqala futhi sekuphelile ukukhubazeka. Ngesonto lesibili lesi sifo, ukukhubazeka kokuqala kwezinzwa zomzimba kungenzeka. Isiguli siba izwi elimsindo, kunezinkinga ekugwinya, ukungabi khona kwe-reflex kusuka emlonyeni ophansi. Ngezinye izikhathi isiguli asikwazi ukufunda futhi asihlukanisi phakathi kwezintwana ezincane.

Ngemuva kwamaviki angu-4-5, kungenzeka ukuthi ukukhubazeka okuphuthumayo kungase kwenzeke. I-reflexes ye-tendon iyancipha, ukukhubazeka kwemisipha, ukuphazamiseka kokuxhumana.

Uma imisipha yentamo kanye ne-trunk ithintekile, umuntu akakwazi ukuhlala esimweni esihlezi, kunzima ngaye ukubamba ikhanda. Ukuthuthukiswa okunokwenzeka kokukhubazeka kwe-larynx, pharynx, isifenqema. Lokhu kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezwi nokubonakala komkhuhlane othulile, isiguli kunzima ukugwinya, isisu siyadonsela.

Esikhathini esicacile sesifo singathuthukisa i- nephrotic syndrome. Emcimbini kukhona inani eliphakeme lemaprotheni, ngaphezu kwama-erythrocyte ajwayelekile kanye nama-leukocytes. Kulokhu, umsebenzi wezinso awuphuli.

Izinkinga ezingekho emthethweni zihlanganisa isibhamu, i-otitis media, i-lymphadenitis, nabanye.

Isibikezelo

Ukuchazwa kwesifo kuncike ekutheni i-diphtheria isifo siphila kanzima, ngesikhathi sokuqala kokwelashwa kwe-serum, nokuthuthukiswa kwezinkinga ezihlukahlukene.

Ngosuku lwesibili noma lwesihlanu lesi sifo, umphumela obulalayo ungenzeka ikakhulukazi kwifomu eliyingozi ye-diphtheria. Isizathu siwukushaqeka okwesifo esithathelwanayo nokuphefumula. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili noma amathathu kusukela ekuqaleni kokugula, ukufa kungabuka ku-myocarditis enamandla.

Ukuvimbela

Lesi sifo kungcono ukuvimbela kunokwelashwa, ikakhulukazi njengengozi njenge-diphtheria. Sesivele sithole ukuthi kuyini, kodwa singazivikela kanjani? Isilinganiso esiyinhloko sokuvimbela umgomo wokugoma, owenziwa ngokulandela uhlelo, kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyizinyanga ezintathu, ngezigaba ezintathu. Ukugonywa ngokumelene nalesi sifo kufakwe ohlelweni lukazwelonke lokugoma. Sebenzisa umgomo we-DTP noma enye equkethe i-diphtheria toxoid. Abantu abadala kudingeka baphinde baphinde bavikeleke ukuze bavikele umkhuhlane we-diphtheria.

Ngidinga ukugoma nge-diphtheria? Yiqiniso, ukugoma akuyona isiqinisekiso sokuthi ngeke ugula, kodwa lesi sifo sizoqhubeka kalula futhi ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezinkulu. Ukuvuselelwa kwabantu abadala kwenziwa njalo eminyakeni eyishumi.

Ukuvinjelwa okunempilo kwe-diphtheria kukuvumela ukuthi uvikele ukusabalala kokutheleleka. Isiguli kufanele sihlukanise ngokushesha futhi sihlole abantu abaye baxhumana naye. Izithwala ezitholakalayo ze-corynebacteria diphtheria nazo zihlukanisiwe futhi ukwelashwa okudingekayo kunqunywe.

E-kindergartens kanye nezikole, ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhemikhali kutholakala, amakamelo lapho isiguli sasihlala khona ekugwenyweni kwegazi. Isiguli kufanele sibe esibhedlela kuze kube yilapho kutholakala ngokuphelele, okuqinisekiswa yizibalo ezimbili ngenhloso engalungile.

Umuntu oye wahlushwa isifo sakhela ukuzivikela okungaphephile. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, angase agule futhi, kodwa lesi sifo sizogeleza kalula.

Uma isikhathi sokugoma nokuphindaphinda singatholakali, ukuqina kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi kunciphisa, kanti okudingekayo ekuthuthukiseni lesi sifo kuyadalwa. Ku-diphtheria okugonywe kutholakala ngesimo esibucayi, izinkinga azivamile.

I-prophylaxis engapheliyo ye-diphtheria yinkimbinkimbi, umsebenzi wokuzivocavoca olinganiselayo, ukudla okunempilo okwanele, ukuhlala emoyeni ovulekile.