I degree of namachibi - okuyinto ukubaluleka? Indlela kutholakale umsuka wendaba yesihluku namachibi izici?

isihloko esikoleni enjalo njengo-chemistry ukubangela izinkinga eziningi iningi labafundi lanamuhla, kakhulu bambalwa abantu bangase bahlole degree of namachibi kule compounds. Ubunzima enkulu esikoleni izingane abafunda i-chemistry wezinto ezingaphili, okungukuthi, eyinhloko zesikole (8-9 amamaki). Into nokungaqondi kuholela ungathandi zesikole kahle le ndaba.

Othisha ukwaba ngenxa yezizathu eziningana kule "ukungathandi" abafundi abafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme okusezingeni eliphezulu kwamakhemikhali: sekungavumi ukuqonda eziyinkimbinkimbi zamakhemikhali imigomo, ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa ubuchule obuphezulu for inqubo ethile, nokusebenzisa ilwazi leembalo yenkinga. Ministry of Education ziye yenza izinguquko ezinkulu kule lokucuketfwe kwaleso sifundvo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "usike 'kanye namahora ekufundziseni yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Lokhu kubathinta wathinta izinga ulwazi ngale ndaba, ukwehla nesithakazelo ekutadisheni isiyalo.

Iyiphi inkambo izihloko yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali unikeza abafundi enzima?

Ngaphansi kohlelo olusha ngokuhamba yesiyalo "Chemistry" esikoleni eziyisisekelo kuhlanganisa izihloko eziningana ezinkulu: ishadi lesikhathi salezi izakhi D. I. Mendeleeva, izinto wezinto ezingaphili amakilasi, ion exchange. Onzima ibanga nenikezwa namachibi isimo oxides.

imithetho ukubekwa

Okokuqala abafundi kufanele uqaphele ukuthi ukukhangwa-elementi ezimbili oxides ayizakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho Ukwakheka kufakwe umoya-mpilo. Imfuneko kwakwakhe kanambambili okuqondene ekilasini oxides mpilo indawo yesibili kwakwakhe inikezwe.

Bala Inkomba phi ekilasini kunikezwa amafomula etholwe kuphela uma lowo mfundi algorithm ethize.

Algorithm oxides esidi

Ukuze uqale, siphawula ukuthi lokuphuma phambili okumisiwe namachibi luwukubonakaliswa kwamanani ka Valence izici. oxides esidi kwakhiwa non-izinsimbi noma izinsimbi nge Valence ka ezine kuya kweziyisikhombisa, owesibili iyadingeka oxides enjalo mpilo.

I oxides-mpilo Valence njalo oluhambisana ezimbili, kungaba ukunquma ngokuvumelana tincenye ishadi lesikhathi D. I. Mendeleeva. Lena ejwayelekile ze-non-metal njengomoya-mpilo, ngesikhathi Iqembu 6 we ishadi lesikhathi salezi iqeqebana main, amukela electron ezimbili, ukuze ngokugcwele ukuqedela yangaphandle amandla level yayo. Non-insimbi zezakhi-mpilo ngokuvamile abonisa le valency eliphakeme okuhambelana inani kweqembu uqobo lwalo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbuza ukuthi lokuphuma phambili okumisiwe namachibi samakhemikhali kuyinto inkomba sicabangela omuhle (negative) inombolo.

ukuma Nonmetal ekuqaleni ifomula has a isimo esihle namachibi. Non-metal oxides e-oxygen-ezinzile, yezokubona yayo -2. Ukuze uqinisekise ukunemba umgwaqo yamanani oxides acid kufanele uphindaphinde zonke izinombolo usufaka indices timphawu ethile. Izibalo ezibhekwa evumelekile uma ingqikithi zonke izinzuzo nezingozi isethi 0 degrees eyatholakala.

Ulungiselela-elementi ezimbili amafomula

I degree of namachibi izakhi-athomu has a chance ukuthi idale iphinde futhi urekhode kwakwakhe yizici ezimbili. Lapho edala ifomula ukuqala kokubili izimpawu eduze enqunyiwe, ngokucophelela yesibili ukunikeza umoya-mpilo. On qongo of each emamakini eqoshiwe ukubaluleka ebekiwe lamadigri namachibi, wabe esethola phakathi kwezinombolo inombolo ukuthi kuyoba ngaphandle ngokulinganayo sihlukaniswe ngu kokubili izinombolo. Inkomba kumele ihlukaniswe ngamunye ngenani zezinombolo degree of namachibi ukuthola indices ngokuba izingxenye zokuqala nesesibili impahla-elementi ezimbili. isimo Ephakeme namachibi kuyinto anda elingana nenani eliphakeme Valence nonmetal ejwayelekile nsé inombolo iqembu, lapho PS kuyinto nonmetal.

Ukusebenza algorithm amanani ezinombolo ku oxides eyisisekelo

compounds okunjalo ezibhekwa ejwayelekile metal oxides. Ziyakwazi zonke compounds kwadingeka izinga isimo namachibi ezingekho ngaphezu elilodwa noma amabili. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kuyoba degree of namachibi we metal, kungenzeka ukusizakala uhlelo gqwa. Ngo izinsimbi le subgroups eyinhloko iqembu lokuqala, le ndlela uhlale njalo, ithi ayifane inombolo iqembu, ukuthi ungomunye.

Izinsimbi iqeqebana eyinhloko iqembu lesibili nazo elinesimo isimo namachibi esitebeleni +2 anda. I degree of namachibi e inani oxides uma sicabangela indices zabo (izinombolo) kufanele unikeze zero, ngoba amakhemikhali kubhekwa molecule hlangothi, elingenalo nezinhlayiya kwenkokhelo.

Lapho umgwaqo namachibi kule acid elingenawo umoya-equkethe

Acid kukhona izidakamizwa eziyinkimbinkimbi sakhiwa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ama-athomu ye-hydrogen okuhlotshaniswa ezinye zinsalela acid. Njengoba sazi ukuthi ngezinga elithile namachibi kuyinto okuhloswe zezinombolo ekubaleni zabo kudinga amanye amakhono ezibalo. Leyo inkomba hydrogen (i-proton) esitebeleni njalo acid, kuyinto +1. Ngaphezu kwalokho kungenzeka abonisa degree of namachibi we omubi umoya-mpilo ion, liphinde ezinzile, -2.

Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye lezi zinyathelo, kungenzeka ukubala degree of namachibi esemazweni eyinhloko ifomula. Njengoba isampula ethize cabanga izakhi sokunquma degree of namachibi e-sulfuric acid, H2SO4. Njengoba sazi ukuthi e-molecule efana eziyinkimbinkimbi iqukethe hydrogen-proton ezimbili, 4 ama-athomu oksijini, sithola ukubonakaliswa ifomu + 2 + X-8 = 0. Ukuze Sum kwakhiwa zero, Y degree of sulphur namachibi +6

Lapho umgwaqo namachibi kule nosawoti

Zikasawoti ayizakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa metal ion futhi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu anions. Izindlela yokunquma degree of namachibi ngayinye izingxenye in usawoti eziyinkimbinkimbi kuyafana kule acid elingenawo umoya-aqukethe. Njengoba sazi ukuthi ngezinga elithile namachibi izakhi - inkomba digital, kubalulekile ukuze ukhombise degree of namachibi we metal.

Uma isizinda obumba usawoti uku iqeqebana main, esimweni saso namachibi uqinile, elihambisana inombolo qembu omuhle. Uma usawoti iqukethe metal subgroups ezifana PS bembonisa ezahlukene valences ukucacisa Valence we metal kungenzeka ku okuseleyo acid. Lapho degree of namachibi we metal ukufakwa, ukubeka degree of namachibi umoya-mpilo (-2), kulandele kubalwa degree of namachibi yomzimba central ngokusebenzisa kwesibalo zamakhemikhali.

Njengoba isibonelo, ngokucabangela incazelo yegama elithi namachibi uthi ngoba yizakhi nitrate sodium (usawoti ovamile). NaNO3. Kumiswa Sol iqeqebana eyinhloko iqembu 1 metal, Ngakho-ke, izinga namachibi sodium kuyinto +1. Ngezinye oksijini isimo nitrate namachibi ka -2. Ukuze ubone ukuthi ukubaluleka kwamanani ka namachibi lilinganisa +1 + X-6 = 0. Ukuxazulula le equation, sithola ukuthi X kumele kube 5, lena degree of namachibi nitrogen.

Amagama angukhiye ku IAD

Kukhona imigomo ekhethekile ziyadingeka ukufunda abafundi ngenxa namachibi nokwehlisa inqubo.

Izinga le-namachibi yikhono layo ukuqondisa babiza ngokwayo (ukunikeza ezahlukene) electron kusukela ezinye ion noma ama-athomu.

I oxidant kubhekwa ama-athomu hlangothi noma ion ngesikhathi yokusabela chemical ngokwayo ijoyina electron.

I-ejenti ekunciphiseni ngeke ama-athomu uncharged noma ion ukuthi, e inqubo nokuxhumana chemical ulahlekelwe electron zabo.

Inqubo namachibi umelwe electron umthelela.

Yokutakula lihlotshaniswa ukwamukelwa of electron ezengeziwe athomu uncharged noma ion.

inqubo Redox libhekene ukusabela, ngokuhamba okuyinto ngempela izinguquko degree of namachibi athomu. Lenchazelo kusenza siqonde ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuba inqume ukuthi ukusabela ISI.

OVR imithetho lokudlulisa

Ukusebenzisa le-algorithm, le okuza zingahlelwa kunoma iyiphi ukusabela zamakhemikhali.

1. Okokuqala udinga ukubeka esimweni ngasinye chemical namachibi. Qaphela ukuthi elula ndaba nesimo namachibi ka zero, njengoba kungekho okukhipha (uxhumano) izinhlayiya ezimbi. Imigomo nokubekwa namachibi e compounds kanambambili futhi emithathu isici Kwahlolisiswa yithi ngenhla.

2. Khona-ke kubalulekile ukukhomba labo ngama-athomu, noma ama-ion, okuye kwenzeka phakathi ukuguqulwa, namachibi washintsha.

3. Eqoshiwe kusukela ohlangothini lwesobunxele ndaba kuyindlela ama-athomu ilahliwe noma ama-ion, okuyinto zishintshile degree kwabo namachibi. Kuyadingeka ngenxa balance sheet. Ngokuhamba izinto ezidingekayo ukuze ukhombise ukubaluleka kwabo.

4. Ngaphezu kwalokho ebhaliwe labo ngama-athomu, noma ion ukuthi akhiwa ngesikhathi yokusabela, uphawu + kubonisa isibalo electron athomu samukelwa, - isibalo yabalingisi izinhlayiya ezimbi. Uma inqubo nokuxhumana ziyancipha isimo namachibi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-electron athathwa athomu (ion). Lapho degree of namachibi athomu (ion) ukunikela electron ngesikhathi yokusabela.

5. Inombolo kulencane Imininingwane kuthathwe ukwehlukana kuqala, bese ukusakaza ngesikhathi electron etholwe okuza. Point zinombolo edingekayo izici stereochemical.

6. Nquma oxidant, reductant, izinqubo ezenzeka phakathi ukusabela.

7. Isinyathelo sokugcina kuyoba ukuqondanisa yezici stereochemical e okunjena.

   Ngokwesibonelo OVR

Ake sicabangele ngokoqobo algorithm othile chemical yokusabela.

Fe + CuSO4 = Cu + FeSO4

Thina ukubala zonke izinto ezilula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Njengoba Fe futhi Cu kukhona izinto ezilula, isimo sabo namachibi kuyinto 0. Ngo CuSO4, le Cu + 2 Khona-ke 2-mpilo, isibabule futhi ngezinye +6. Ngo FeSO4: Fe +2, Ngakho-ke, i-O 2, calc S +6.

Ingabe manje ngifuna izakhi ezingase ukushintsha izibalo, ezimweni zethu, ngeke babe Fe futhi Cu.

Njengoba ukubaluleka ngemva ukusabela athomu kwaba 2, 2 electron lanikezwa ukusabela. Ithusi indices zabo zashintsha 0 kuya 2 consequently ithusi wathatha 2 ama-electron. Manje Sichaza isibalo electron wathola, futhi inkatho yensimbi athomu futhi seka cupric. Phakathi ukuguqulwa kuthathwe seka electron ezimbili cupric electron efanayo yensimbi inikezwe athomu.

Kule nqubo ayifanele ukucacisa okungenani ezivamile amaningi, njengoba kuthathwe futhi banikezwe ngesikhathi ukuguqulwa lilingane nenani electron. izici Stereochemical ngeke ahamibsane eyodwa. Ngo ukusabela ejenti ekunciphiseni ngeke abonise izakhiwo zensimbi, ngesikhathi oxidized. ithusi seka divalent kuyehla kube zethusi okumsulwa ekusabeleni it has ngezinga eliphakeme of namachibi.

Indlela yokufaka izicelo

Formula degree of namachibi kufanele yaziwe nalelo likilasi wesikole 8-9, njengoba lolu daba likhona umsebenzi Oge. Noma yimuphi izinqubo ezenzeka nge oxidizing, ekunciphiseni izimpawu, udlala indima ebalulekile ezimpilweni zethu. Ziyakwazi esisemqoka umzimba izinqubo emzimbeni womuntu.