Ezimayini zegolide eRussia: izici, umlando ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

ezimayini zegolide eRussia - i umkhakha ezibalulekile, okuyinto Sekuyisikhathi eside zinganakiwe. Zenzeka ezikhathini tsarist, ezimayini ezibhujisiwe ngesikhathi Revolution Yombango. nenkathi yamaSoviet futhi waletha umkhakha eziqhakaza. Mhlawumbe emnothweni entsha bazokwazi lula uhlelo zokukhiqiza.

Le nganekwane mayelana ukutholakala

Umlando ezimayini zegolide eRussia, ngokuvumelana version olusemthethweni, kuqalile ngekhulu le-18. Kukholakala ukuthi ukwethulwa wakhonza njengephayona itshe elincane, etholakala eduze kwalesi eYekaterinburg schismatic. Ngesizathu esithile, wabika ukutholakala lakhe nokuphathwa Ekaterinburg isitshalo. search wakhe Wasehamba wathola eziningi amatshe. Kwesikhathi "Original" igolide yasungulwa kwisayithi ye uyathola.

Iqiniso lokuthi ezimayini zegolide e-Russia zingakhokhelwa ube umkhakha emikhulu njengoba kubekiwe kumtheshwana ngekhulu lesihlanu leminyaka. Lokhu watshelwa-mlando eziningi abaye bavakashela zokhahlamba we Urals izifunda sebenzisa kubantu bomdabu semali imigexo nendlu izinto ezenziwe ensimbini eyigugu.

Ngesisekelo isikali imboni kazwelonke wabeka Petr Veliky e 1719. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, eRussia seyibe umholi ekuthuthukiseni kanye ukukhiqizwa igolide. Ukulandela S. Yu. Vitte kabusha ukwethulwa "izinga legolide" e laseRussia aqala Mint igolide, futhi amabhomu zitholakala sokuthuthukiswa izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe kanye abahwebi yangasese.

emva kwempi

Ngemva inguquko zokukhiqiza 1917 igolide eRussia yafakwa busebenze iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Isimo isikhathi eside akazange akhokhe iyiphi ukunakekela umkhakha, bangathembeli ukuthuthukiswa imali ezaziwayo kanye ukuhlola amasha, futhi yokudliwa komhlaba zegolide imikhiqizo yayo phakathi kwabantu. I-Committee on izinsimbi eziyigugu yasungulwa ngo-1918, kodwa ukuletha ukuze kubhekelelwe ezimayini kungabonakali ngokushesha.

indawo eyinhloko ezimayini zegolide eRussia elise Urals, eSiberia, lapho uhulumeni omusha hhayi ngokushesha ufinyelelwe. Usebenze kwezimayini ezimayini wadlulela "amhlophe", bese "red". Abaphikisi imishini ubhujiswe, odla izindwani kwezimayini bahlakazeka Artel. Phakathi Yombango, imboni iye cishe ubhujiswe. Ngisho e kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ezimayini zegolide eRussia yehlile. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1918 izwe wathola ingqikithi angaba ngu-30 okusansimbi ngo-1913 isibalo safinyelela amathani cishe 64 ngonyaka. Eminyakeni eyalandela, ukukhiqizwa, alokhu kunqatshelwe. Ngo-1920, amathani 2.8 zavezwa, futhi ngo-1921 waphumelela ukuthola abasebenza emayini 2.5 kuphela amathani ensimbini eyigugu.

Yokwehla kwezinga ukudoba

Esikhathini kusuka 1918 kuya ku-1922 e ezimayini zegolide uhulumeni wamaSoviet wathola mayelana 15 amathani zegolide, esikhathini esifanayo, inani labantu amathani 15.7 zegolide nezinto zashaqwa. Ngokusho idatha olungekho emthethweni, inani "umaluju ngokuzithandela" lalilikhulu kakhulu ngokusho kombiko by amazwe aseBaltic, esikhathini esifanayo, abangu akhishelwe khona amathani angaba ngu-500 metal. Ngo-1921, isimo elandela kabusha yemali, esekelwe ifomula: "izinga legolide", okusho izimali zabuye olunikezwa yegolide.

Ngo-1922 kwaba sobala ukuthi yonke imali ezaziwayo kakade ukhathele eziningi idatha geologorazvedok elahlekile, futhi uhambo abasha ngeke kwenziwe. Isitatimende Eqinisweni senzeka ngo-1924. Ekukhanyeni ukuqaliswa izinyathelo ukubuyisa umbuso isimo phezu ukukhiqizwa, "Glavzoloto" yanikezwa ilungelo lokuzikhethela amandla ezehlukile, amakhono, imali. Ngo-1925, i-Plan iyawakha, uze kuqala ukukhiqiza ubelokhu ukuthuthukiswa kwama co-op ukusebenza kuqaliswe ukuthuthukiswa izikhungo zombuso ukuba yimfihlo.

pre-impi isikhathi

Ngo-1927, "Glavzoloto" lalenziwa "Soyuzzoloto" senze ilungiselelo lokuba ukusungulwa inkonzo ukuhlola ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi abasha. Isilinganiso ngowokuqala kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo ngezimali nokukhuthaza yangasese ukuze themba igolide kanye nezinkampani ezincane ezimayini zegolide. Ngo-1923, ukuthuthukiswa igolide elisemcengezini umfula we Aldan (Yakutia) wethulwa. Kuthiwa igolide angase eqoqwe ngesandla. The main ezimayini zegolide esifundeni owenziwa ukwethembana "Aldanzoloto".

Kwaphela iminyaka emibili (1927-1928) Usawoti of amatshe ayigugu kunyuke ngo-61%. Ngo-1929, abangaphezu kuka-25 amathani ngegolide elihlanzekile abangu misela kuleli zwe, iningi lomphakathi alethwe inhlangano. Ukulandela nokwanda okuphawulekayo umthamo zegolide ekhiqizwa kwaba iminyaka 1936 nango-1937 futhi zaba amathani 130, iRussia yathatha indawo yesibili ekukhiqizeni igolide emhlabeni simo.

Ekuqaleni lo msebenzi impi olunikezwe yengcebo isimo mayelana amathani 174 ka ensimbini eyigugu ngonyaka. Iningi zigcine kwaba ukuthengwa imishini ngemboni, ukuhlinzeka kwezimboni kanye ukuzimela zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

isikhathi kanye eminyakeni post-yimpi neMpi

ezimayini zegolide eRussia bekulokhu wemboni ngedatha ngononina. Phakathi nempi, ekusithekeni ezingeni wavuswa, lokho kwaba ukusebenza ezimbonini ngalesi sikhathi, ku omphakathi unolwazi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezingeni zegolide yokuthengisa lidlule ijubane zokukhiqiza. State kwavusa zonke ipulazi (ikakhulukazi yangasese). Abasebenzi nokudla futhi umklomelo. Naphezu kobukhulu isimo kwenziwa ukwakhiwa dolobha, olusha yokukhiqiza izindawo. Ukuze umboleke-ukuqasha ukudiliva zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ikhokhwe amathani angaba yizinkulungwane 1.5 egolide.

Ngo kuyadingeka ngokushesha ngemva kwempi ukubuyisela umnotho, ayokwakha kabusha umuzi ukunikeza abantu ithuba zahlala ngemuva kwekutsi kuvele esibhubhisayo. Umlando ezimayini zegolide eRussia lesi sikhathi, ezinemibala nge imibala emnyama - embonini wanikeza ngaphansi kweso "Glavspetstsvetmet", ebhekise Wezangaphakathi.

Ngesikhashana nje kwekamu elalihlelwe lapho iziboshwa ezigwetshwe ukudilikelwa ekuthuthukiseni egolide. Uhlelo eziqhutshwa mayelana 30 ITL, onguchwepheshe ukuthuthukiswa eziyigugu metal imali. Lesi sinyathelo senziwe igolide ukukhiqizwa irekhodi okusezingeni eliphezulu ngezindleko sakugcina zezimali, konke lokho kwase ku- elikholelwa izinkulungwane zeziboshwa. Ngu-1950, amathani 100 steel zavezwa kuleli zwe. Esiqiwini legolide sasingama irekhodi e-USSR futhi 2049 zaba amathani 1953. Lesi sibalo engakaze kudlulwe okwamanje.

Phakathi nokubusa N. S. Hruscheva besihambisana nesiminyaminya yizimanga eziningi. Ukuze umphakathi international ebaluleke kakhulu sazo sasingamashumi esebenzayo futhi onohlonze ethengisa igolide ezimakethe zomhlaba. West kubhekwe ezinkulu ukugxusha igolide ku emakethe njengoba ubudlova Russian elinokuthula. The main ingxenye sasetshenziswa ukuthenga ukudla. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke-Russian igolide kokungenela kwenzeka ngo-1963, lapho amathani ukuthenga amabele 800 metal wayichitha.

namuhla

Phakathi nokubusa L. I. Brezhneva ezimayini zegolide eRussia ayizange isikhathi esingcono, imboni akuzange wathola ukunakwa ngesikhathi esifanele. Inani elikhulu eziyigugu metal izinqolobane sasetshenziswa izimakethe angaphandle ukuthenga ukudla, izinga ukukhiqizwa njalo bawa. Ngo-1988, indlela elibuyekeziwe embonini supply kwaba ihlelwe kabusha, futhi izinga ukukhiqizwa eqala ukwenyuka. Ngo-1990 yena lifinyelele izinga okuqinile - amathani angu-300.

Isikhathi ukulungiswa bekulokhu kunezinxushunxushu lonke umnotho, kuhlanganise igolide yimboni yetimayini. Metal Sales ezimakethe angaphandle likhula abukhali iconsi isizukulwane. Esibucayi kakhulu kwaba 1998, ukukhiqizwa zaba amathani 115 kuphela. Nge ukungenela isimo e isimo ukudoba waqala level off, kodwa uhlelo esinobunye namanje engakaze athuthukile. Igolide kuyingxenye ebalulekile yezezimali GDP, kepha ejwayelekile yenqubomgomo okwamanje. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-21 leminyaka th e-Russia kunamabandla acishe abe ngu-6-ayizinkulungwane Amasimu.

Idiphozi ngobukhulu igolide e-Russia

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla simo yegolide kule yembathani WaseRussia ithatha isikhundla wesine. Elikhulu kunawo wonke izindawo ezimayini zegolide Russian tibheke eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude. ukuthuthukiswa olunzulu futhi kukhiqizwe ensimbini eyigugu sezisunguliwe ezimayini ezahlukene, okuyindawo kuvuselela yegolide.

Le ndawo lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwezimayini Kwenziwa:

• EKhabarovsk Territory.
• esifundeni Amur.
• esifundeni yaseMagadana.
• Krasnoyarsk Territory.
• I-Republic of Sakha.
• Chukotka Autonomous District.
• Sverdlovsk esifundeni.
• Buriatia et al.

Obalulekile ingxenyenamba mass igolide livela ezimayini ezinkulu:

• Solovyov.
• Dambuki.
• Ksenevskogo.
• Altai.
• Nevyanovskogo.
• Gradsky.
• Conder.
• Udereyskogo.

ezimayini zegolide Private eRussia

ezimayini zegolide eRussia abantu uvinjelwe kusukela ngo-1954. isikhathi kukaStalin babe evundile wabavukuzi. Isinqumo Uhulumeni lezi izinzuzo ezengeziwe, amabhonasi, anikezwe ilungelo lokusebenzisa okungcono igolide esindayo ezindaweni kwangena. Ukukhuthaza umsebenzi basakaza amafulethi, uhambo bangabeki amakhaya nokunye .. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka pre-impi, imvume zolotobychu wahluleka ukuthola noma iyiphi indoda omdala, ababengamthandi nerekhodi lobugebengu.

Inombolo abavukuzi ukusebenza singly noma ama cooperatives yangasese, lafinyelela abantu izinkulungwane 120. metal misela wathatha eziningi okukhethekile izinto. Ngemizamo abahwebi yangasese avuleka ifakwe aphethe kwezimayini omusha, kamuva aba ngaphansi kokulawula Tikhungo letinyenti tahulumende. Ngesikhathi amabhizinisi angasese (1932-1941 GG.), Isibalo igolide misela ikhuphukile kahlanu.

igolide Russian

Ngokusho emhlabeni imiphumela 2016 Russia ibekwe njengezwe lesithathu ekukhiqizeni igolide amaminerali wathuthela endaweni yesibili ekukhiqizeni isiyonke ensimbini eyigugu. Ngokusho S. Kaszuby (Usihlalo Russian Union of Gold), kwakulindeleke ukuba ezingeni production for ngonyaka 2016 ngeke azisizi azungeze 297 wamathani, ukukhuphuka kancane ekukhiqizeni ehleliwe 2017.

amaphrojekthi Yokuphumelela 2016 kwaba ukuthuthukiswa Pavlik idiphozi ku Magadan esifundeni kanye eKamchatka Violet. Ulwazi olunembile imiphumela 2016 akakalenzi yomphakathi. Yiziphi utshalomali jikelele ezimayini zegolide Russia - alaziwa.

Ngokusho izibalo ezisemthethweni, 2015, i-ezimayini zegolide Russian ngonyaka zaba amathani 294,3 metal esiye sathuthukisa ukusebenza isikhathi langaphambilini 2%. Ngo-2016 Dmitriy Medvedev ekuyi ngemvume izichibiyelo zomthetho "Ngo kugcwele", evumela abantu ukuba bahlanganyele sokudoba ezimayini zegolide.

Izichibiyelo umthetho: ngobuhle nangobubi bawo

Kusukela 2017 avunyelwe izimayini yangasese igolide eRussia. Umthetho uhlinzekela Leasing iminyaka emihlanu, 15 amahektha, lapho, ngokusho kongoti, iqukethe kuze kufinyelele 10 khilogremu igolide. Ngo ukuthuthukiswa eziningi imikhawulo:

• Bambe singesegolide can indlela olukha phezulu kuphela.
• Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuqhuba imisebenzi ukuqhumisa.
• Ukujula lapho ungakwazi umbe - 5 amamitha.

Ground ngoba ukuvulwa kwe-project umshayeli akhethiwe Magadan esifundeni lapho abalwa amasayithi 200 isilungele ukuthuthukiswa yangasese. Uhulumeni kuyisinyathelo kubhekwe njengendlela project nomphakathi. Inani labantu base-ezisenyakatho kuyinto ebuhlungu. Iningi akudingeki amathuba okuthola umsebenzi ohloniphekile, futhi ugeze uye eside igolide kwaba ngendlela yendabuko yomsebenzi wokuziphilisa. Ibhizinisi emthethweni buyadlondlobala, futhi manje, emva Ukwamukelwa sokuchitshiyelwa, abaningi bayoba nethuba ukusebenza emkhakheni wezomthetho, futhi isimo uzothola imali eyengeziwe.

Kukhona nokwesaba ukuthi kwakuzoba ubugebengu obudlangile nokweba ezenzeka esikhathini Magadan esifundeni in the 90s, lapho umthetho wendawo ku ezimayini zegolide yangasese kwavunyelwana. Against ukwamukelwa ukuchibiyela zikhuthazwe FSB kanye Ministry of Justice. Abaningi basho amazwi umbono wokuthi abazimele ngeke ukuxazulula inkinga uma elahlekelwe umsebenzi. Iziphakamiso ezenziwe ukuvula ezimbalwa amakhulu Amasimu eqandisiwe, okuzokwenza enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba baqashe izinkulungwane zabantu futhi uthole ukuthutheleka labantu Magadan Region.