Ezimakethe. Isidingo ijika. Umthetho ukunikezela

isayensi Economic kuhilela izinto eziningi imiqondo, imithetho, imithetho, amafomula, ubunzima nemibono. Inkulumo akukwazi ngokuphelele okulungile noma okungalungile. Wacabanga njalo Economist amenable ukugxekwa. Phela, ngokungafani izibalo, imithetho ngqo, ezifana kabili ezimbili ezine, ayikho nje.

Lokhu kungenxa izinto eziningi. Chief phakathi kwabo kufihliwe entweni zocwaningo, okuyinto akhethiwe kule isayensi njengoba ukhiye - budlelwane lobukhona emkhatsini izikhonzi ubudlelwane emakethe.

Kanjani ukuba sikuqonde lokhu? Yini enhle, kodwa lokhu ngesinye isikhathi ziyefana. Yilelo nalelo lungu of ubudlelwano emakethe ine Umbuso ayo abekelwe emaceleni ngomkhiqizo, umkhiqizo, umsebenzi. Othile ukhiqiza futhi othile ibusa.

Lesi sihloko imininingwane emakethe ukufuna, ijika ngokufunwa, zezici nomthelela ezingeni layo.

izinhlobo funa

Lolu cwaningo kwale sayensi, emnothweni, njalo iqala ngehlathululo imiqondo ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona. Ziyakwazi ithuluzi, sazi ukuthi, nxa usungaqala uhlole izixhumanisi kwezomnotho kanye nobudlelwano phakathi abahlanganyeli emakethe.

Ngakho, isidingo - ke limenyezelwe engadinge ezinhle isihloko ubudlelwane emakethe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma unayo imali umkhiqizo othile ukuthi udinga, udala kakade isidingo ngoba luhle.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo kuncike kuyaqina emakethe, okuyinto ichaza ubuhlobo ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona ngokusebenzisa ezingeni intengo ku isidingo ezinhle.

Kulesi ngabanye elingalodwa, emakethe futhi funa ekuhlanganisweni. Ziyahlukahluka kuye kuphela inani labamba iqhaza kanye esikalini emakethe.

Ngakho, ukufunwa ngabanye - isidingo somkhiqizo, okuyinto khona umthengi othile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kudingeka ngokukhethekile ithangi, kuba funa yakho ngabanye.

Ezimakethe - lena ukubaluleka jikelele kwezomnotho, elihlanganisa funa eziningana ngabanye. Ngalesi uhlobo funa kunqunywa isidingo maphilisi womhlobo ezithile abathengi. Okungukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa umbono wokuqala, kuba umqondo emikhulu, okuyinto akuxhomekile omunye isihloko ubudlelwane emakethe, kodwa iqembu lonke.

funa ezihlanganisiwe - isamba zonke isidingo sakuleli, okuyinto akhona emakethe ezithile. Singasho ukuthi it libhekene isidingo bonke abadlali kwezomnotho ku imikhiqizo ehlukene, kodwa indiza eyodwa wemakethe, okungukuthi, kuhlangene ezimakethe.

Isidingo ijika. Umthetho ukunikezela

Zezomnotho ukuze izici umqondo esetshenziswa ngamunye imithetho okuzuza amafomula futhi wenze amagrafu. Ngendlela efanayo okuchazwe ngokwayo kufunwe.

Ngaphansi komthetho funa ukuphakamisa umbono wokuthi ephansi intengo umkhiqizo, kulapho-ke uzokwazi ukuthengisa amayunithi, ceteris paribus. Nokucabanga kubonakala ozwakalayo ngokuphelele kuphela efika kuqala, kodwa ukuthi ikuvumela ukuba uthathe izinyathelo kuqala ukuhlaziywa komnotho amagugu isidingo emakethe.

Uma sicabanga into ezifana kuyaqina isidingo, umthetho uba akunembile, kodwa niyikhulume le kamuva.

Yimaphi amathuluzi angasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya nesidingo emakethe? I ijika funa isetshenziswa ngeso lengqondo imiphumela eyatholakala ku ukuqoqwa idatha ukufunwa izimpahla namasevisi. Kuyinto igrafu, okuyinto ihlanganiswe ngesisekelo idatha eqoqwe mayelana izinga isidingo kuye izinguquko amanani imikhiqizo.

Ngokwesibonelo, siba idatha elandelayo:

intengo amasevisi, USD (R)	ezingeni ngokufunwa, USD (Q)
11	25
15	22
20	21
25	16

Cabanga ukuthi lelingenhla ichaza ezimakethe ethize. I ijika funa kuyoba kanje:

Njengoba ubona, funa akuyona encike ngqo kwi intengo izimpahla, futhi imelelwa ijika. Ngokufanayo, ungakwazi imidwebo ukubonisa noma iyiphi funa emakethe. I ijika funa uhlale kubonisa ngokucacile ukwencika izidingo intengo abahlanganyeli emakethe.

funa kwesibalo

Kusobala ukuthi intengo ngamunye oluhambisana ezingeni isidingo. Kunoma umnotho, a ososayensi mkhuba lingachazwa usebenzisa ifomula ethize. Indlela yokufaka isicelo lokhu into yethu ucwaningo?

I ijika ezimakethe, igrafu okuyinto letinikwe lapha ngenhla, lingachazwa usebenzisa ifomula ethize. Ukusebenzisa it, ungakwazi kalula futhi nganoma isiphi isikhathi ukuthola nje indlela funa kakhulu izokhuphuka nezinguquko amanani ethize.

Lena imininingwane ewusizo kakhulu abaqondisi (abaphathi) yokuthengisa, isilawuli kwezentengiselwano iyiphi amabhizinisi, amafemu, izinkampani abenza ukuqaliswa yimuphi umkhiqizo. Phela, izimakethe iningi kukhona umncintiswano, futhi ekuphishekeleni inzuzo akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi ukufuneka kungashintshwa.

I kwesibalo se-ijika emakethe ukufuna kungenziwa elabekwa kanje:

P = x - y * q, lapho:

x, y - nemingcele etholakala ngokuhlaziya isimo emakethe. "X" - kuba izinga Inani okuthengwa ngalo funa kuyoba ulingana 0. Ngesikhathi esifanayo "y" unesibopho degree of emthambekeni isihlobo ukuba eksisi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi variable yesibili inquma umfutho esikhuluma ngawo nesidingo luyehluka kuye izinguquko unit price.

Igrafu ingasetshenziswa umkhuba

Ukusebenzisa le equation, ngokomthetho kuba sobala ukuthi ijika ezimakethe kubonisa ukuthi ivolumu uzokwehla yokuthengisa ngokwandisa amanani ayo. Yiqiniso, udinga ukubheka ukuthi isimo, uma kukhona ukuxhumana njengoba amanani kungenzeka ne amavolumu eliphezulu kakhulu yokuthengisa kwezimpahla. Kuphela kulesi simo sizokwazi ukusho ukuthi le nkampani ithola imali egcwele nemisebenzi yabo.

Ngakho, isimiso esiyisisekelo somthetho funa akukatjhuguluki: ephansi intengo P, kulapho ungakwazi ukuthenga izimpahla. Kodwa lokhu kungatholakala kuphela kule ndaba. Yini umehluko?

Ukuvumelana nezimo - kuthonya funa

Kuyaqina isidingo ibizwa ngokuthi i-index ukunquma, kuye ngokuthi umsebenzi umthengi intengo noma ezingeni ukuthola iholo yabathengi ukuthola imikhiqizo noma amasevisi.

Kulokhu, a eduze ukubheka kuyaqina intengo funa.

kuyaqina izinhlobo

Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo funa kungathiwa kuye imodeli kanye nohlobo imodeli kwezomnotho ekwakheni umnotho emakethe:

1. Ngokuphelele nokunwebeka.

2. Nokunwebeka.

3. Kancane nokunwebeka.

4. Inelastic.

5. Kasibili inelastic.

Uhlobo lokuqala inkomba kusho ukuthi wempahla akuyona amasu, has a lot of esikhundleni noma analogue, futhi wawufuna ngenkani bayosabela kakhulu izinguquko amanani. Ungase futhi ukusho ukuthi kukhona eyodwa kuphela intengo akwamukeleki izimpahla, lapho kuyoba kufunwe kuwo.

Uhlobo lwesibili kusikisela ukuthi amanani ekushintshashintsheni esingaphansi ezingeni izinguquko funa. Ngakho ngokuvamile kunjalo, lapho umkhiqizo iseduze izimpahla okunethezeka.

Ngo kuyaqina olungaphelele ijika ezimakethe ebonisa ukuthi ushintsho ziphoqa kuyinto wakhona intengo. Okungukuthi, igrafu ngabe kugujwe emgceni locondzile ephambana womabili ama-eksisi kufanele elifanayo ukusuka ekuqaleni kwabo.

Hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi funa incike intengo

Ngaphezu kwalokho, funa inelastic. Ngokuvamile, kungashiwo baphawula phezu imikhiqizo emakethe ukuthi abantu nsuku zonke. Lokhu kungaba insipho, toilet paper, insingo izindwani, nokunye okunjalo. Okungukuthi, labo amaqembu imikhiqizo abathengi bayayidinga ngempela, futhi isilungele ukuba overpay kancane.

Kungase kube imikhiqizo okuyinto yethulwe emakethe ngempela ibanga ewumngcingo, futhi kuso kukhona inombolo encane esikhundleni.

Kugcine sibheke isidingo inelastic ngokuphelele. Kulokhu, ijika ezimakethe kubonisa isimo lapho isidingo izimpahla akuxhomekile wentengo. Esikhathini igrafu kungabonwa ngesimo umugqa oqondele nge eksisi intengo.

Yilokhu okwenzekayo uma uphenyo ukudla emakethe. Kungenzeka: izidakamizwa, amathuluzi yezokwelapha, amaqembu athile imikhiqizo ukudla (isinkwa, amanzi, njll), Izinsiza (amanzi, ugesi, igesi), njll

Yini enye inomthelela funa?

Curves isidingo ngabanye kanye emakethe zisiza ukuhlaziya umsebenzi ukuthenga, kanye ukuthola intengo engcono isilinganiso imikhiqizo / ivolumu.

Igrafu ngenhla kubonisa ukwencika ezingeni ukudleka intengo izimpahla. Kodwa kuyafaneleka, nezinye izinto ezithinta funa. Ngezansi uhlu oluphelele:

1. Ukuguquguquka amanani impahla ezithakazelisayo.

2. Shintsha enanini imikhiqizo esikhundleni noma izingxenye.

3. Amandla ukuthenga abathengi (imali).

4. yemfashini.

5. Izinkathi Zonyaka.

6. izinguquko eziqageliwe emakethe (isibonelo, amahemuhemu esibucayi, ukuwa kwamandla emali, njll).

Indlela ziyogcina ijika izimfuno lezi zimo?

I ijika wezindleko ezimakethe ngeke bayeke ilungelo ku-eksisi evundla ezimweni ezinjalo:

• ukwenyuka kwamanani imikhiqizo esikhundleni;

• izingxenye babe eshibhile;

• ekuphumeni umthengi imali eyiphinda;

• inkampani yokukhangisa iba ezinkudlwana;

• kufika inkathi wokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo izimpahla;

• namahemuhemu ukwanda intengo kwezimpahla.

Isimo reverse kuzokwenzeka uma:

• imikhiqizo esikhundleni abe eshibhile;

• izingxenye babe ezibizayo;

• falling imali abathengi;

• mkhiqizo ayisekho kubhekwa imfashini yesimanje.

Ngempela, izinto ezithinta izinga isidingo impela eningi, futhi kungenziwa kalula ibalwa kusetshenziswa indlela efanele kanye nesimiso.

Ekusebenziseni ukuhlaziywa kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi imakethe is hhayi emi namanje futhi njalo elokhu ivela, ngakho sebenzisa ijika ngokufunwa, kanye nocwaningo ukuziphatha ku okungcono Dynamics.