Existential yokusondela ukwelashwa kwengqondo. ukuvala abacaphuni abangobe existential: amasu, izindlela, abameleli, imiqondo eyisisekelo

Ngazo zonke izikhathi abantu ibhekene ukubonakaliswa ngokwengqondo ezifana ukukhungatheka, esekhathele ukuphila, yokuzingabaza, kuphenduke ukucindezeleka. Izinkinga ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, nabo bebekhona ezahlukene, kodwa imizwa futhi nakho zabantu uthanda. Namuhla bayanda abantu abaphethwe ukulahlekelwa injongo yokuphila futhi ukungabi nalutho kwangaphakathi okubangelwa ngokuthola ezinye izinkinga zokuphila. Kuhloswe ukuba sisize abantu abanjalo kwengqondo ekuphileni.

Umcabango kwengqondo ekuphileni

ukuvala abacaphuni abangobe existential - iqoqo imithetho futhi izindlela ngokwengqondo ukubuyela ekuphileni okuvamile womuntu, egcwele izinkathazo futhi umqondo. Kukhona Ukugcizelelwa ukuziqaphela, hhayi njengendlela into ehlukile, uvaliwe ngokwabo futhi okuhlangenwe nakho kwazo, kanye kuyingxenye yokuphila, ngokoqobo emhlabeni. Ukwelashwa yakha umthwalo ukuphila kwakho futhi kwenzekani kuwo. Igama elithi lisuselwa existentia Latin - «ukuphila». Psychology ekuphileni futhi ukwelashwa kwengqondo kuhlobene eduze ifilosofi. Ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili kwakukhona mkhuba ngokuthi "ifilosofi khona", okuyinto eduze ngokwemvelo kwengqondo ekuphileni.

isiqondiso ekuphileni e kwengqondo umsuka sibonga Søren Kierkegaard. Esiyinhloko kwaba lapho efundisa, wayesebenzisa wasebenza kule 1830s. postulates yakhe eziyisisekelo bathi indoda ayikwazi uhlukane nezwe futhi ukuzwana nabantu. Izingxenye ezisemqoka ntu - unembeza, nothando, ukwesaba, ukukhathazeka, ukuzimisela. Man iqaphela essence wakhe ezimweni eziphuthumayo, ngawo aphume ashone ukufa, umzabalazo nokuhlupheka. Reassessing yangaphambili, indoda iba khulula. Kierkegaard esethula umqondo wokuba khona, eyingqayizivele futhi omunye uhlobo ekuphileni, ukwehlukanisa ngomuntu ngamunye. Wathola uxhumano nge turning amaphuzu empilweni nokuqaphela ngawo ngokwawo, ngabanye uzibheke nokuphila ngemva ukushaqeka.

postulates Bugental

Dzheyms Byudzhental - UMengameli we-Association of kwengqondo ekuphileni. Ngo-1963, yena wakhetha nemiqondo eyisisekelo ukwelashwa kwengqondo ekuphileni:

• Man - yonke le nenhlalakahle, okuyinto kufanele kucwaningwe ngokubandakanya futhi wafunda e isamba sazo zonke izingxenye zalo. Ngamanye amazwi, imisebenzi ngokwengxenye ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ukuhlola ubuntu, kodwa zonke izinto sisonke.
• ukuphila kwabantu hhayi bathinteka futhi abopha ubudlelwane obufanele. Umuntu angeke wafunda ngaphandle ikhumbula okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe.
• Qonda ubuntu kuphela kungenzeka inikezwe ubunikazi bayo. Njalo ihlola okwenziwa kumuntu ngokwakhe, izenzo zakhe, imicabango.
• Man ungumdali wokuphila kwakhe, akayena umfokazi, okuyinto fly esidlule isithombe wokuba, futhi ngokuzimisela isenzo. Iba nolwazi, kudala yena.
• Ngo ukuphila komuntu injongo, imicabango yakhe lapho siqondiswa ukuba esikhathini esizayo.

ukuvala abacaphuni abangobe existential kuhloswe isifundo wokuphila kwabantu, e nezwe elalimzungezile, ngokuphila kwabo izimo. Ngamunye wethu uthatha kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe lapho esebenzelana nezwe elingaphandle, nabanye abantu. Lokhu kubeka isithombe sethu ezingokwengqondo, ngaphandle okuyinto akunakwenzeka e kwengqondo ukusiza isiguli. Isethi izimfanelo siqu ngeke unike ukuqonda ngokugcwele umuntu, umuntu akaphili todvwa ngaphakathi umfece walo, it is elokhu ivela, ekushintsheni ukuziphatha, ihlola imvelo futhi, ngenxa yalesi simo, wenza izenzo ezithile. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo elayiholela nomqondo ungubani, njengoba akusho ukuhlola ngokugcwele zonke izici yokuphila komuntu iyisikhathi esingakanani futhi ukwazi.

I imigomo yokwelapha

ukuvala abacaphuni abangobe existential senzelwe ukuba uqondise imicabango yomuntu endaweni efanele, ekusizeni ukuqonda ukuphila, ukuqonda ukubaluleka balo abangamaphini nalo lonke ithuba. Ukwelashwa ayishintshi ungubani isiguli. Zonke ukunakwa iqondiswa ngokunembile ekuphileni ngokwayo, uhlaziye ezinye zezenzakalo. Lokhu kuvumela bahlole ngokoqobo, ngaphandle ukukhohlisa kanye fantasies, futhi ukwakha izinhlelo ngekusasa, ukuzibekela imigomo. ukuvala abacaphuni abangobe existential ichaza injongo yokuphila esikhathini imisebenzi yasekhaya yansuku zonke wemfanelo ezimpilweni zabo siqu kanye nenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Umgomo oyinhloko - ngokudala umbono entsha khona ukwenza kube nobunye. Singasho ukuthi imishanguzo kusiza ukuqonda ukuphila, lifundisa zibhekana nezinkinga futhi uthole izindlela ukuzixazulula, ukuhlola zonke izindlela ukuthuthukisa ukuba khona kwakho futhi kuholela esenzweni. Iziguli beqonda abantu ungaguli, futhi bengazi ukuthi uphathe amathuba abo, esekhathele ukuphila. Uma umuntu oficwa yilokho ukuphila futhi umqondo wakhe, iphutha elikhulu - ukuba basuke bemhlonipha njengomuntu nesineke. Ngakho bathi abameleli kwengqondo ekuphileni. Awukwazi umphatha njengomuntu umuntu angenamandla, thina nje kudingeka uyisize ukuba uhlaziye ukuthi kwenzekani eceleni futhi ukukhetha umgwaqo ofanele lapho Iyophindela esikhathini esizayo ngokukhalipha futhi ufeze injongo ethile. Umgomo awukona ukushintsha ubuntu, kodwa ngemva welashelwa umuntu ongakuqonda ukuthi udinga okuthile ukuze akuguqule, ukwenza ngcono izimpilo zabo, ukuthi manje ukuthi akaphili indlela Ngifuna, ngoba kudingeka isinyathelo esiwujuqu. ukuvala abacaphuni abangobe existential - kuba ithuba ukuze sizuze ulwazi kanye nenkululeko, amandla, ukubekezela. Lisifundisa hhayi ukuvala iqiniso, hhayi ukufihla kusukela izinkinga, futhi ukufunda futhi ukuzizwa ukuphila ngokuhlupheka, ukukhathazeka, ukudumala, kodwa sibaphathe ngokwanele.

Psychotherapy futhi Philosophy

Manje kuyacaca ukuthi kungani isiko ekuphileni e kwengqondo uvela nefilosofi, futhi kungani ke kuhlobene eduze nalo. Lona imfundiso psychotherapeutic kuphela, izimiso zazo walungisiswa ifilosofi. Umuntu owasungula le izimfundiso ekuphileni kungenziwa ngokuthi sefilosofi Danish Serena Kerkegora. Okunye zefilosofi Western abenze umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni isikole ekuphileni: sefilosofi isiJalimane, Classic wefilosofi ekuphileni Heidegger futhi M. Buber, P. Tillich, Jaspers, isazi sefilosofi French Jean-Paul Sartre nabanye abaningi. Nge vremnem kwengqondo okwandile ekuphileni. Abamele nefilosofi Russian futhi akazange ame eceleni futhi etshaliwe kungekho amandla kancane nolwazi emfundisweni ekuphileni. It Rozanov, S. Frank, S. Troubetzkoy, Shestov, Berdyaev.

Ngokokuqala ngqá ukuhlanganisa ifilosofi kwengqondo isinqumo Swiss psychoanalyst L. Binswanger. Okunjalo ngomzamo yena uhlaziyo kule 30s yekhulu lamashumi amabili, esikisela indlela ekuphileni ukuba ukwelashwa kwengqondo. Indida wukuthi wayengabhekiseli wahlanganyela umkhuba nesiqondiso esinikezwe, kodwa ekugcineni wakwazi ukubuyeka ukuchaza izimiso eziyisisekelo emhlabeni umuntu angikho ngaphakathi, ukuziphatha kwakhe futhi indlela esisabela ngayo lapho ngokoqobo ezizungezile, ukubeka izisekelo yokwelapha. It kungenziwa ngokuthi umsunguli kwengqondo ekuphileni. Medard S'khulu, isazi sezifo zengqondo Swiss, wanikela umbono wakhe, lo ngqa. Kwathi eminyakeni engu-50 ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili. Ukuze nsuku kwathatha sefilosofi German izimfundiso Heidegger futhi uguqule kubo ukusetshenziswa therapy. He kubhekwa umsunguli we yezindawo yokwelapha ekuphileni - daseinsanalysis equkethe imodeli we ukuqonda. Ngo umphathi-60 wahlela Uhlelo lokuqeqeshwa kwama psychoanalysts futhi psychotherapists e amasu abo. imisinga eminingi manje ine kwengqondo ekuphileni, amasu ahlukene yayo, kodwa injongo ukuphishekela eyodwa - ukwenza ukuphila komuntu ukhululekile and qualitative.

Psychotherapy Frankl

Omunye abameleli ejwayelekile kakhulu kwengqondo ekuphileni kungenziwa ngokuthi Viktor Frankl. Lokhu sokusebenza kwengqondo sase-Austria, udokotela wezifo zengqondo kanye wezinzwa. ukuvala abacaphuni abangobe ekuphileni, izindlela okuncike izimfundiso Frankl ngokuthi logotherapy. umqondo wayo lomkhulu ukuthi into esemqoka ukuba umuntu - ukuthola injongo yokuphila futhi ukuqonda ukuphila kwabo lokhu, kufanele azame. Uma abantu bengaboni ukuthi iphuzu, ukuphila kwakhe kuba ngingenelisekile kahle ngaphakathi. ukuvala abacaphuni abangobe Frankl sika ekuphileni kusekelwe ukuqonda ukuthi ukuba khona esebuza imibuzo kumuntu mayelana nenjongo yokuphila, hhayi okuphambene nalokho, futhi umuntu kudingeka aphendule lezi zenzo. Existentialists bakholelwa ukuthi wonke umuntu angakwazi ukuthola okushiwo ngabanye, kungakhathaliseki ubulili, ubudala, ubuzwe noma inkolo, isimo sabo emphakathini.

Indlela ukuba baqaphele okushiwo ihlukile umuntu ngamunye, futhi uba isandla sawo singafinyeleli ayitfole, kuziwa yokwelapha wokutakula. Kodwa existentialists sokukholelwa ukuthi umuntu uzokwazi ukwenza lokhu, umhlahlandlela oyinhloko abakubiza unembeza, Frankl babekholelwa "umqondo umzimba" kanye nokwenzeka ibizwa ngokuthi self-ukuphakama. Ziyaphuma wokulahlekelwa angabeka kuphela uxhumane ngokoqobo ezizungezile; kuhoxiswe ku uqobo futhi sidonsela ukunakekela imizwa yabo kwangaphakathi, lokhu akunakwenzeka. Frankl umangalele ukuthi 90% yezidakamizwa futhi yotshwala baye baba ngakho ngenxa ukulahlekelwa injongo yokuphila futhi ukulahlekelwa indlela eya kuso. Enye - reflection, lapho umuntu igxile yena, uzama ukuthola le njabulo; liphinde izindlela zamanga. Yakhelwe Frankl logotherapy ke esekelwe UKUPHEBEZA reflection - derefleksii nenhloso nakuba.

amasu kokwelashwa. Derefleksiya

Derefleksiya inikeza ukuzinikezela umnyuziki ekunqanyulweni kwangaphandle zimba okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo. Le ndlela isetshenziswa khona wesiyaluyalu esilawulayo-abayimilutha. Izibonelo zalezi zinkinga zivame ukuba nezinkinga empilweni kobulili ehambisana kanye nokumesaba ubuthakathaka, frigidity. Frankl babekholelwa ukuthi neurosis obsessional nocansi ezihlobene nesifiso sokujabulela nabamesabayo uma yena engekho. Ukuzama ukuthola injabulo, okwenza njalo kule akhawunti, umuntu angenakho uyithole. Uya in reflection, ukubukela ngokwakho sengathi kusuka ngaphandle, ukuhlaziya imizwa yabo hhayi ukuthola noma iyiphi ukwaneliseka kwenzekani ekupheleni. Frankl ubona isixazululo ukuqeda reflection, self-yisikhohlwa. Njengoba isibonelo isicelo ngempumelelo indlela practice derefleksii Frankl ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa endabeni uyintombi, ngubani bakhalaza frigidity. Ngesikhathi ngiba ibhungu, ephenywa ubudlova nokwesaba njalo, ukuthi leli qiniso washiya uphawu ekuphileni kwakhe ubulili kanye ithuba lokujabulela ke. Futhi lokhu gxila ngokwabo, imizwa nemizwelo yazo, ukumba ayenqaba sokucasuka, kodwa hhayi yokuthi udlame. Ngesikhathi le ntombazane wakwazi ukushukumisa focus kusukela yokuzihlanganisa umlingani, isimo sesishintshile esivuna ke. Wakwazi ukujabulela ubuhlobo bobulili, inkinga yanyamalala. Ububanzi kwesicelo indlela derefleksii ububanzi futhi kungase kube usizo ekuxazululeni izinkinga eziningi ezingokwengqondo.

inhloso nakuba

inhloso nakuba - umqondo olusekelwe ezimfundisweni Frankl mayelana uyesaba zokwesaba. Wagomela ukuthi nokwesaba umuntu wanoma yimuphi umcimbi, kuphenduke Yazi, kancane kancane bamyisa ngokunembile ukuze into ayisaba. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu eba mpofu, noma ugula, ngoba zangaphambi ekujabuleleni nemizwa nemizwelo sendoda wesaba babe it. Igama elithi "injongo" lisuselwa intentio Latin - "ukunakwa, isifiso," okusho focus yangaphakathi kokuthile, futhi "nakuba" kusho isenzo okuphambene, kuwukuziphikisa. Ingqikithi le ndlela itholakala Inhloso ekwakheni isimo okuyinto imbangela yokwesaba. Kunalokho, ukugwema noma ngabe kwenzenjani, ukuba niye kumhlangabeza, lokho indida.

Unganikeza isibonelo endaweni yesehlakalo. Man, enza kanye esiteji phambi izilaleli futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo nekhathazayo, waphawula ukuthi lesiya yakhe izandla zazithuthumela. Ngesikhathi esilandelayo ngaphambi kokuba aphume, waqala ukwesaba ukuthi izandla bayonikina futhi, lokhu kwesaba lifezekile. Ukwesaba kubangela ukwesaba, ngenxa yakho konke lokhu sekuyinto kwabokufika, izimpawu recurred futhi kwaqina, kwakukhona nokwesaba ukulinda. Ukuze balahle yalesi simo futhi siphile ngokuthula, ukuze sijabulele ukuphila, kudingeka ukuqeda imbangela yokwesaba. Indlela singasetshenziswa ngokuzimela ukwakha inhloso ecacile ukudala isimo obuhlukile ukuthi kuyiphi Ngithanda ukuqeda. Nazi ezimbalwa zezibonelo.

Omunye umfana ukuchama njalo ebusuku elele, futhi owelapha wakhe wanquma ukusebenzisa indlela ngenhloso nakuba. Watshela ingane ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi kwenzeka futhi, uyakwamukela umvuzo. Ngakho udokotela uye ishintsha yokwesaba bomfana, ngifisa ukuba lesi simo iphutha futhi. Ngakho ingane ukuqeda ukugula kwakhe.

Le ndlela lungasetshenziswa for ukuqwasha. Man isikhathi eside bungehli ubuthongo, ukwesaba quthu uqala uhlupho kuye njalo ebusuku. Lapho uzama ukuqonda indlela abazizwa ngayo bese uvula ubuthongo, kancane ke kuvela. Isixazululo ilula - ayeke zimba ngokwakho, wesabe ukuqwasha kanye ukuhlela ngamabomu uhlale ubusuku bonke. Existential Psychotherapy (reception inhloso nakuba ngokukhethekile) ikuvumela ukuba uthathe bahlole isimo, ukuze uthole ukulawula ngokwabo kanye ezimpilweni zabo.

indlela Client ofiphele

Esinye isici okubandakanya ukwelashwa kwengqondo ekuphileni. Nemiqondo eyisisekelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemishini yayo ihlukile yakudala. iklayenti-igxile yokwelapha indlela yasungulwa ngu wezifo American Karlom Rodzhersom futhi kuchazwe encwadini yakhe "Iklayenti ofiphele yokwelapha. umkhuba wamanje kanye imfundiso yokuziphendukela incazelo" Rogers ukuthi umuntu empilweni yakho uholwe isifiso ukuthuthukisa, ukukhula professional kanye impahla, usebenzisa amathuba atholakalayo. Ubizwa ngakho wakubeka ukuthi kufanele ukuxazulula izinkinga ezibhekene nabo, ukuqondisa imisebenzi yabo emuva track. Kodwa ukuze uthuthukisa leli khono can ebukhoneni ngetenhlalo nemagugu. Rogers esethula imiqondo ezichaza nenqubo eziyisisekelo ukwakha ubuntu:

• emkhakheni isipiliyoni. Qaphela emhlabeni lo umuntu angikho ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu okuyinto ebona ngokoqobo zangaphandle.
• Self. Ukuhlanganisa isipiliyoni esithobayo ngokwenyama nangokomoya.
• I-real. Imibono mayelana ngokwabo, okusekelwe zangempela izimo, nenhlonipho kwabanye abantu.
• I-ekahle. Indlela abantu iziveza esimweni ukugcwaliseka amathuba abo.

"Mina-real" uzibophezele "Mina-ekahle." I ezincane umehluko phakathi kwabo, abahlukene ngaphezulu muntu azizwa ukuphila. Ngokusho Rogers, ukuzethemba, ukwamukela umuntu ngokwakhe njengalokhu enjalo yena, kuwuphawu impilo ngokwengqondo nangokomoya. Khona-ke khuluma ngezinto congruence (ukungaguquguquki yangaphakathi). Uma umehluko mkhulu, umuntu ebonakala isifiso vanity overvaluation amakghono wabo, futhi lokhu kungase kuholele neurosis. Real ngeke ngikwazi isondela kakhulu enhle ngenxa yezimo zokuphila, nalwazi noma ngenxa yokuthi indoda ziwumthwalo yena ukufakwa, ukuziphatha kwakhe, imizwa yakhe ukuthi uwahlukanise kusukela "Mina-enhle". Isimiso eziyisisekelo indlela iklayenti kwesakhe - umkhuba wokuzilimaza actualization. Omunye ukwamukela yena njengalokhu enjalo yena, ukuthola ukuzethemba futhi silwele akhule phakathi komkhawulo ukuthi ingangqubuzani yobuntu bakhe.

iklayenti-igxile indlela amasu

Existential yokusondela kwengqondo Karl Rogers ikhomba izigaba eziyisikhombisa ukuthuthukiswa, ukuqwashisa kanye self-ukwamukelwa:

1. Kukhona sokuzihlukanisa izinkinga, ukuntula isifiso sokuguqula izimpilo zabo zibe ngcono.
2. Man uqala ukukhombisa imizwa yabo, yokuveza imizwa yabo, ukuze kancane ukuvula izinkinga zabo.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa yokuzibeka, self-ukwamukelwa nge yinkimbinkimbi isimo, izinkinga zabo.
4. Kukhona isidingo ungubani, isifiso sokuba ngokwabo.
5. Ukuziphatha iba organic, okuvele lula. Kukhona inkululeko kwangaphakathi.
6. Indoda ivula uqobo kanye nezwe. Izikhathi nge wezengqondo kungenziwa yesulwe.
7. Ukuvela ukulinganisela namaqiniso phakathi self-real nami-ekahle.

Thola izingxenye ezisemqoka zezinhlelo indlela:

• obonakalisa imizwa,
• ngokuzwakalayo,
• ukusungulwa congruence.

Ake sicabangele kafushane ngamunye wabo.

Yokuzindla omkhulu wokudlulisa imizwelo. Phakathi nengxoxo yethu wezifo ubiza ngokuzwakalayo emizwelweni olutholwa iklayenti esimweni esithile, esekelwe indaba yakhe.

Ngokuzwakalayo. kulandza Udokotela wengqondo ngamazwi akhe umyalezo wekhasimende, kodwa akusho kungahlanekezela umqondo ukutshela. Lomgomo yakhelwe ukugqamisa ikhasimende esiphawuleka kunazo zonke elandisayo, izikhathi okuphazamisayo iningi yakhe.

Ukusungulwa congruence. A ibhalansi okunempilo phakathi yangempela kanye J. ekahle Inqubo nokuvuselelwa angabhekwa yimpumelelo uma izinguquko isimo iklayenti e isiqondiso esilandelayo:

• ubona yena ngokwanele ukuvula kwabanye abantu futhi nakho ezintsha, ukuzethemba livela emuva evamile;
• ikusize;
• nombono ongokoqobo ngokulinganiselwa inkinga;
• sengozini enciphile kwandisa nezimo ukuze isimo;
• ukunciphisa ukukhathazeka;
• ukushintsha ekuziphatheni ngendlela enhle.

Rogers amasu asetshenziswayo ngempumelelo ezikoleni izingane lokuxazulula. Elapho kanye contraindications - kuba engathandeki ukusebenzisa, uma umuntu ngempela akukho ithuba ukuze akhule ngendlela.

ukuqaphela sokufa

Kukhona ukwahlulela abantu abaye babhekana sebefile noma ukugula okungathí sina, elingaphezulu ezimpilweni zabo futhi okunengi. Azi finiteness ongenakugwenywa ukuphila, ukufa, ukwelashwa kwengqondo ekuphileni kwenza uhlaziye isimo sabo sengqondo emhlabeni ezungeze, ukuze abone ngokoqobo ngendlela ehlukile. Ngokuvamile abantu ungacabangi njalo ngokufa, kodwa, sibhekene ukugula okungathí sina, kungase ukuziphatha ngendlela engafanelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, wavalelwa ngaphandle abanye, owangaphakathi noma uqale yokuziphindiselela bonke abantu enempilo emzungezile. Umsebenzi Udokotela wengqondo ku le ndlela kufanele kuholele ukwamukelwa of isifo iklayenti njengoba ithuba sokwanda siqu. ukufa Eduze enawulungiselelwa womuntu kuholela overestimation yamanani, emakamu okwamanje. It okumvulela abanye abantu, umndeni wakhe nabangane - iyathinteka: ubudlelwane iba obuseduze ne ngobuqotho.

ukuvala abacaphuni abangobe ekuphileni, ukuqwashisa ubuchwepheshe sokufa ukuthi umuntu abonakale ongenathemba, empeleni kuyasiza eziningi abantu ukuze usinde ngenhlonipho nobunzima iphutha nabo.