Psychology ekuphileni. Psychology neyobuntu futhi ekuphileni

izinkomba neyobuntu futhi ekuphileni kwavela phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule eYurophu ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa yokucabanga zefilosofi ngokwengqondo emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule, kuyilapho, eqinisweni, umphumela we-Sublimation ka notshwala ezinjalo, njengoba "ifilosofi yokuphila" irrationalism Nietzsche sika yefilosofi Schopenhauer, intuitionism ka Bergson, ontology zefilosofi Scheler, Freud futhi Jung psychoanalysis futhi existentialism ka Heidegger, Sartre futhi Camus. Emibhalweni Horney, Fromm, Rubinstein, imiqondo yabo izisusa lo mkhuba kungabonakala ngokucacile. Maduzane, indlela ekuphileni kwengqondo sekuthandwa kakhulu eNyakatho Melika. Imibono yayisekelwa abameleli eliqavile "revolution yesithathu". Kanyekanye existentialism ngomcabango ngokwengqondo kwalesi sikhathi athuthukiswe futhi zamanje neyobuntu, emelelwa ezinjalo zokusebenza kwengqondo esidumile njengoba Rogers, Kelly, Maslow. Womabili la magatsha we steel counterweight kakade esungulwe izindawo isayensi kwengqondo - Freudianism futhi behaviorism.

isiqondiso ekuphileni-neyobuntu kanye nezinye

Umsunguli we ekuphileni-neyobuntu (EGP) - D. Bugental - ngokuvamile wagxeka behaviorism ukuze uthole ukuqondisisa lula ubuntu, ukweyiswa elomuntu wakhe emhlabeni kwangaphakathi futhi lungaba nokukhanda lwamaphethini zokuziphatha kanye nesifiso ukulawula ubuntu. Behaviorists futhi wagxeka indlela neyobuntu ngoba udlulisele umqondo overvalued wenkululeko, bakubheka njengobuthakathaka njengento cwaningo zokuhlola futhi waphoqelela ukuba akukho inkululeko, futhi umthetho eyisisekelo khona kuyinto umfutho-impendulo. Abaphika singaphoqi ngongakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu, ngisho ingozi ka indlela enjalo yokuhlaziya isimo ngabantu.

Ngu abalandeli Freud sika babe abaphika futhi kwadingeka izimangalo zabo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abaningi babo waqala ukuphuma njengoba psychoanalysts. Okwesibili sinqatshiwe dogmatism futhi Determinism umqondo kuqhathaniswa Ukumiselwa nobuntu Freudianism, uziphikile lezi equlekile njengoba isimiso jikelele ochazayo. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ekuphileni Psychology ubuntu namanje ngezinga elithile efana psychoanalysis.

Ingqikithi zobuntu

Okwamanje, kungekho ukuvumelana mayelana nezinga ukuzimela zobuntu futhi existentialism, kodwa iningi abameleli lezinhlangano uthanda ukwabelana ngazo, nakuba wonke umuntu ibona commonality yabo eyisisekelo, ngoba umqondo oluyisisekelo lezi zindawo - ukuqashelwa kwabantu inkululeko yabo enkulu ekukhethweni nokwakhiwa khona. Existentialists futhi abaphika bangena esivumelwaneni sokuthi ukuqaphela wokuba, ngokuthinta Ishintsha futhi siguqule umuntu abaluphakamisela phezulu isiphithiphithi engenakuqonda khona enokwehla, lembula ukuthi singubani, ngaleyo ndlela enze umqondo yena. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isithunzi ngokuphelele umqondo neyobuntu akuyona imfundiso yokuziphendukela abstract linamathele ukuphila, kodwa kunalokho, a real izandla-on isipiliyoni kuyisisekelo ngokuvamile ngokwesayensi. Experience ibhekwa abantu njengoba value kuqala futhi isikhonkwane main. Futhi Psychology neyobuntu futhi ekuphileni ukuhlola umkhuba njengoba ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa lapha kuyofikwa umehluko phakathi le ndlela: I-abaphika umkhuba ezibalulekile kokuhlangenwe nakho zangempela nakho futhi izixazululo zezinkinga ucace kakhulu siqu, kunokuba ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuqaliswa izifanekiso methodical futhi methodological.

Ubunjalo besintu ngokwesisekelo e-SE and ES

Emongweni indlela neyobuntu (GP), umbono we okushiwo ukwakheka kwabantu, elihlanganisa imisinga yayo ahlukahlukene futhi ihluke kwezinye izindawo kwengqondo. Ngu Roy Cavallo, ngokuyisisekelo zokuthambekela kobuntu iwukuba njalo babe inqubo lasungulwa. Esikhathini inqubo yokuba umuntu ezizimele, esebenzayo, uyakwazi self-ushintsho futhi lithathelwe yokudala, igxile ukukhetha yangaphakathi. Ukugwema kumiswa esiqhubekayo nokwenqaba zokuphila kakhulu bobuqiniso balencwadi, "abantu okungaphakathi kumuntu."

indlela ekuphileni Psychology (EP) zobuntu libhekene, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuhlolwa qualitative we okushiwo umuntu futhi sibheke isimo imithombo yenqubo kumiswa. Ngokusho existentialism, ngokuyisisekelo umuntu alinikwa iyiphi emihle noma emibi - kwaba ekuqaleni hlangothi. Izici zobuntu futhi ezitholakala kule nqubo yokuthola ubunikazi bayo esiyingqayizivele. Abanekhono okuhle nokubi, umuntu ekhetha futhi kuyisinqumo esingcono ngoba umthwalo siqu.

khona

Khona - khona. Sici Its main - bikho yokunqunyelwa kusengaphambili, predzadannosti ezingathinta umuntu, ukucacisa ukuthi ngeke ukuthuthukisa esikhathini esizayo. Akhishiwe ekuhlehlisweni esizayo, iqondisa kabusha umthwalo emahlombe abanye, isizwe, umphakathi kanye nesimo. Indoda uyazinqumela - lapha futhi manje. Psychology existential inquma indlela yokuthuthuka yomuntu yokuzikhethela kuphela he enza. Lomuntu-igxile Psychology ngokuqondene okushiwo ubuntu njengoba omuhle unikezwa ekuqaleni.

Ukholo indoda

Ukukholelwa ubuntu - eziyisisekelo ukufakwa, okuyinto eyenza indlela neyobuntu kwengqondo kusuka kwamanye imisinga. Uma ngesisekelo Freudianism, behaviorism, futhi iningi imiqondo bengqondo Soviet kungenakuthethelelwa ukungakholelwa ubuntu, isiqondiso ekuphileni kwengqondo, kunalokho, uyazicabangela ntu ngokombono nokholo kuye. Esikhathini Freudianism classical ekuqaleni imvelo ezimbi lomuntu oyedwa, ngenhloso ithonya kuyo - ukulungiswa futhi isinxephezelo. Bihevioristy esikalini ukwakheka kwabantu futhi singathathi hlangothi kuthinte ke ngokwakha kanye nokulungisa. Abaphika ukubona ubunjalo babantu efanayo noma ngokungenamibandela omuhle ubone injongo ezinomthelela yosizo actualization lomuntu (Maslow, Rogers), noma siqonde ubunjalo siqu njengoba athi omuhle futhi injongo eyinhloko umtselela losengcondvweni wokubona usizo ekukhetheni (Psychology ekuphileni futhi Frankl Bugental). Ngakho, ngesisekelo wakhe Institute imfundiso Psychology ekuphileni ubeka nomqondo ngabanye abantu ukuphila izinqumo. Personality ubonakala abazalwa hlangothi.

Inkinga kwengqondo ekuphileni

Ngesisekelo indlela neyobuntu ibekwe nomqondo Inani beqonda ukuthi umuntu "ekhetha yena", okuvumela nezindaba ezibalulekile ekuphileni. Psychology ekuphileni umuntu bememezela igunya yokuba khona komuntu emhlabeni. Umuntu kusukela ekuzalweni njalo baxhumana izwe futhi uthola kuye okushiwo khona kwakhe. Izwe iqukethe kokubili izinsongo futhi izindlela ezinhle namathuba abantu bangakhetha. Ukuxoxa umhlaba ukhiqiza e umuntu eyisisekelo ekuphileni izinkinga, ukucindezeleka nokukhathazeka, ukungakwazi ukuba babhekane okuholela Ukungadli ingqondo yomuntu. Izinkinga nhlobonhlobo, kodwa schematically ke zingancishiswa "nodes" izindlela ezine eziyinhloko zokuqonda polarities, lapho inqubo yentuthuko yomuntu kuyadingeka ukuze enze isinqumo.

Isikhathi, ukuphila nokufa

Ukufa - kulula kakhulu ukuba uqaphele, ngoba kusobala kakhulu ngenakugwemeka ngokoqobo oyinhloko. Ukuqaphela ngokufa okusondelayo igcwalisa indoda ngokwesaba. Isifiso nokuqwashisa kanyekanye bokuba khona isikhathi - ukungqubuzana main, okuyinto etadisha Psychology ekuphileni.

Determinism, inkululeko, umthwalo

Ukuqonda inkululeko e existentialism futhi edidayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umuntu ivame yokuntuleka Sakhiwo sangaphandle, ngakolunye - uyesaba ukuthi akasekho. Phela, khona ohlelekile, ukulalela yonke uhlelo yangaphandle kulula. Kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, Psychology ekuphileni ungibelesela ngokuthi indoda kudala izwe lakhe siqu, futhi unesibopho ngokugcwele ngenxa yalo. Ukuqaphela ukuntuleka izifanekiso ekugcobisa isakhiwo lwakha yokwesaba.

Dialogue, uthando nesizungu

Ngesikhathi Inhliziyo yoqondayo wedwa, umbono engayodwa ekuphileni, okungukuthi, lamabutho nokwasemhlabeni umphakathi. Umuntu efika ezweni wedwa futhi njengoba eshiya. Ingxabano eyenziwe ukuqaphela yesizungu zabo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi isidingo somuntu sokuba zokuxhumana, ukuvikelwa, okuqondene okuthile okukhulu - ngakolunye.

Meaninglessness nencazelo yokuphila

Inkinga yokungabi injongo yokuphila ivela ISIZINDA yokuqala emithathu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuba nolwazi esiqhubekayo umuntu ngokwakhe kudala incazelo yakhe siqu, ngakolunye - aqaphele ukuba kude kwaso, isizungu futhi ngokufa okusondelayo.

Ubuqiniso nokuphefumlelwa conformism. iwayini

Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, abaphika, isekelwe esimisweni yokuzikhethela komuntu siqu, ukuhlukanisa polarities ezimbili eziyinhloko - ubuqiniso nokuphefumlelwa conformism. Esikhathini eyiqiniso yalelozwe umuntu ubonisa izimfanelo zabo siqu, ubona yena njengomuntu okwaziyo ukuthonya umphakathi kanye nelwatinchanti lwabo ngokusebenzisa izinqumo, ngoba umphakathi owadalwa izinqumo ezenziwa ngabanye, ngakho-ke, ziyahlukahluka ngenxa yemizamo yabo. yokuphila Qinisekile libhekene yangaphakathi orientation, emisha, ukuvumelana, Finesse, isibindi nothando.

Man, Nokho, ngaphandle ngamakhasimende, hhayi ngokuba nesibindi baqikelele izinqumo, ekhetha indlela sokuhambisana, belinganisa ngokwalo kuphela njengoba umdlali izindima nomphakathi. Owenza kuvuna izifanekiso yomphakathi, umuntu onjalo acabanga stereotypically, abakwazi futhi akafuni ukuba bavume choice yakhe nokunikela kuye ukuhlolwa kwangaphakathi. Conformist ibukeka esidlule, sithembele Paradigm ngomumo eyenziwe, lapho yena unalo ukungalethembi kanye nomuzwa wokungabi usizo lwalutho. Kukhona inqwaba wecala ontological.

indlela Value ezisekelwe kumuntu nokholo umuntu ngamandla alo ivumela wakhe ukuhlola kakhulu. On isiqondiso heuristic kufakazelwa ukuba khona ezihlukahlukene engele kuwo. The main wabo - the bendabuko ekuphileni, ekuphileni-kohlaziyo neyobuntu Psychology ekuphileni. Mei futhi Schneider futhi secrete indlela ekuphileni-Integrative. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izindlela ezifana yokwelapha dialogical uFriedman Logotherapy Frankl.

Naphezu eziningi umehluko lomqondo, ubuntu ofiphele ukugeleza neyobuntu futhi ekuphileni ubumbano kuleli idumela lomuntu. Inzuzo ebalulekile kule mikhuba wukuthi abafuni ukuba "lula" umuntu, wasibeka izinkinga ezibalulekile kakhulu maphakathi ukunakwa wakhe, hhayi uyonquma nezindaba ezinzima sokuhambisana ntu emhlabeni kanye nemvelo yakhe kwangaphakathi. Eqaphela ukuthi umphakathi kuthinta kumiswa ubuntu futhi ukhona kuyo, Psychology ekuphileni buhlobene eduze umlando, izifundo zamasiko, kwabantu, ifilosofi, Psychology nomphakathi, kanye nokuba legatsha ehambisanayo ethembisa yesayensi yanamuhla ngomuntu.