Ergot - Iyini?

mushroom ezinesihlungu iqukethe ergot alkaloids eziyingozi, inkinga yezolimo kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo eyayenziwe kutshalwa ngezinhloso zokwenza imithi. ukusakazeka kwalo okusheshayo izitshalo Ephakathi kwaholela ukuvela kubhubhane ngenxa ukungenisa okunobuthi ufulawa isinkwa.

Ziningi izinto ngokwemvelo yindlela emangalisayo, futhi lokho kungaba ukubulala, ngesikhathi esifanayo uyakwazi okuphulukisa.

Kuyini ergot?

Ergot - a uhlobo lwe isikhunta owodwa. Bonke bangabangasokile yisinanakazana ku okusanhlamvu, kuhlanganise rye nokolweni. Ungathola inguqulo ye igama ukhunta - izimpondo lesizalo. Igama "ergot" livela Old izwi Russian okusho "ngobuningi, ngokweqile." Okunjalo ukubaluleka ayindida, ngokuvumelana sezilimi O. Trubacheva, ngalezo zinsuku Sibhalwe uhlamvu euphemistic.

Sclerotia kukhona oblong-side, esingunxantathu ukwakheka kancane esiqinile ukuma lwalugobile nge imifantu longitudinal kanye imibimbi. Ingaphezulu yokuqhuma omnyama onsomi, ngezinye izikhathi nge white ukuthi kusulwe kalula umbala iphutha noma ezimhlophe ephethe tinge ophuzi. Sclerotia obuphelele kuncike hlobo cereal, okuyinto eba ergot (ngenhla). Ngokwesibonelo, i-rye - kuyinto 1-3 cm kanye ububanzi of 6 mm.

Ergot Ephakathi

Ushevu izilwane nabantu ergot alkaloids unegama ayo - ergotism. Lo mkhuba, ngasendleleni, ngokwesayensi kungase kutholakale futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi, okwakuthatha uhlamvu mass. Ngaleso sikhathi, undemanding nenhlabathi futhi inkathazo ukumelana rye isikhule yonke indawo, futhi basikhonzile isinkwa. Okusanhlamvu okunobuthi abaphendukela ku ufulawa ngaleyo ndlela uthole etafuleni. Ergotism okubangelwa umqedazwe omkhulu, futhi kwakungekho ngisho Order olukhethekile Antonito abaphatha kubantu abanaleli gciwane.

UProfesa Sheyn Rodzhers wase-University of Clarkson kanye nabafundi bakhe iziqu baye baphenya inkinga izipoki futhi wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi emikhayeni eminingi, lapho kwakukhona khona umsindo ongaziwa noma umbono, bachuma ezinye izinhlobo eziyingozi isikhunta ezingaba nomthelela izakhamuzi. Lo mbono ugcizelela lokhu conjecture kwethonya ergot izenzakalo ngenkathi ephakathi eYurophu, kuhlanganise ukuzingelwa kwabathakathi, eziMpini Zokholo. Esikhathini isithombe esingenhla - Umdwebo by umdwebi Flemish, esibonisa imithelela ergotism umqedazwe.

Ergot - ukhunta yisinanakazana kuya alkaloids, okuyinto, ngokusho kwabanye imibiko, akuzona ubuthi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukusangana, Ukudlikizela, ukulunywa. Umlando zalezi zimpawu zaziwa njenge- "abathakathi amajaqamba" futhi "esibhibhayo. ' Alkalodidy asibhubhi ngisho emva kokwelashwa ukushisa (bayobhaka isinkwa). Ukuziphatha okunjalo iziguli ngokumelene abashisekela inkolo kuholela edabukisayo.

Umjikelezo ukuthuthukiswa ukhunta

mycelium fungal has tinge ngokubomvu, lasungulwa kwenzeka entwasahlobo, it has uhlobo nemilenze ngezingubo amakhanda, okuyizinto phezu ibhodlela emise fruiting imizimba (perithecia), kuyabonakala esithombeni esingezansi. Esikhathini yokugcina notshwala inqubo ngokobulili, okuyinto gametangliev Fusion, lapho zygote. It ngokushesha ungena division (meiosis) ngaphakathi isikhwama (i cela) kwakhiwa kusukela mycelium we ukhunta.

Khona-ke ehlobo imbewu ergot (ezinhlamvu) umoya noma izinambuzane ukusakaza amakhilomitha amaningi emhlabeni. Kwake kwathi ngo-pistil izitshalo wokudla izimbali, bona ziqhume bese ekugcineni amabele ayakhekanga, kanye mycelium fungal. Bukhipha uketshezi ekhethekile enye engase ihehe izinambuzane (uju). Ngale ndlela, kukhona ukusabalala kwaleso yi ezinhlamvu ukhunta. Ngemva esibelethweni Akukho lutho olusele, endaweni yayo, okuthiwa sclerotia - uphondo kwakhiwa hyphae tho we ukhunta. Lapho utshani sesivuthiwe, uwela phansi futhi overwinter enhlabathini, futhi inqubo iyaphindwa futhi entwasahlobo.

Mushroom kwezolimo

ukutshalwa Special ergot kubalulekile ziqhathaniswa umonakalo ezivela emikhakheni wakhe wezolimo. Ngokusho namazinga omhlaba, okuqukethwe ezinhlamvu fungal amabele anobuthi kumele singeqi 0.05%. Nokho, kwamanye amazwe ukubeka imfuneko kokungadlali ngokuphelele ezinhlamvu e izinto zokusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi Egypt. Ergot isakazwa ngokushesha futhi endaweni ethile lubonakala ngaso sonke isikhathi emasimini. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukuletha okuqukethwe yayo okusanhlamvu yokugcina zero kuba nzima kakhulu, kodwa kwakuthiwa kungenzeka.

I ergot ezivamile kakolweni, rye nebhali. Isilinganiso esikhulu ekunqandeni ukhunta - obuphelele yokuhlanza Izigaxa wenzalo nokuwa (ekwindla) tillage ngemva kokuvuna. Sclerotia ushonile ngesikhathi sokulima. Ngenjongo yokuphepha, ke Kunconywa ukuba ukhethe ukutshala izinhlobo nge esifushane futhi kanyekanye inkathi zezimbali bagcine imithetho kwezitshalo.

Sezici ezaba nomthelela ukusabalala ergot ukhula aluhlaza futhi kuza ngaphambi kokumethemba amasimu kwezulu luningi ngokuhlanganyela umoya wokudla isikhathi izimbali, abandayo kanye namafu, okuholela esisuka kwesikhathi izimbali.

Lokusakaza futhi kulinywe

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ergot - ukhunta, ukusakaza nomaphi kukhona amabele okusanhlamvu. Inani elihle kunawo isici zezulu, ngoba liyisihlalo umswakama high (70%).

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, ngenhloso ezithaka imithi ukhunta, ergot okungukuthi onsomi, Simila ngokukhethekile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kukhona amapulazi, imithi ikakhulu Novosibirsk futhi Kirov izifunda of Russia, eBelarus. Izindlebe rye ngokukhethekile inoculated nge ezinhlamvu ze-ukhunta ngesandla noma imishini umjovo. Nothile Kuveza ngesikhathi esifanayo kuze kube amathani 4 ehektheleni.

Iqoqo izinto zokusetshenziswa wenziwa kwenkathi yokuvuthwa, lapho izimpondo zipendwe ngombala purplish ansundu, qinisa futhi ingakulahlekela kalula uhlukane indlebe. Indaba eqoqwe asha ngendlela izitolo kahle umoya nganoma ukuhwalala. feed siphelile Idinga nomswakama bengekho ngaphezu kwama-11% kanye khona ukungcola isamba engaphansi kuka 1.5-2%.

ergot alkaloids

Ngo ezithaka imithi zisebenzisa izimpondo (sclerotia) ka ergot. Sinenkosi namabhangqa ayisithupha alkaloids stereoisomeric. levorotatory ngasinye esebenzayo sifana okungenani ababuthakathaka isomer dextrorotatory. Ikakhulu, futhi ergotaminin ergotamine, ergocristine futhi ergokristinin, futhi ergozimin ergozin, ergocryptine futhi ergokriptinin njll Isakhi esiyinhloko alkaloids levorotatory -. Lysergic acid. Ukwakheka kanye okuqukethwe alkaloids engaphansi begazi uhlanga ukhunta izici zangaphandle kanye isitshalo impi.

Ukuthola i-LSD

wemithi Swiss Albertom Hofmanom (ngenhla) ngo-1938, we amagama ahlobene of lysergic acid eziqukethwe ergot, laliqongelelwe ukulungiselela chemical - LSD eziyihlazo. iminyaka 5 Kamuva, le ndoda efanayo wathola izakhiwo hallucinogenic we kwakwakhe. Okwamanje i-LSD emazweni amaningi uvinjelwe-UN Convention, kanye inqubo yocwaningo. Ukukhethwa kuyinto Switzerland kusukela ngo-2008 bavunyelwe ukuqhuba yokwelapha nge insimu yalo ngoba ezigulela ukufa, kuhlanganise emazingeni ezibucayi umdlavuza.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha

On isicelo alkaloids kwezokwelapha waziwa isikhathi eside. Ergot - ukhunta, ngenkuthalo lisetshenziswe umkhuba azoya. Kusekelwe izidakamizwa kubangele eside futhi eziqinile lesizalo Kufinyeta futhi ayeke lesizalo ukopha. Lesi senzo sibangelwa khona alkaloids physiologically asebenzayo levorotatory, ikakhulukazi ergometrine. Kuyinto kancane anobuthi kunamanye, isikhathi senzo njengoba okusezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa umphumela ishesha.

Hydrogenated ergot alkaloids ifa izakhiwo sine. Kule ndaba, ziyaziswa njengamalungu ekwelapheni nomfutho wegazi ophezulu, migraine, isifo Basedow sika, zengqondo.

Ergot ubuthi kwenzeka, hhayi nje phakathi kwabantu, kodwa futhi okwenzeka ezilwaneni. Njengoba okusanhlamvu ukuwondla nakho kubalulekile ukuqapha nokuhlanzeka feed okusanhlamvu ukuze yenkukhu nemfuyo. Uphawu oyinhloko ubuthi kuyinto necrosis nomsila, izindlebe, izingalo nemilenze.

Nakhu yena, ergot. Lokhu isiko esenziwa ukuhlinzeka negalelo embulungeni yonke phezu kwezwe elisizungezile. Kungakhathaliseki amakhowe amancane kuzokwenza izibhicongo noma kuyoba yinto umuthi, incike kakhulu nemvelo indlela efanele.