"Elbrus" - processor eRussia. Imininingwane nomlando

Kusukela ekuqaleni kokusebenza kwe ubuchwepheshe bama-computer ezweni lethu, umklamo ephezulu ukusebenza izinhlelo ubhekwa njengomunye izimpokophelo ebaluleke kakhulu isayensi kazwelonke. Kusukela 90s isifundo ahlanganiswa isimo ngokuyinhloko entsha - isidingo ukusebenzisa intuthuko entsha ngesisekelo microprocessors Russian. Umphumela sidalwe "Elbrus" - processor, ngamandla alo Computing akuyona wawungaphansi engcono onobuhle angaphandle.

Umlando sokudalwa

Okwamanje, emazweni ambalwa emhlabeni basuke ukuklama amakhompyutha nge microprocessor ka design ayo - e-United States, eBrithani, eJapane futhi China. Kusobala ukuthi ngaphakathi ukuphepha kanye yokungenisa esikhundleni eRussia nabo kudinga processor ukuthi yanele ukuba nezidingo emabuthweni ahlomile, abomthetho, imisebenzi yokuphatha kanye nemfundo. A kungenzeka - kanti inzuzo umkhiqizo. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka umsebenzi asebenzayo lososayensi nonjiniyela YaseMoscow Centre Spark-Technology (MCST) akanamahloni ukwethula ukuthuthukiswa yakamuva eminyakeni 2014-15: ayisishiyagalombili-processor "Elbrus 8C". Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba lokho mlando uphasisiwe ibanga elide izibalo theory kanye nocwaningo ezingokoqobo.

Ngo-USSR ukubaluleka okuvelele emibhalweni nokuthuthukisa ithekhnoloji ikhompyutha esinalo umsebenzi zezemfundo S. A. Lebedeva. Iqembu eliholwa kuye ngesikhathi Academy of Sciences of Institute of hle Mechanics kanye Computer Technology (ITM futhi VT) adalwa Computing imishini ye-elekthronikhi (amakhompyutha) onobuhle nanhlanu - kusukela tube ngowokuqala imishini ngesivinini integrated circuit.

"Elbrus-1"

Umqondo emigqeni lathumela, kamuva obusingethwe processor Russian "Elbrus", wazalwa ngo-1969. Isizathu sokuthuthukiswa kwaba isidingo "intellectualization" amasistimu zamasu. Esaba umklami abakhulu VS Burtsev, uchwepheshe esele ku computer science, academician kamuva.

Ngo-1979, ITM nesimo VT Ikhomishana emelelwa isizukulwane sokuqala multiprocessor Computing eziyinkimbinkimbi "Elbrus" (IAC). Processor lwenzelwe esekelwe TTL-logic. Uhlelo asetshenziswe yezikhali umkhakha.

"Elbrus-2"

isizukulwane MVK yesibili "Elbrus" Ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha ngiyisosha, ngempumelelo kulolo vivinyo. I processor entsha base-elementi babe ukuthuthukiswa kazwelonke ngokuphelele. Uhlelo wawusekelwe ngesivinini izifunda okuhlangene logic emitter-oluhambisana IC-100 chungechunge. Ukusebenza "Elbrus-2" e desyatiprotsessornoy ukucushwa kwaba 125 Mill. Per yesibili.

Yesi-lakhiwa ngendlela Modular nge nokwethenjelwa anda. Ngenxa ijubane nokuqina eyinkimbinkimbi yasetshenziselwa iminyaka eminingi ezisezikhungweni ayisihluthulelo izinhlelo zamasu. Abahlukile isikhathi libe nezici izuzwe yesi-ukuqaliswa kanye nokuthuthukiswa eziningi imibono eziphambili enhlanganweni yenqubo yezamakhompyutha.

"Elbrus-3"

Esigabeni esilandelayo (1986-1994) kwaba ukudalwa isizukulwane sesithathu MVK "Elbrus". Processor manje ngisho izingxenye namandla kakhulu electronic - neliphelele kunalelo. umphathi Project abakhethiwe elihambisana ilungu Academy of Sciences B. A. Babayana. By the way, wenza iminikelo eliyisisekelo ekuthuthukiseni MVK "Elbrus-1" futhi "Elbrus-2".

Ukuhlola ngebuhle nebubi babo athuthukile izakhiwo superscalar ukusebenza kule isizukulwane yesi-yesibili, uBoris Artashesovich ezihlongozwayo ukuqaliswa okuthuthukile umqondo ebanzi imfundo izwi. Ngaphambi kokuwa we-Union of ochwepheshe ephethwe ukuba babuthane prototype kodwa uxhaso njengoba iziphathimandla ezintsha kumisiwe.

Contemporary

Ukuqhubeka lo mugqa iphrojekthi ehlangene imisebenzi Zao MCST. Ngo oyiyo, ehola mikroelektronschiki yasekhaya okwenza ukubheja ezibalulekile ukusetshenziswa sekhompiyutha ubuchwepheshe, waqala ukudala ezimbili uchungechunge microprocessors nekhompyutha izinhlelo okusekelwe kuzo. Lezi ovele wabe esesiza ukudala processor Russian enamandla "Elbrus" 2014 ukukhululwa.

Project isisekelo ochungechungeni lokuqala kwaba izakhiwo evulelekile Processor Scalable Architecture (SPARC), The eshiwo Sun Microsystems. Uhlelo «R» umndeni adaliwe kwezindlu kusekelwe kuyo.

Ngesisekelo uchungechunge lwesibili kwaba izakhiwo yokuqala "Elbrus", ekuthuthukiseni izimiso eziye kugunyazwe futhi babeka phansi IAC-3 (ekuqaleni wabizwa ngokuthi "ubungcweti bokwakhiwa E2k»). Kube zadalwa izinhlobo ezine eziyisisekelo izilimi. Ngakho, "Elbrus" (CPU): Ukuqhathanisa onobuhle kunikezwa ethebuleni elingezansi.

"Elbrus-4c"

Omunye ukuthuthukiswa yakamuva ngempumelelo inkampani le MCST processor "Elbrus-4c." bokwakhiwa kwezindlu zayo kusekelwe ukuklanywa, eyasebenza njengodonga isisekelo microarchitecture VLIW. Ekubaleni icubungula wemfanelo 4 cores 800 MHz, isilondolozi inkumbulo 2 MB ku umongo ngamunye.

Naphezu archaism sobala ngokuya ukukhiqizwa ubuchwepheshe (ezinkulu, imvamisa encane, inqubo ubuchwepheshe "kwekhulu elidlule" 65 NM), idivayisi kahle electronic ifaniswe ne Intel uchungechunge "i". Ngokuncane amandla ukusetshenziswa (45W) nokwenza kwayo isesikhathini Gflops 50. Ukuze uqhathanise, imodeli amadala lo Intel Core i7-975 Extreme-Edishini lunamandla ka 53 Gflops at amaza kakhulu kunalokhu namandla ukusetshenziswa. Lokhu processor Russian yesimanje "Elbrus" 2014 model ngonyaka wafakwa test waphuma ochungechungeni.

"Elbrus-8C"

Kubonakala sengathi ngesikhathi kwemvelo wayephezu, kwaba kufika ithuba lika-ukufohla evula Microelectronics yasekhaya. Zao "MCST" kanye Institute of Electronic Control Machines isungule futhi ekhiqizwa isizukulwane esisha imiklamo umkhiqizo zobunjiniyela. Ukuze ukukhiqizwa yezimboni yokulungiselela processor "Elbrus 8C" wadala ku 28-nanometer inqubo ubuchwepheshe.

Idivayisi izosebenza esihambisana isilawuli ukuthuthukiswa kazwelonke KPI-2. Nakuba isilawuli kuze ezikhishwe 65 nm inqubo ubuchwepheshe, isekela ezintathu Gigabit Ethernet inethiwekhi isilawuli, imigqa 20 PCI-Express ibhasi 2.0, eziyisishiyagalombili 2.0 kwesitoreji-izimbobo, eziyisishiyagalombili Sata-nezimbobo. Ukuxhumana ne processor 16 GB / s.

izici lobuchwepheshe

Umkhiqizi yembula izici eyinhloko "Elbrus" uhlelo olusha:

• Processor - 8 cores ngaphandle gipertredinga.
• Crystal usayizi - 350 mm ^2.
• Lesibili level isilondolozi for umongo ngamunye - 512 kV.
• third-level isilondolozi kuvamile - 16 MB.
• Ukwenza umjikelezo ngamunye - 30 imisebenzi.
• Clock imvamisa - 1.3 GHz, lapho lezi nemingcele aqinisekisiwe ukusebenza ungaphazanyiswa of sonke isikhathi zenuzi angenamkhawulo, ngisho noma eziyikhulu amaphesenti umthwalo.
• Ukusebenza (Peak) - 250 Gflops.
• Amandla - 60-90 Watts.
• ukuzimela Ilayisensi kwizinhlelo Intel, ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukuthi usekelo ezinkulu wokusebenza nge x86 / izakhiwo x86-64.

Njengoba ubona, wokugaya Russian "Elbrus" isizukulwane yakamuva izikhathi eziyisihlanu ikhiqize kuka imodeli 4C.

izakhiwo

Njengoba umphumela obalulekile lenkampani Zao MCST bahlakulele izakhiwo yokuqala microprocessor "Elbrus". Processor kuhloswe okwenza hardware izinsiza idatha ukusebenza amamethrikhi. Esikhathini ngezigaba jikelele kungokwalabo esigabeni bokwakha, usebenzisa isimiso esibanzi imfundo izwi VLIW (Ukufundiswa Okukhulu kakhulu oyiZwi), i-yesakhi edonsa i parallel ukubulawa ukulandelana amaqembu (ububanzi amazwi isiqondiso), lapho azikho ukuncika phakathi amaqembu ngaphakathi iqembu kanye nokulutheka incishisiwe phakathi amaqembu ngamaqembu ahlukene.

Ngakho, processor Russian "Elbrus" kakhulu isebenzisa impindamqondo ezingeni imisebenzi elikhona ikhodi hlelo. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka isivinini esikhulu yezakhiwo lapho kukhululwa parallelization apharathasi imisebenzi esingokwemvelo architectures superscalar futhi uthumele nabo iqhakambisa yesakhi. Lokhu kuye kwaholela, kanye nezinye izici ezibalulekile esingokwemvelo "Elbrus" izakhiwo - low power ukusetshenziswa kumadivayisi.

Kanye ayisebenzisa impindamqondo e izakhiwo imisebenzi "Elbrus" kudivayisi wabeka nokuqalisa nezinye izinhlobo (amazinga) we impindamqondo esivela inqubo Computing:

• izinkinga concurrency e multicomputer izakhiwo;
• isilawuli Concurrency ageleza phezu inkumbulo wabelane;
• Vector impindamqondo.

Ihambisana nawo x86 izakhiwo

Njengoba kuyimfuneko eyisisekelo bokwakha, onjiniyela ekuqaleni kubhekwe ukuhlinzeka kahle kwedivayisi kanambambili nge okuyizona Intel x86 sekhompiyutha izakhiwo. It is ukusebenza ngesisekelo ukuhunyushwa kufihlwe ashukumisayo futhi imishini ukwesekwa yayo sekhompiyutha "Elbrus". Iphinde inquma izakhiwo izakhiwo ezintsha basekhaya ekuthuthukiseni hardware ukwesekwa Computing okuphephile (izinhlelo module), kakhulu kusiza umsebenzi program ukudala izinhlelo isofthiwe enkulu nge zokukhokha elinganiselwe.

ngokoqobo

Lapho sihlelwe ukusebenzisa izilimi Russian? Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi lo mkhiqizo yakhelwe nge injongo eyodwa - ukunikeza oludonsa, ezimele supply nokunikezwa kwamalayisense Microelectronics nobuchwepheshe computer. Amakhompyutha "Elbrus" processor eno ezingeni lelisetulu ukuphepha nokuvikelwa kusuka kukhompyutha amagciwane e funa Imboni yezokuvikela, lwezokuphepha, kubalulekile zikahulumeni.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uhlelo ivumela Windows evamile ne-Linux, ephumela indlela, uma hhayi umthengi Ngokwesilinganiso, ukuthi wemboni yenkampani. MCST inikeza amakhompyutha evikelwe futhi amaseva, uyakwazi ezisebenza ezindaweni nokhahlo.