Circuits okudidiyelwe: Izinhlobo nezincazelo

Ukuze usebenze iyiphi electronics ucishe eziyinkimbinkimbi, ke Ngokwejwayelekile kuthatha isikhathi esingamasonto eziningi imininingwane. Lapho eziningi kubo, bakwazi "ukuhlanganisa", bathi, ezifundeni ehlangene. Yini kwazo? Indlela ihlukaniswa? Indlela zenziwa, futhi lapho amasignali adluliswa?

Yiziphi logic ihlanganiswe izifunda (ICS)

Eqinisweni, idivayisi microelectronic ukuthi isekelwe crystal yinkimbinkimbi kabi amandla akhe, elenziwe kwi ifilimu Semiconductor noma plate. It ibekwe ngendlela umzimba olubunjiwe (nakuba kungenzeka ngaphandle kwalo, kodwa kuphela uma ingxenye micro). Isifunda sokuqala ihlanganiswe yomthetho ngo-1968. Kwaba intuthuko kule mboni, nakuba olunikezwa idivayisi hhayi kakhulu kuhambisana imiqondo yesimanje nemingcele yayo. izifunda Uxhumano ekhiqizwa esikhathini esiningi ngoba ebusweni obandayo. Ngokuvamile ngaphansi EC uyaqonda crystal eyodwa kuphela noma ifilimu. I obanzi kunayo wesifunda aqiniswe esilucwecwana silicon. Kwatholakala ukuthi isicelo yayo embonini kunezinzuzo eziningana, ezifana nekusebenta isignali yokudlulisela.

amazinga design

Lezi amadivayisi eziyinkimbinkimbi, it is kahle ukuboniswa. Manje basebenzisa isofthiwe ekhethekile CAD ukuthi automates futhi kakhulu ukusheshisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza. Ngakho, umklamo saveza:

1. Logic ezingeni (inverters, NAND, NOMA, nokunye okunjalo).
2. Systemically nowesifunda (wasebenza trigger, kuzishumeki, Alu, comparators, njll);.
3. Electric (capacitors, transistors, resistors namadivayisi efanayo).
4. I topological ezingeni - ukwenziwa photomasks.
5. Physical - lwenteke njengoba Transistor olulodwa (noma neqenjana) on the chip.
6. Uhlelo - esungulwe imiyalelo ye microcontrollers, microprocessors futhi FPGAs. imodeli Ukuziphatha lakhiwa wesifunda mpo.

ngezigaba

Ukukhuluma ngendlela ukuhlukanisa phakathi izifunda ehlangene, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukhethe uhlobo olulodwa kuphela ipharamitha yinkimbinkimbi ubuchwepheshe, okuyinto iqhutshwa. Ngakho-ke, esihlokweni liye ekhethelwe ezintathu.

degree of ukuhlanganiswa

Ngakho lapha ubhekwa inombolo eyisisekelo izici crystal:

1. Ephansi wesifunda ehlangene. Iqukethe esingaphansi engamakhulu izakhi.
2. Isilinganiso wesifunda ehlangene. Isibalo izakhi kuyahlukahluka engamakhulu / ayizinkulungwane ububanzi.
3. LSI. Iqukethe izinkulungwane izinto kufika ku-10,000.
4. Scale Okukhulu kakhulu Uxhumano Circuit. Sinenkosi namalungu angaphezu kuka eziyishumi.

Ngokuvamile, isifunda esikhulu okuhlangene livame ukusetshenziswa ekhaya Imishini. esetshenziswa Ngaphambili kwezinye izigaba:

1. Ultra-ezinkulu wesifunda ehlangene. Kuyo babhaliswa labo amasampula okungase ngiziqhayise inani izakhi ezahlukene 1 Mill. 1 kuya Bln.
2. Gigabolshaya integrated circuit. Lezi zihlanganisa amaphethini, inani izakhi zazo kudlulwe 1 Bln. Elements.

Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi azisebenzi. Futhi zonke amasampula ukuthi yayikade isibaluli Ubisa futhi GBIS manje kudlule njengoba VLSI. Ngokuvamile, kungenzeka kakhulu ukulondoloza ku mangaki amaqembu, kusukela eminyakeni emibili izinhlobo ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi izikhungo ezinkulu zocwaningo, letisebenta tangcondvomshini, amandla ulinganiswa amashumi kanye namakhulu terabytes.

yokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe

Uma kucatshangelwa amakhono ahlukahlukene ukukhiqiza izifunda ihlanganiswe nazo ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka zenziwa kanjani futhi lokho:

1. semiconductor. Kuzo zonke lezi zinto futhi ukuxhumana zenziwa ku fike futhi the fana Semiconductor chip. Semiconductor ihlanganiswe izifunda esetshenziswa izinto ezifana Silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide futhi hafnium oxide.

2. Film. Zonke izingxenye kanye ukuxhumana zenziwa njengoba ifilimu:

- Thick-ifilimu.

- Izacile-ifilimu.

3. Hybrid. Ingabe diodes okungaphakejiweunpackaged, transistors nezinye zikagesi zivuliwe. Passive (ezifana resistors, inductors, capacitors) ahlelwe substrate ezivamile sobumba. Bonke afakwa izindlu uphawu.

4. Mixed. Kukhona nje kuphela chip Semiconductor, kodwa mncane-ifilimu (noma Thick-ifilimu) izakhi yokwenziwa, okuyinto ezibekwe phezu ubuso bayo.

Buka isignali kusetshenzwe

Neyesithathu, umbono wokugcina kusekelwe onjani amasignali okwenziwa yi-wesifunda ehlangene. Ziyakwazi:

1. Analog. Lapha, amasignali input bese okukhipha ziyahlukahluka ngokomthetho ka umsebenzi okuqhubekayo. Bangathola value in ezahlukene kusukela engakhi omuhle supply voltage.
2. Digital. Lapha, neyodwa isignali okufakwayo noma okukhipha lingaba nezincazelo ezimbili: bacabanga eyodwa noma zero. Ngamunye wabo uhambelana achazwe voltage ezingeni. Ngakho, uhlobo TTL chips 0-0,4V ububanzi ukulinganisela zero futhi 2,4-5V per unit. Kungenzeka kukhona ezinye ngokuhlukana, kusemandleni enu isampuli ethile.
3. Analog-to-digital. Sihlanganisa izinzuzo kanye nezici models odlule. Ngokwesibonelo, bangase babe isignali yokukhulisa umsindo analog-to-digital converters.

izici ezingokomthetho

Kuthiwa izifunda kuhlanganiswe kwakhishwa umthetho onjalo? Ezweni lethu, banikezwe kuvikeleka ngekwemtsetfo topographies lezifunda ehlangene. Ngaphansi kwalo kwakusho fixed ngesikhathi esithile yenethiwekhi impahla weJiyomethri ilungiselelo kwezendawo ezithile yezici ezithile kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabo (ngokuya nge-Athikili 1448 Code Civil). Umbhali echaza ifomu unamalungelo empahla ukuba indlela yakhe:

1. Copyright.
2. Exclusive kwesokudla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsunguli kanye nezinye izintandokazi kungase basonta yomphindwa, kuhlanganise - kungenzeka ukuthola isinxephezelo ukusetshenziswa kwaso. Ilungelo okukhethekile isebenza iminyaka eyishumi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, umsunguli noma kumuntu isimo ukuthi udliwe, ungabhalisa yomphindwa in efanele bokusungula inkonzo impahla kanye namalungelo obunikazi.

isiphetho

Nazo-ke! Uma unesifiso ukuqoqa icebo lakhe - kungaba sengathi impumelelo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngifuna nilalele esinye isici. Uma ufuna ukuqoqa chip, kubalulekile ngokuphelele ulungiselela le nqubo. Iqiniso lokuthi kuthatha ophawulekayo ubumsulwa Izinga kuhlinzwa ezisebenza indalo yayo, ngaphezu, ngenxa fineness lemininingwane ukusebenza insimbi nokunamathisela ngomthofu njengenjwayelo ngeke isebenze - zonke izenzo eyenziwa imishini. Ngakho-ke, kuphela wesifunda kungadalwa ekhaya. Uma wayefisa, ungakwazi ukuthenga ekutfutfukisweni kwetimboni, okuyinto siyonikwa emakethe, kodwa liveza umqondo nge emizini yabo ekhiqizwa ngaphandle ezezimali abalulekile kungcono ukushiya.