Christian Church Okuqala Ephakathi. History of the Christian Church

Inkolo esemthethweni yoMbuso WaseRoma lapho ubuKristu waba umbusi uConstantine mina Omkhulu (272-337). Ngonyaka ka-313, lapho ngokusemthethweni evumela ezweni labo inkolo, wakhipha umyalo wokuba kube nokulingana amalungelo ubuKristu nezinye izinkolo, futhi ngo-324-ke baba inkolo engokomthetho yoMbuso WaseRoma onobunye. Ngo-330, uConstantine wasusa inhloko-dolobha yakhe kuwo umuzi wayiyisa eByzantium, behlonipha yakhe uzobe kabusha ngokuthi iConstantinople.

Isikhathi se-Early Christian Church

Ngo-325 eNayisiya (manje emzini Iznik, eTurkey) labetibambile ngowokuqala emkhandlwini wenkolo yobukristu, lapho imfundiso eziyisisekelo zobuKristu Benziwe, futhi ngaleyo ndlela uqede izingxabano mayelana esemthethweni. Iminyaka yasekuqaleni kwawo-esonto lobuKristu, noma kwenkathi yabaphostoli, futhi, ugcina ukhona eMkhandlwini WaseNicaea. Usuku lokuqala ubhekwa engu-30 AD mina leminyaka, lapho ubuKristu nascent kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso lobuJuda. Ukushushiswa kwamaKristu kwaqala nakwabezizwe, okungukuthi amaJuda. Umfel 'ukholo wokuqala of the Christian Church Archdeacon uStefanu wabulawa ngamaJuda '34.

Ukucindezelwa wamaKristu ekupheleni sokuhlukunyezwa

Phakathi nesonto lokuqala lobuKristu kwakuyinkathi ukucindezelwa amaKristu ingxenye yonke ababusi ESonto LamaRoma Empire. Kuwa kwaba 'nokushushiswa uDiocletian "okwaqala eminyakeni 302 311. Lokhu Umbusi waseRoma yayihlose ukucekela phansi ngokuphelele okholweni nascent. UDiocletian yena washona ngo-305, kodwa ibhizinisi lakhe olunegazi aqhubeka izindlalifa. 'Nokushushiswa Omkhulu "wavunyelwa ngokomthetho sinqumo esikhishwe ngonyaka ka-303.

History of the Christian Church ayisekho wayazi ukuhlukunyezwa - amaKristu umhlatshelo amashumi, ephoqa nemindeni yabo enkundleni emgodini wamabhubesi. Nakuba abanye ososayensi bakholelwa isibalo izisulu yokushushiswa uDiocletian ihaba, namanje ngokuthi isibalo singamaphesenti umxhwele - abantu 3500. Utha abaxotshwayo the ngakhethi kwaba kaningi. Konstantin Veliky abuqede ukugconwa kanye emenza zezimbali lenye yezinkolo ezinkulu isintu. Ukunika esikhethekile ebuKristwini, Constantine kuvikelwe inkolo ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha. EByzantium kuba isikhungo sokuqala ubuKristu, futhi kamuva inhlokodolobha zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni, engivusa ngayo, njengasencwadini kwezinye Ngaphanga amanye amabandla, lo mbusi abagcotshwa sts. saint yamaKatolika awuzange kubhekwe.

Isixhumanisi izikhathi

Olubanzi iminikelo umama uConstantine, iNdlovukazi Helena, ukwakha amasonto. Lapho uConstantine Yakhiwa Hagia Sophia eConstantinople - edolobheni, ogama lakhe behlonipha imithetho yombusi. Kodwa enhle yokuqala kakhulu futhi kubhekwe isonto eJerusalema, lapho iBhayibheli likhuluma. Nokho, eziningi izakhiwo lokuqala benkolo lalondolozwa. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke isonto lobuKristu ezweni, waphila ngokuvumelana namuhla, itholakala edolobheni French yasePoitiers, idolobha elikhulu woMnyango Vienne. It okubhapathiza Ioanna Krestitelya, eyakhiwa ngekhulu IV. Okungukuthi, ngisho kokuba baqale umlando ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho ukwakhiwa amasonto, amathempeli amasonto chithi saka.

Rich inkathi yomlando

Kukholakala ukuthi i-Early Ephakathi eyathatha 5 eminyaka kusukela ekwindla ka-eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga e 476 kuze kube sekupheleni X leminyaka. Kodwa abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ekuqaleni isikhathi sokuqala Ephakathi kwaba iminyaka 313 - nesikhathi ekunqanyulweni ukushushiswa kwabalandeli lwenkolo yobuKristu.

Inkathi eyayinzima kunazo zonke emlandweni, kuhlanganise kuwa uMbuso WamaRoma, ukuba umsuka Ukufuduka Okukhulu, wayiyisa eByzantium, ukuqiniswa kwethonya ayehlasela Muslim-Arabhu eSpain, uncika ngokuphelele enkolweni yobuKristu. Church in Early Ephakathi kwaba izikhungo main kwezombangazwe, endleleni yokuphila zemfundo kanye nezomnotho lezizwe eziningi kwabantu baseYurophu. Zonke izikole run by amasonto, zezindela kwakungamadodana zamasiko ezemfundo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kakade Isigodlo IV ekhulwini bonke babengaphansi ocebile kakhulu futhi esinamandla. Noko, libandla hhayi kuphela wahlwanyela ezinengqondo, ezinhle, okuphakade. Bamshushisa ngonya ephikisayo ababhekana nakho. Labhujiswa-altare lobuqaba namathempeli, yezihlubuki wabhubhisa ngokwenyama.

Ukholo ukuze lube isivikelo isimo

Christian Church ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, wazibonela zezimbali zayo zokuqala, kanye ekupheleni kwesikhathi, abanye phansi elahlekile. Futhi kamuva, ngo zikhathi ezilandelayo KweNkathi Ephakathi, ukwanda entsha yenkolo yobuKristu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu V Ireland isibe omunye izikhungo ubuKristu. isimo Frankish, uye wanda kakhulu insimu yalo ne uhlobo uClovis Merovingian, wathatha naye nkolo entsha. Ekhulwini V nombusi endaweni Frankish isimo kakade kwase 250 zezindela. ISonto iba inhlangano enamandla kakhulu ukusekelwa egcwele uClovis. Christian Church Okuqala Ephakathi waba nendima nokuhlanganisa. Cabanga ngokholo ebandla ahlangana emhlabeni esontweni ngemiyalo yezikhulu le nkosi, izwe Sinemandla futsi kuyo izitha wangaphandle. Kungenxa yezizathu ezifanayo nezethu, lolu kholo olusha futhi wathatha lonke elaseYurophu. Ekhulwini IX, owabhapathizwa Rus. UbuKristu yokuthola amandla, kube ukungena Asia futhi umfula we Nile (insimu ka Sudan yesimanje).

izindlela ngesihluku

Kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene - kokubili Injongo (Islam buthola amandla) futhi subjective (wokubusa inzalo ka Clovis, ebizwa nge "amakhosi ukuvilapha," ukuwa Frankish nesimo) - ubuKristu okwesikhashana umaluju izikhundla zabo. Arabhu kafushane matasa ingxenye yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. buthaka kakhulu lopapa. Christian Church Okuqala Ephakathi kwaba imibono yenkolo amakhosi asendulo. Wazalelwa Endulo, ngasinda kahle ekusakazeni ubuKristu zakhe zaba sombuso feudalism, bemkhonza ngokwethembeka, bathethelele ukucindezelwa nokungalingani kwezenhlalo "intando yeNkosi." Ukuze igcine uquqaba kuhanjiswa, iSonto yakhetha ukusabisa, ikakhulukazi nokwesaba kwelizayo. Wamemezela izinceku insubordinate kadeveli, izihlubuki, okuyinto kamuva kwaholela ekusungulweni kwe-Yokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki.

Iqhaza omuhle yesonto

Kodwa Christian Church Okuqala Ephakathi ku ikhono bushelelezi tembangave, umehluko kanye imibango. Omunye naletintfo main of the Church - phambi kukaNkulunkulu, bonke bayalingana. Ibandla awuzange ukuvula ubutha abalimi, okwakuwukuphela kwezidalwa main angisebenzi emphakathini amakhosi asendulo. Washayela ngesihe ekufezeni abancisheke amathuba kanye licindezelwe. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-isikhundla engokomthetho yesonto, ngisho noma ngezinye izikhathi akuzenzisi.

Esikhathini Early Ephakathi nge ukungazi sekuyaphela sabantu, ngokungabi bikho iyiphi nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana, isonto abadlale indima isikhungo zokuxhumana - lapha abantu ukuba bahambe, lapha zidluliselwa futhi wafundiswe yonke izindaba.

Ukusungulwa ngesihluku ubuKristu

Umlando esonto lobuKristu, njenganoma iyiphi enye inkolo enkulu, kuyinto banemali. Zonke yobuciko yobuciko nezincwadi kuwo wonke umlando zadalwa ngokusekelwa iSonto, izidingo zakhe nezikhonzi zawo. Wathonywa ke nezinqubomgomo bezingelwa uthi, ezinye zazo ziyizilimi eziMpini Zokholo. Noma kunjalo, kwaqala ekhulwini le-XI, kodwa esikhathini kusuka V ukuze X leminyaka, ubuKristu base asakazwa nethonya lokukholisa futhi yezithunywa noma yezakhi kwezomnotho hhayi kuphela. A indima ebalulekile kakhulu eyadlalwa izikhali. Ngesihluku becindezela abezizwe phakathi buqala, ukholo lobuKristu, kuvamile, kuhlanganise ukunqoba kwe-Nguqulo Yezwe, waphoselwa ngu ashaya.

Ikhasi emlandweni wesintu

Izimpi ugcwele wonke umlando Ephakathi. Ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, noma ekuqaleni kuka isikhathi izinduna - isikhathi lapho kusungulwa futhi kwakhiwa feudalism njengoba kumiswa zezombusazwe nomphakathi. Lwathi luphela feudalisation umhlaba X leminyaka cishe iphelile. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lahlotshaniswa negama elithi "feudalism" zivame ukuba obscurantism futhi backwardness, kuba esontweni lesi sikhathi, kwakunabamemezeli izici ezinhle ezikwenza intuthuko enenqubekela phambili umphakathi, okwaholela ukuvela Yempucuko.