Ithempeli laseJerusalema. IJerusalema Elingcwele Lethuna: umlando kanye nezithombe

EJerusalema - idolobha kokuqhathanisa. Kwa-Israyeli, kukhona ubutha unomphela phakathi namaSulumane namaJuda, ngesikhathi esifanayo kuleli endaweni engcwele ngokuthula siphile amaJuda, ama-Arabhu, Armenia nabanye.

amasonto eJerusalema baphathe inkumbulo ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Izindonga khumbula izinqumo Kira Velikogo futhi uDariyu I ukuvukela wakwaMaccabee futhi Ukubusa kukaSolomoni, uJesu exosha abathengisi ethempelini.

Funda futhi uyofunda okuningi umlando emathempelini emzini ongcwele nazo kulo mhlaba.

eJerusalema

amasonto eJerusalema umxhwele umcabango pilgrim izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Leli dolobha ngempela kubhekwe elingcwelisa kunabo bonke emhlabeni, njengoba amakholwa lapha uyalangazela izinkolo ezintathu.

Amathempeli eJerusalema, izithombe abalwe ngezansi ubheke ubuJuda Islam nobuKristu. Namuhla, izivakashi zivame Western Wall, i-Al-Aqsa Mosque kanye Dome of the Rock futhi iSonto kweNyuka Our Lady nethempeli.

Ezweni zobuKristu, loke nje lidume ngokuthunga eJerusalema. Lethuna Elingcwele (isithombe siyakhonjiswa ekupheleni isihloko) ubhekwa hhayi kuphela indawo ukubethelwa nokuvuka kukaKristu. Lokhu shrine nayo ngokungaqondile ngomunye izizathu ekuqaleni inkathi eziMpini Zokholo.

Old and New Town

Kukhona futhi iJerusalema Elisha namuhla futhi Old. Uma sikhuluma kuqala, iyidolobha lesimanje nge ezitaladini, libanzi futhi liphakeme-liphumele izakhiwo. It has a ujantshi, zakamuva zezitolo futhi kumnandi.

Ukwakhiwa ezintsha futhi zokuhlala amaJuda aqala kuphela yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Ngaphambi kwalokho, abantu babephila ngaphakathi Idolobha yesimanje Old. Kodwa ukuntuleka isikhala ukwakhiwa, ukuntuleka kwamanzi kanye nezinye ukungakhululeki nomthelela ukunwetshwa kwemingcele yokukhokha. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izakhamuzi zokuqala izindlu ezintsha ukukhokha imali ngakho, bathutha odongeni lomuzi. Kodwa zisatholakala Adalberto isikhathi eside emuva amakota ubudala ebusuku, ngoba babekholelwa ukuthi udonga biyela them izitha.

Lo muzi omusha idume namuhla abagcini nje kuphela emisha. Kukhona iminyuziyamu eminingi, izikhumbuzo nezinye ezikhangayo ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu yeshumi nesishiyagalolunye kanye eminyaka lwamashumi amabili.

Nokho, kusukela umbono komlando, it is ezibaluleke kakhudlwana iyona Idolobha elidala. Kukhona izindawo zokukhulekela lasendulo kanye izikhumbuzo ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu izinkolo ezintathu zomhlaba.

Old Town - iyingxenye yeJerusalema lanamuhla, kanye elitholakala ngemva odongeni inqaba. Le ndawo sehlukaniswe yomine - Jewish, Armenia, ezobuKristu nezingezona Muslim. Kulapha unyaka ngamunye edonsela izigidi zabakhulekeli kanye nezivakashi.

amathempelana emhlabeni ezibhekwa ezinye eJerusalema ethempelini. KumaKristu, it is a ithempeli Lethuna Elingcwele, amaSulumane - Al-Aqsa Mosque ngoba amaJuda - lonke ithempeli ngesimo eWestern Wall (ukulila Wall).

Asikhulume okwengeziwe amathempelana ethandwa kakhulu eJerusalema, abanikwa iziqu emhlabeni wonke. Ngo side yabo ujike ngomthandazo izigidi eziningi zabantu. Yini idume kangaka lezi amathempeli?

Ithempeli lokuqala

Hhayi umJuda oyedwa ngeke ngokuthi yindlu engcwele, "endlini kaJehova." Lokhu kwakuphambene iziyalezo zenkolo. "Igama nguNkulunkulu ayikwazi lingabizwa abantu," ngakho engcwele lalibizwa ngokuthi "iNdlu Ongcwele", "Isigodlo sika-Adonai" noma "Indlu kaZimu."

Ngakho, ibandla itshe lokuqala elimiswe Israyeli ngemva ubunye Ngezinsuku ZikaDavide NoSolomoni indodana kwezizwe zakhe eziningi. Ngaphambi kwalokhu Itabernakele laliyisakhiwo ngesimo itende ephathekayo ne Umphongolo Wesivumelwano. izindawo ezincane yokukhulekela oshiwo emadolobheni amaningana ezifana eBhetlehema, uShekemi, Givat noShawule, nabanye.

ukwakhiwa sekuwuphawu ubunye abantu Israeli lethempeli likaSolomoni eliseJerusalema. Inkosi yakhetha le edolobheni ngesizathu esisodwa - kwaba uhlobo emasimini komngcele kaJuda noBhenjamini. EJerusalema bekulokhu inhloko-dolobha yesizwe ka namaJebusi.

Ngakho-ke, okungenani phezu kwamaJuda Israyeli, akufanele sezibekwe kuphangwa.

UDavida waselithenga neNtaba iMoriya (enombala namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi i Temple) e Aravny. Lapha i-altare uNkulunkulu sabekwa esikhundleni esibuyeni ukuze ukunqanda lesi sifo ukuthi sekungene abantu. Kukholakala ukuthi kuleli qophelo, Abrahama wayehamba ukuba anikele ngendodana yakhe. Kodwa futhi lo mprofethi Naftan wanxusa uDavide ukuba bangalibali kokwakhiwa kwethempeli, kanye ukuphathisa lo msebenzi indodana yakhe esakhula.

Ngakho-ke, i-Temple Okokuqala lakhiwa phakathi nokubusa kukaSolomoni. Wayekhona ngaphambi kokubhujiswa uNebukadinesari e 586 BC.

ithempeli lesibili

Cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka kamuva lo mbusi omusha Persian aseKhiri Veliky ivumela amaJuda ukuba abuyele ePalestina futhi kabusha Nethempeli LikaSolomoni kwenkosi eJerusalema.

Isimemezelo sikaKoresi ivumela abantu hhayi kuphela ukuthi babuye ekuthunjweni, kodwa wanika nama-indondo izinto ethempelini, futhi bayalwa ukuba ukwaba izimali ngoba umsebenzi wokwakha. Kodwa ukufika izizwe eJerusalema, emva ukwakhiwa kwe-altare, aqala ukuxabana phakathi Israyeli namaSamariya. Lesi sakamuva akazange avumele ukwakhiwa kwethempeli.

Ekugcineni, izingxabano zaxazululeka kuphela esikhundleni UKoresi Omkhulu uDariyu Hystaspes. Ube eseqinisekisa ngokubhala zonke izinqumo futhi mathupha ngaphambilini ukuqedela ukwakhiwa kwendlu engcwele. Ngakho, ncamashi ayisikhombisa ngemva kokubhujiswa shrine eyinhloko kweJerusalema iminyaka kwabuyiselwa.

Uma ithempeli lokuqala eyaziwa ngokuthi uSolomoni, owawubizwa ngokuthi zorovavelevym novovozvedenny. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ke ayetha, iNkosi uHerode wanquma ukuba kulungiswe entabeni yaseMoriya, ukuze angena Ensemble yezakhiwo ezazizinhle kakhulu amabhlogo edolobheni.

Ngakho-ke, ukuba khona iThempeli Lesibili ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili - uZerubhabhele noHerode. Njengoba ngasinda ukuvukela wakwaMaccabee kanye ukunqoba Roman, engcwele usezuze uhlobo oluthile shabby. Ngo 19 BC, uHerode watimisela kuya inkumbulo emlandweni ziyingxenye uSolomoni, futhi reconstructs eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ikakhulukazi lokhu abapristi ayizinkulungwane abaqeqeshiwe ekwakheni izinyanga eziningana, njengoba ingaphakathi esontweni ubengase uzithola. kakhulu Ukwakhiwa lendlu engcwele kwakune kwezinye izimfanelo yamaGreki namaRoma, kodwa ikakhulukazi ushintsho yayo akuyona inkosi uThandeka esemi ngezinyawo. Kodwa uHerode ukwakhiwa zangaphandle senziwa emasikweni best of kwamaGreki namaRoma ngokuphelele.

emva ekwakheni isakhiwo esisha nje iminyaka eyisithupha labhujiswa. ukuvukela Anti-Roman baqala kancane kancane kuholele Okokuqala Jewish namaRoma neMpi. UTitus libhubhisa engcwele njengoba isikhungo esiyinhloko esingokomoya sika-Israyeli.

ithempeli wesithathu

Kukholakala ukuthi nethempeli yesithathu eJerusalema uphawu uMesiya. Kukhona izinguqulo eziningana ngokuvakashela lo shrine. Zonke ukuhluka zisekelwe incwadi ka Hezekeli, ophinda abe ingxenye Tanakh.

Ngakho-ke, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ethempelini Okwesithathu kuphakama ngokuyisimangaliso ngobusuku obubodwa. Abanye khulumela ukuthi kubalulekile ukwakha njengoba inkosi yabonisa indawo, akha ithempeli lokuqala.

Into kuphela akukho kungabaza nhlobo ekuletheni ukuze kwakhiwe le ndawo, lapho ukwakha. Okuxakayo ukuthi amaJuda namaKristu uyibona indawo kumila itshe, esemgwaqweni Kubat Al-Sakhra namuhla.

amathempelana Muslim

Ukukhuluma ngoJehova ethempelini eJerusalema, awukwazi sikhulise kuphela UbuJuda noma ubuKristu. Kukhona shrine lesithathu ngobukhulu futhi iningi zasendulo umsuka Islam. Lena Al-Aqsa Mosque ( "Ezikude"), okuyinto evame kudidaniswe yesibili lesikhumbuzo Muslim izakhiwo - Kubat Al-Sakhra ( "Dome of the Rock"). Lokho leli temu umkhatsi elikhulu legolide eliphambi ebonakala amakhilomitha amaningi.

Al-Aqsa isendaweni iNtaba YeThempeli. Yakhiwa 705 AD ngemiyalo yezikhulu Umbusi wamaSulumane Umar al-Faruq. Mosque izikhathi eziningana kabusha, lilungisiwe, wadalula ekubhujisweni phakathi nokuzamazama wakhonza njengephayona endlunkulu Knights Templar. Namuhla, lo shrine uyakwazi ukuze ajabulise wawo kungathi izinkulungwame eziyisihlanu abathembekile.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-al-Aqsa Mosque Dome Sinoval-grey umbala lincane kakhulu ukuthi Al-Sakhra.

"Dome of the Rock" zibabaza bokwakhiwa kwezindlu zayo. Ayikho izivakashi abaningi abazibuza wona othi waphawula ukukhanya esiteji iziyaluyalu ngenxa uvakashele eJerusalema. Lo muzi nje ubuhle emangalisayo, zasendulo umlando emakamu.

Al-Sakhra yakhiwa kuleli ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesikhombisa abakhi ababili phezu oda of the Umbusi wamaSulumane Abd al-Malik al-Marwan. Eqinisweni, yayakhiwe eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi al-Aqsa, kodwa akuyona mosque. Ngomqondo lathumela, lokhu Dome phezu engcwele "itshe lesisekelo ', kusuka lapho kuthiwa uqalile ukudalwa ukuthula no Muhammad enyukele ezulwini (" Miraj ").

Ngakho, eJerusalema kukhona lahlukene izindawo Islamic ongcwele ithempeli eNtabeni. Kuyinto idolobha kokuqhathanisa, naphezu emkhathini eshubile esifundeni, nedlanzana ezimbalwa kuphela amamitha kusuka kuye abaJuda ukuthandaza eduze ukulila Wall.

uyithempeli likaMoya Virgin

Ithempeli kaNkulunkulu eseJerusalema, manje esibizwa ngokusemthethweni Isigodlo kweNyuka Our Lady, ine umlando ezithakazelisayo futhi ayihlelekile.

Yakhiwa 415 ngaphansi Bishop uJohane Okwesibili. Kwakuyisikhathi sokukhulekela WaseByzantium, elibizwa ngokuthi "i-Zion oNgcwele." Ngokusho Ioanna Bogoslova wahlala lapha reposed Virgin Ubusisiwe. Kukholakala ukuthi engcwele lokuqala sakhiwa kule indawo ingxenye neSidlo Sakusihlwa Sokugcina futhi sekwenza okukhulu ngokuthokoza kukaMoya oNgcwele abaphostoli ngePhentekoste.

Wayelethwa kabili libhujiswa namaPheresiya (Ngekhulu lesikhombisa) kanye Muslim (wekhulu nantathu). Ikhishiwe bendawo, futhi ke Crusaders. Kodwa sokuthuthwa kwempahla yesigodlo, okuyinto namuhla ungomunye emizini yezindela kufika ekupheleni yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye.

Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kokubusa kwamaSulumane angaphakanyiswa phezu kwendawo, ekuhambeleni oyingqophamlando uMbusi uWilhelm II sika ePalestina, Benedictine Order othenga isiqephu sezwe ngenxa igolide emamaki eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi amabili kusukela WaseTurkey Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iqala khona ukwakhiwa bekhuthele, okuyinto lakhiwa abafowethu German Order Katolika. Umakhi kwaba uHenry Renard. Wahlela ukwakha isonto, efana lombhishobhi Carolingian e Aachen. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, ngokusekelwe isiko German ekwakheni, ku Monastery Our Lady of kweNyuka eenkhulwini wasungula izakhi zaseByzantium yesimanje Muslim.

Namuhla, lo shrine uku kwelifa loonyana German Society leZwe Elingcwele. umongameli Its umbhishobhi omkhulu waseCologne.

oNgcwele Lethuna

Lithempeli laSimakadze eJerusalema eziningi amagama, kodwa ngandlela-thile bubhalwe umcabango. Kwakhiwa indlu enkulu yesonto imi endaweni lapho abambethela iNdodana kaNkulunkulu. Ngemuva kwekuvuswa kwakhe lapha. Kulesi ethempelini, kukhona emcimbini waminyaka yonke bokwehla we ngoMlilo oNgcwele.

Beka lapho ubuhlungu abhekana nabo, wafa wabuye wavuka iisus hristos, ubelokhu lihlonishwa amakholwa. Imemori ye-ke elahlekile ngemva kokubhujiswa kweJerusalema ngo-Thithu, futhi ngemva kweminyaka embalwa khona esakhiweni sethempeli Venus, elakhiwa ngaphansi uHadrian.

Kuphela 325, unina uMbusi waseRoma Konstantina Velikogo, ngubani empilweni wabizwa ngokuthi Flaviya Avgusta (christened Elena), futhi emva nokunxusa wayiqamba ngokuthi Equal kubaPhostoli uHelen, waqala ukwakhiwa ibandla lamaKristu.

Ukuze ngonyaka kule ndawo yasungulwa esontweni. Yakhiwa eduze Basilica of eBhetlehema eholwa Macarius. Ngesikhathi sakhe yayakhiwe isakhiwo zezakhiwo - yethempeli-Mausoleum kuya Crypt. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zithako omkhulukazi kuyakhulunywa abadumile Madaba ibalazwe elingelakwaJuda ngekhulu lesihlanu leminyaka.

Church of the Resurrection eJerusalema, owokuqala ngayingcwelisa phakathi nokubusa Konstantina Velikogo nokuba khona siqu imithetho yombusi. With kweminyaka 335 ngalolusuku ukugubha isenzakalo esibalulekile - Updates kwelithempeli (26 Septhemba).

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi cishe 1009 le uCaliph al-Hakim Ukudluliselwa ubunikazi isonto likaNestoria, kancane kokubhubhisa isakhiwo. Lapho amahemuhemu sigameko safinyelela eNtshonalanga Yurophu, lokhu kwaba omunye kwezimbangela eziyinhloko eziMpini Zokholo.
Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu yeshumi nambili le Templars kabusha ethempelini. isitayela Romanesque lesi sakhiwo kuyabonakala namuhla ku suburban iJerusalema Elisha Temple, iphuzu esizoxoxa ngalo ngezansi.

Esikhathini komhlaba ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha kakhulu spoilt ukubukeka ngilahlekile. Chapel baba kancane eziphansi, okuwukuthi, ezifana ngayo namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucekelwa phansi Edicule ethintekile. Ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo kuhlala izindela Franciscan.

ONgcwele Lethuna namuhla

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, indawo ethandwa kakhulu pilgrimage eMpumalanga Ephakathi yiJerusalema. Lethuna Elingcwele (esemgwaqweni ngezansi isithombe) edonsela izigidi amakholwa izinsuku ezingcwele. Kukulo muzi lapho ngonyaka phansi ngoMlilo oNgcwele. Nakuba emcimbini kanye iningi iziteshi ukusakaza online, abantu abaningi bakhetha ukubona isimangaliso ngawawo.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, ithempeli laliyisikhungo ngomlilo bese ishiswa ingxenye Anastasis, futhi kwadala umonakalo Edicule ethintekile. Izakhiwo abuyiselwe ngokushesha, kodwa ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka kwaba sobala ukuthi lokudzingwa libandla sokubuyiselwa. Ukuphela Esigabeni sokuqala umsebenzi uvinjelwe seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, ngakho kuthintwa yokuqedela welulela kuze 2013.

Kwaphela isigamu sekhulu leminyaka, senziwa dolobha nokubuyiselwa lonke eziyinkimbinkimbi, le Rotunda futhi Dome.

Namuhla, ethempelini kuhlanganisa esizeni kokubethelwa kukaJesu Kristu (Calvary), Lethuna kanye Rotunda ngenhla ke (kwakukhona egumbini lapho walala emzimbeni iNdodana kaNkulunkulu, kodwa yena engavuswanga), kanye Ukuthola yesonto Cross, KATHOLIKON, isonto Equal kubaPhostoli Elena nezindawo zokukhulekela eziningana.

Namuhla, ethempelini ihlanganisa abameleli amahlelo eziyisithupha ukuthi wabelane emkhawulweni babe nokukhulekela kwabo siqu amahora. Lezi zihlanganisa Ethiopia, Coptic Katolika, umSiriya, LamaGreki Lobu-Orthodox futhi amasonto Armenia.

Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo iyona okulandelayo. Ukuze ugweme nemiphumela kabi kubhekwe yezingxabano phakathi izinkolo ezahlukene kuyisihluthulelo ethempelini emndenini Muslim (Dzhude), bese uvula umnyango kungenzeka ilungu ehlukile Arabhu (Nuseybe) kuphela. Lolusiko iye ahlala emuva 1192 futhi udunyiswa kuze kube yilolu suku.

New Jerusalem sezindela

Sekuyisikhathi eside 'neJerusalema Elisha "kwaba iphupho ababusi eziningi ubukhulu eMoscow. Boris Godunov kuhlelwe ukwakhiwa yayo e Moscow, kodwa lowo msebenzi wakhe wokwakha wahlala zingagcwaliseki.

Ithempeli lokuqala kule-Jerusalem Entsha khona lapho eseneminyaka uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon. Yena ngo-1656 wasungula Isigodlo, obekumele ukukopisha yonke eyinkimbinkimbi amasayithi ongcwele ePalestina. Namuhla amathempeli ayesezobashumayeza - Istra, Sovetskaya st, endlini 2.

Ngaphambi kokuqala ukwakhiwa esizeni zasethempelini zazigcinwa Redkina dolobhana futhi ehlathini eliseduzane. Ngokuhamba egqumeni wamqinisa zazibhekwa uyanqunywa, zonke igama kwendawo lashintshwa laba Gospel. Manje kukhona Eleonskii amagquma yaseZiyoni, futhi iThabori. Umfula Istra mabangabe ukwaziwa eJordani. Uvuko Cathedral, elakhiwa ngo-engxenyeni ekhulwini lesikhombisa yesibili, iphindwa ukubunjwa ethempelini Lethuna Elingcwele.

Kusukela umcabango wokuqala yenzalamizi Nikon futhi kamuva wajabulela le ndawo kwelungiselelo elikhethekile ka-Alexei Mikhailovich. Imithombo ukubalula ukuthi yileso sikhathi engaqala ngaso Waqamba eziyinkimbinkimbi 'neJerusalema Elisha "lapho kunikezelwa lakamuva.

Lapha-ke wawusegunjini ukunyuswa umtapo iqoqo kanye abafundi babefundiswa izikole zomculo senkondlo. Ngemva ihlazo Nikon Monastery engena ezinye labhidlika. Lezi zigameko yathuthuka ngokuphawulekayo kusukela eza amandla Fedor Alekseevich, owayeyilungu umfundi yenzalamizi ababedingisiwe.

Ngakho, namuhla esesizivakashele nawe ku uhambo olubonakalayo amanye edume kakhulu ithempeli izakhiwo eJerusalema, futhi wavakashela iJerusalema Elisha Temple edolobheni.

Inhlanhla kuwe, abafundi abathandekayo! Ake isipiliyoni sakho uzokhanya, futhi travel - ezithakazelisayo.