Chicxulub - wentaba enhlonhlweni Yucatán: ubukhulu, imvelaphi, umlando ukutholakala

Abaningi kithi baye nezwa Tunguska meteorite. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bambalwa abantu bazi mayelana umfowabo, iwela Umhlaba ezikhathini zasendulo. Chicxulub - wentaba kwakhiwa emva ukuwa kwemvula yezinkanyezi ezinomsila eminyakeni million 65 edlule. ukubukeka kwakhe emhlabeni uye kwaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu, okuyinto abathintekayo yonke le mbulunga yethu iyonke.

Likuphi wentaba Chicxulub?

Itholakala endaweni enyakatho ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo Yucatán, kanye ezansi eGulf of Mexico. wentaba Chicxulub 180 km ububanzi ozibiza ngobukhulu meteorite wentaba Emhlabeni. Ingxenye kungenxa umhlaba, futhi ingxenye yesibili phansi kwamanzi kwe-Gulf.

Umlando yokutholakala

Ukutholakala kwalesi sigodi kwaba ozenzekelayo. Ngoba has a usayizi omkhulu, bese uphila is nakukucabanga. Ososayensi baye bathola ke ngengozi ngo-1978 ngesikhathi eGulf of Nomhlaba Ucwaningo. Ucwaningo uhambo kwakuhlelwa inkampani "Pemex" (isihloko sawo esiphelele "Mexican Petroleum"). Ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi onzima - ukuthola uwoyela phansi ethekwini. Geophysics Glen Penfield futhi Antonio Camargo ezifundweni waqale wathola arc ngokumangalisayo ziyalingana semidesyatikilometrovuyu ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngenxa ibalazwe okudonsa, ososayensi bathole ukuqhubeka arc eNhlonhlweni Yucatán (eMexico), eduze nedolobhana Chicxulub.

Igama emzaneni ihumusha ezivela olimini Mayan ngokuthi "idemoni imikhaza." Leli gama lihlotshaniswa inombolo okungakaze kubonwe izinambuzane kule ndawo isikhathi eside. Lokho ngokucabangela yonke iNhlonhlo Yucatán kumephu (okudonsa) bavunyelwe ukucabanga eziningi.

substantiation Scientific of umbono ocatshangelwayo

Ukuba ivaliwe arc Imiphumela isikokela kabani ubukhulu ingamakhilomitha angu-180. Omunye wabacwaningi okuthiwa Penfield kanye basikisela ukuthi kuyinto wentaba umthelela, eyabonakala ngenxa negalelo meteorite.

bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe ilungile, okuyinto waqinisekiswa amaqiniso athile. Ngaphakathi esigodini kwatholakala adonsela phansi anomaly. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi amasampula "ukushaqeka asebenza ngebhethri" atholakele kokuba waklinywa isakhiwo yamangqamuzana, futhi tektites lwengilazi. izinto ezinjalo zingase zimiswe kuphela ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu futhi izinga lokushisa. Yini Chikskulub - wentaba, okuyinto ayinakuqhathaniswa emhlabeni, akusiyo ungaqiniseki, kodwa kudingeka nobufakazi obungenakuphikiswa ukuze uqinisekise ezizathwini. Kwafumaniseka ukuthi babe yizinkulungwane.

Ngokwesayensi ukuqinisekisa umbono kuphumelele uProfessor, uMnyango-University of Calgary Hildebrant ngo-1980 sibonga ekutadisheni Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali yamadwala nasemigodini sezwe satellite enemininingwane asinazo izithombe Peninsula.

Imiphumela meteorite

Kukholakala ukuthi Chiksulub - wentaba aba khona uma uphonsa meteorite kabani ubukhulu akuyona amakhilomitha engaphansana kweshumi. Izibalo ososayensi abonisa ukuthi meteorite eyayihamba engela kancane kusukela eningizimu-mpumalanga. ijubane lakhe lalinguDowegi 30 amakhilomitha ngomzuzwana.

Fall elikhulu umzimba cosmic Emhlabeni iphutha cishe izigidi ezingu-65 edlule. Ososayensi babonisa ukuthi lesi senzakalo senzeka nje ngaleso paleogona ayaphenduka Cretaceous. Isimo sasibucayi umthelela inhlekelele kanye nethonya elikhulu ku-ukuqhubeka lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ngenxa yalokho yale ngozi we meteorite ne komhlaba kwakhiwa wentaba esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Ngokusho ososayensi, amandla umthelela esingeqile izikhathi eziningana kwezigidi ezingu amandla ibhomu le-athomu eHiroshima. Ngenxa umthelela kwakhiwa wentaba esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, njengoba ayezungezwe yokhalo, okuphakama kwawo kwaba amamitha latinkhulungwane letinyentana. Kodwa ngokushesha ugema abaqulekile ukuzamazama komhlaba nezinye kugucuka Geological cuphuluza negalelo meteorite. Ngokusho ososayensi, i-tsunami waqala kusukela kanzima kakhulu. Kucatshangwa ukuphakama amagagasi 50-100 amamitha. Waves waya kuleli zwekazi, ukucekela phansi yonke into endleleni yayo.

Ukupholisa embulungeni yonke iplanethi

A shock wave wazungeza izikhathi ezimbalwa emhlabeni wonke Earth. Nge lokushisa eliphezulu, kudala umlilo wequbula ezinzima. Ezindaweni ezahlukene iplanethi kwaqina mlilo nezinye izinqubo zomhlaba. Mlilo eziningi futhi ukushiswa izindawo ezinkulu ihlathi uholé yokuthi omningi amagesi adedelwa emkhathini, uthuli, umlotha futhi umusi. Kunzima ukukucabanga, kodwa ephakanyiswe nezinhlayiya ngokuthi inqubo wentaba-mlilo ebusika. Ihlala eqinisweni lokuthi iningi amandla elanga kuvezwa emkhathini, okuholela Ukupholisa global kwenzeka.

Thanda yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nabanye nemiphumela emibi isiteleka kwaba nethonya elilimaza ezweni iplanethi ephilayo. Izitshalo hhayi nokukhanya okwanele ukuze i-photosynthesis, okuholela ukwehla ngo-mpilo emkhathini. Ukunyamalala ingxenye enkulu ikhava umhlaba eMhlabeni kuye kwaholela ekufeni kwabantu nezilwane, babengenakho ukudla okwanele. Kuyinto lezi zenzakalo zaholela ukushabalala izibankwakazi.

Ukuqothulwa emngceleni we Cretaceous futhi Paleogene

Ukuwa kwe-meteorite okwamanje kubhekwe isizathu esibaluleke kakhulu uyaca konke ukuphila e kwesikhathi Cretaceous-Paleogene. Inguqulo ukushabalala izinto eziphilayo zenzeka ngisho phambi Chicxulub (wentaba) uvulekele. Futhi izizathu ezibangele Ukupholisa sezulu babeyogcina.

Ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi amazinga aphezulu Iridium (isici ivelakancane) e inhlabathi kabani yobudala imayelana million 65 iminyaka. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi lokuhlala eliphezulu element Kuye kwatholakala hhayi kuphela e Yucatán, kodwa nakwezinye izindawo emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, izazi zithi, cishe, kwaba lezulu Meteor.

On emdeni Paleogene futhi Cretaceous izibankwakazi safa, flying ezihuquzelayo, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle okwase kuyisikhathi walawula le nkathi. Kasibili konke kwemvelo ezibhujisiwe. In the ukungabikho izibankwa enkulu iye yashesha ukuvela izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, izinhlobo ukwehluka lapho liye landa kakhulu.

Ngokusho ososayensi, kungenzeka ukuba singaphethi ngokuthi omunye ukuqothulwa mass ziye cuphuluza ekwindla ka emkhathini elikhulu. izilinganiso Iyatholakala zisikisela ukuthi Earth emizimbeni enkulu yasezulwini iwe kanye izigidi eziyikhulu iminyaka. Lokhu kuhambelana cishe ukuze isikhawu sesikhathi ngokuhlola phakathi ukuqothulwa mass.

Kwenzekani ngemva kokuwa meteorite?

Kwenzekani emhlabeni ngemva kokuwa meteorite? Ngokusho Isazi Deniela Durda (Research Institute Colorado), ngemizuzu kanye namahora aluhlaza futhi izwe bachuma planethi yaphenduka umhlaba ezibhuqiwe. Ezinkulungwaneni zamakhilomitha ukusuka kusayithi Ukuphahlazeka a meteorite ke labhujiswa ngokuphelele. Isiteleka elabulala ezingaphezu kuka eliyizingxenye ezintathu zonke izidalwa eziphilayo futhi izitshalo Emhlabeni. Kakhulu kabi hit kwaba izibankwakazi, afa onke.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside abantu babengenayo ngisho ukuthi akhona wentaba-mlilo. Kodwa ngemuva kokuthi etholakale, kwakukhona isidingo nocwaningo lwakhe ngoba ososayensi ezinqwabelene eziningi imicabango ezidinga yokuqinisekisa imibuzo nekucabangela. Uma ubheka i-Peninsula Yucatán kumephu, kunzima ukucabanga ubukhulu langempela emgodini phansi. Enyakatho kukude ugu 600 amamitha olwandle embozwe inzika.

Ngo-2016, ososayensi baqala Drilling endaweni wengxenye zasolwandle wentaba-mlilo, ukususa amasampula core. Uhlaziyo amasampula ekhishwe ngeke iyicacisa ezenzeka kudala.

Ezenzeka ngemva kwale nhlekelele

elisemkhathini ayahwamuka ingxenye enkulu ungqimba lomhlaba. Phezu kwendawo ukuwa ezulwini sathandwa ku bhasi, izwe kubaneka imililo nokuqhuma kwezintabamlilo. It insizi nothuli Uvale elangeni futhi uhlome mbulunga ibe isikhathi eside kakhulu ubumnyama ebusika yizo.

Ezinyangeni ezalandela uthuli nezibi bewile komhlaba, ungqimba obukhulu ukumboza uthuli iplanethi elisemkhathini. Kuyinto lesi sendlalelo iwukuba palaeontologists ukufakaza emvuthwandaba emlandweni womhlaba.

Emkhakheni eNyakatho neMelika ukuze umthelela meteorite yaqhakaza amahlathi aluhlaza nge esinindolweni aminyene Izinhlobo nezimbali. Isimo sezulu ngaleso sikhathi ufudumele esamanje. Kuma-pole, kwakungekho iqhwa, futhi izibankwakazi zazulazula hhayi kuphela Alaska, kodwa futhi ku Seymurovyh Islands.

Imiphumela umthelela meteorite emhlabeni, ososayensi behlola, ehlaziya Cretaceous-Paleogene ungqimba, ezitholakala ezindaweni ezingaphezu kuka-300 emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kwanika ngezizathu ukusho ukuthi bonke abangu abahlala eduze eshayeka of izenzakalo. Okuphambene ingxenye yezwe ehlaselwe komhlaba, tsunami, yokuntula ukukhanya kanye nezinye imiphumela le nhlekelele.

Labo izidalwa eziphilayo ukuthi akazange afele ngokushesha, bafe bengenalwazi ukudla namanzi, libhujiswa nemvula ene-asidi. Ukufa izimila zaholela ekufeni ka ezidla uhlaza, okuyinto wahlupheka kusukela ezidla kwesokunxele ngaphandle amandla. Zonke izixhumanisi iketango adicilelwe.

ezizathwini okusha ososayensi

Ngokusho ososayensi abaye bahlola lezi zinsalela Emhlabeni iphuze kuphela izidalwa ezincane kunazo zonke (efana raccoon, isibonelo). Lokho ababenakho ithuba lokusinda kulezo zimo. Ngoba zidla kancane, ukudlala ngokushesha, futhi kube lula ukuzivumelanisa.

Fossils kusikisela ukuthi aseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika kwaba isimo esihle ngemva kwale nhlekelele, kuka kwezinye izindawo. nokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo - le nqubo ezimbili. Uma phezu okuthile ngesandla esisodwa lalahleka abe kolunye uhlangothi lwawo kufanele kwenzeke okuthile. Ngakho uthi ososayensi.

Ukubuyisela Umhlaba wathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu. Sezadlula zamakhulu, noma ngisho nezinkulungwane zeminyaka ngaphambi kokuba isimiso semvelo zibuyiselwe. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ulwandle wathatha iminyaka eyizigidi ezintathu ukubuyisela ekuphileni okuvamile eziphilayo.

Ngemva imililo ezinzima emhlabathini wazinza ezinjengohlinzamfuku, ngokushesha populating izifunda zishiswe. Labo simiso semvelo eyasinda umlilo kwakwakhiwe ngu wona kanye ulwelwe. Izindawo okungenani ehlaselwe kokubhubhisa, abe izindawo lapho ukusinda, izinhlobo ezithile izidalwa eziphilayo. Kamuva chithi iplanethi. Ngokwesibonelo, olwandle oshaka ezisekhona, abanye izinhlanzi, izingwenya.

Qedela ukunyamalala izibankwakazi wavula niches entsha emvelweni, okungase kuthathe nezinye izidalwa. Ngo ukuthuthelwa esizayo ezincelisayo ukwenza igumbi kuholele kokuchichimileyo kwabo samanje emhlabeni.

Imininingwane okusha ngomlando wale planethi

Drilling wentaba-mlilo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ise eNhlonhlweni Ye Yucatán, futhi ukuthatha amasampula ezingasho kuzovumela ososayensi ukuze uthole idatha okwengeziwe mayelana nendlela kwamiswa kwalesi sigodi, futhi imiphumela yokuwa kumiswa izimo ezintsha zezulu. Amasampula othathwe ingaphakathi wentaba-mlilo, kuzovumela ochwepheshe ukuba siqonde lokho okwenzeka nge-Earth emva umthelela eziqine futhi kanjani eminye abuyiselwe ekuphileni. Ososayensi nesithakazelo ekuqondeni lokho indlela kubuyiselwa futhi owokuqala eyabuyela ngokushesha kwafika ukwehluka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo amafomu.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwashona ezithile nezinto eziphilayo, ezinye izinto eziphilayo baqala ukwanda kabili. Ngokusho ososayensi, lesi sithombe angase ophindwe inhlekelele kule mbulunga enguMhlaba lonke emlandweni abaningi izikhathi. Futhi isikhathi ngasinye babhubha zonke izinto eziphilayo, futhi esikhathini esizayo kukhona nohlelo lokulungisa. Kungenzeka ukuthi kuwo wonke umlando futhi ezizokwazi ezahlukene uma eminyakeni million 65 edlule, netshe elisemkhathini ngabe asewile emhlabeni. Ochwepheshe musa ngaphandle ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukuphila emhlabeni wazalwa sibonga le nguzunga enkulu ewela.

esikhundleni isiphetho sendaba

Ukuwa kwe-netshe elisemkhathini okubangelwa umsebenzi oqinile ezingaphansi kolwandle Chicxulub wentaba, okuyinto cishe kwathatha iminyaka 100,000. Wayebona unike amandla gipermatofilam futhi thermophiles (lokhu exotic eziphilayo owumphumela) ukuze baphumelele ezindaweni ezishisayo, ukuyohlala ngaphakathi komgodi wentaba-mlilo. Lo mbono zososayensi ziye Yiqiniso, kufanele ihlolwe. Lokho imishini idwala kungasiza ukukhanya alithulula imicimbi eminingi. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi nazo namanje imibuzo eminingi ezidinga izimpendulo, ukutadisha Chicxulub (wentaba).