Central ne-peripheral nervous system: lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti

ukusebenza Lungile isimiso sezinzwa nezimpi ahlukahlukene kubalulekile ukuze siphile egcwele abantu. Isimiso sezinzwa somzimba womuntu yilona hlaka eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu umzimba.

imibono yesimanje mayelana nemisebenzi isimiso sezinzwa

Inxanxathela kwenethiwekhi, okuyinto luchazwa ngokuthi isayensi yemvelo isimiso sezinzwa sehlukaniswe emaphakathi kanye neuropathy, kuye ngokuthi indawo njengoba amangqamuzana ezinzwa e ngokwabo. Eyokuqala ihlanganisa amaseli elise ngobuchopho emgogodleni. Kodwa izicubu emsipheni, okuyinto zitholakala ngaphandle yakha neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa (PNS).

Central nervous system (CNS) nokobana imisebenzi core kusebenziswe futhi ukudluliswa kolwazi, uxhumana imvelo. Isimiso sezinzwa isebenza isimiso reflex. Reflex - iyimpendulo isitho ukucasuka ethize. Ngqo abantu abahilelekile kule nqubo amangqamuzana ezinzwa asebuchosheni. Emva kokuthola ulwazi kusuka izinzwa e-PNS, bona-ke kucutshungulwe futhi ithunyelwa nomfutho isigungu. Ngokwalesi simiso wenza onke ngokuzithandela futhi ukunyakaza okungalindelekile, iyezwa umsebenzi (umsebenzi engqondweni yethu), bacabanga futhi inkumbulo, nokunye. D.

izindlela yeselula

Kungakhathaliseki imisebenzi ephakathi neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa futhi indawo yeseli, izinzwa babe ezinye izici enibaziyo zonke emangqamuzaneni omzimba. Ngakho, namangqamuzana ezinzwa ngamunye yakhiwa:

• ulwelwesi noma ulwelwesi cytoplasmic;
• cytoplasm noma isikhala phakathi igobolondo kanye iseli core ligcwele uketshezi intracellular;
• mitochondria, okunikeza amandla namangqamuzana ezinzwa ngokwayo, lapho eyatholakala kusukela glucose ne-mpilo;
• microtubes - izakhiwo mncane ukuthi enze imisebenzi futhi usiza iseli ukulondoloza amafomu eyinhloko;
• reticulum endoplasmic - amanethiwekhi internal iseli isebenzisa i nokwaneliswa.

Ukuhlukanisa ezinzwa

Njengoba amangqamuzana ezinzwa e zinezinto ethize banesibopho amakhono abo nabanye izinzwa.

Axons - izinqubo eyinhloko ezinzwa, okuyiwona Imininingwane idluliswe ngumuntu wesifunda kwemizwa. Ulwazi oluthe xaxa aphumayo iziteshi ukudluliswa yakha namangqamuzana ezinzwa, lo mkhulu Axon yayo ekhelini.

Dendrites - nakweminye imisebenzi namangqamuzana ezinzwa. Bona yathola synapse okokufaka - maphuzu lapho kukhona contact nge izinzwa. Ngakho-ke, i-isignali ucingo olungenayo anokulandisa okufanayo neuronal yokudlulisela.

Ukwahlukanisa nezakhiwo ezinzwa

Njengoba amangqamuzana ezinzwa e, noma izinzwa, zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningi subgroups, kuye ngokuthi lunye zabo, ukusebenza, futhi indawo kwenethiwekhi.

Izakhi obhekene bezibona yemizwa ezenzeka ngaphandle (ukubona, ukuzwa, bazizwa ethintekayo, iphunga, nokunye. D.), Ngokuthi touch. Izinzwa, okuyinto ehlangana inethiwekhi ukunikeza motor imisebenzi abizwa ngokuthi imoto. Futhi kuMkhandlu kaZwelonke kufanele izinzwa exubile imisebenzi ukwahlukahlukana.

Kuye indawo namangqamuzana ezinzwa ngenhlonipho ebuchosheni amandla wezokuphatha amaseli kungaba lokuqala, lesibili, nokunye. D.

Okushintshwe izinzwa obangela zamagama zishintshe ethize, ngawo labo ukwakha zokuxhumana kobuchopho nezinye izicubu, kodwa amangqamuzana ezinzwa akudingeki ikhono ukwehlukana.

It kusekelwe kulesi sitatimende futhi okusakazekile izincwadi "amangqamuzana ezinzwa musa sikhiqize." Yiqiniso, asikwazi ukuba kwahlukaniswe izinzwa ayikho indlela yokuzivuselela. Kodwa kukhona ngomzuzwana Ungakha eziningi ukuxhumana okusha kwemizwa ukwenza imisebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngakho, maseli ziklanyelwe njalo ukudala ubuhlobo obusha futhi entsha. ithuthukisa Ngakho inethiwekhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kwemizwa zokuxhumana. Ukudalwa ezintsha ebuchosheni kuholela ukuthuthukiswa intelligence, ukucabanga. Imisipha intelligence nalo ekuthuthukiseni ngendlela efanayo. Ubuchopho itjhuguluko engekhe yalungiseka ngcono baqeqeshe emisha futhi entsha motor umsebenzi.

Ukuthuthukiswa imizwelo ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kwenzeka isimiso sezinzwa ngendlela efanayo. Kodwa uma Igxila Phakathi kokunye, ezinye imisebenzi musa ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha okukhulu kangaka.

ingqondo

Ubuchopho i osukhulile unesisindo esingamathani angaba ngu 1.3-1.5 kg. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi angu-22, isisindo kancane kancane kwandisa, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engu-75 iqala ukuze wehlise.

ubuchopho Isilinganiso womuntu njalo seliphindeke izikhathi ezingaphezu 100 trillion uxhumano kagesi, okuyinto izikhathi eziningana kunangendlela zonke ukuxhumana kuzo zonke amadivaysi kagesi emhlabeni.

Ukuze ukufunda nemizamo yokuthuthukisa ekusebenzeni kobuchopho, abacwaningi ukuchitha amashumi eminyaka futhi amashumi ezigidi zamarandi namuhla.

izingxenye zobuchopho, izici zabo obusebenzayo

Sisekhona kubhekwe ulwazi lwamanje mayelana ubuchopho okwanele. Ikakhulukazi uma ucabangela ukuthi isethulo yesayensi ye imisebenzi izingxenye ngabanye zobuchopho abaye balilungiselela ukuthuthukiswa Neurology, neurosurgery.

Ubuchopho uhlukaniswe ala maqembu:

1. Forebrain. Forebrain ngokuvamile isibaluli "ephakeme" imisebenzi yengqondo. Kuhlanganisa:

• the iyizingxenye frontal, nomthwalo wokuxhumanisa imisebenzi yezinye izindawo;
• iyizingxenye yesikhashana, obhekene kokuzwa futhi inkulumo;
• iyizingxenye parietal alawule ukulawula ezinyakazayo kanye nombono sezinzwa.
• iyizingxenye occipital banesibopho umsebenzi ezibukwayo.

2. ubuchopho obuphakathi kuhlanganisa:

• Thalamus lapho ukucubungula kwenzeka cishe lonke ulwazi kufakwe forebrain.
• Le ngxenye elawula ulwazi kusukela maphakathi no-peripheral nervous system kanye NS autonomic.

3. obungemuva kuhlanganisa:

• I oblongata medulla, okuyinto unomthwalo ukulawulwa isigqi yemvelo nokunakwa.
• Isiqu ubuchopho kuphakamisa nerve izindlela ukuthi angaphansi zokuxhumana zobuchopho ne umgogodla intambo izakhiwo, uhlobo isixhumanisi phakathi ephakathi neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa.
• Cerebellum, ingqondo noma elincane, lingokweshumi kwe nenqwaba ubuchopho. ama- ezimbili cerebral engaphezulu ke. Kusukela umsebenzi we cerebellum incike kokuxhumana ukunyakaza, ikhono ukulinganisela emkhathini.

emgogodleni

Ubude obuphakathi nendawo emgogodleni omdala cishe 44 cm.

It evela stem ubuchopho kanye sidlula Magnum foramen ogebhezini. It ugcina ezingeni lesibili lumbar vertebra. Ukuphela emgogodleni okuthiwa i-Isigaxa ingqondo. It iphela i Ukubuthelela lumbar nezinzwa sacral.

Kusukela umgogodla amagatsha intambo phandle 31 namabhuzu izinzwa emgogodleni. Asiza ukuxhuma esikhula ezingxenyeni ezithile zesimiso sezinzwa: emaphakathi kanye neuropathy. Ngalezi izinqubo ingxenye yomzimba futhi izibilini amasignali kusukela PSD.

Emgogodleni kukhona ukucutshungulwa eyinhloko Imininingwane reflex, kanjalo usheshisa inqubo izimpendulo womuntu ezintweni ezimweni eziyingozi.

CSF noma ubuchopho uketshezi, ezivame ukuba asebuchosheni nomgogodla, yakheke ebuchosheni semithambo amasayithi izimbotshana ngoketshezi olungenambala olusegazini.

Ngokuvamile kumele kube kwegazi okuqhubekayo. Liquor kudala njalo yangaphakathi ingcindezi cranial, wenza cushioning futhi umsebenzi zokuzivikela. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-CSF Ukwakheka - ingenye yezindlela elula ukuxilonga izifo ezingathi sína kwababhemayo NA.

Yini ebangela ukulimala isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko of genesis ezahlukene

Ukungasebenzi kahle isimiso sezinzwa, kuye ngokuthi inkathi, ihlukaniswe yaba:

1. Predperinatalnye - umonakalo ebuchosheni utero.
2. Perinatal - lapho umonakalo kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubeletha bese emahoreni zokuqala ngemva kokuzalwa.
3. Nangemuva kokuzalwa komntwana - lapho umgogodla intambo noma okulimala ebuchosheni kwenzeka emva kokuzalwa.

Kuye uhlobo CNS ihlukaniswe:

1. Obungapheli (ezisobala kakhulu). Kufanele ikhumbule ukuthi isimiso sezinzwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba izinto eziphilayo, futhi kusukela umbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngakho asebuchosheni nomgogodla ivikelwe eduze amagobolondo okolomozgovye izicubu uketshezi ithambo. Nokho, kwezinye izimo, lokhu kuvikela akwanele. Ezinye izingozi umonakalo emaphakathi kanye neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa. Obungapheli umgogodla cord yokulimala kungaphezu kungenzeka nemiphumela engelapheki. Ngokuvamile, lokhu ukukhubazeka, kuze esiwohlozayo efanayo (ephelezelwa kancane befa off sezinzwa). Ayanda umonakalo eyenzekile, le paresis olunzulu (amandla kwemisipha encishisiwe). Ukulimala okuvame kakhulu kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuxukuzeka ovulekile futhi avaliwe.
2. Organic CNS izilonda ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubeletha kuholele-cerebral palsy. Bona bavele yokushodelwa umoya (hypoxia). It is phetho zomsebenzi okuqhubeka isikhathi eside noma intambo singabanjwa. Kuye inkathi hypoxia, i-cerebral palsy, bungabi degrees ezahlukene kobukhulu kusuka imnene ezinzima, okuyinto sihambisana yoma imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ephakathi neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa. CNS unhlangothi elandelayo kuchazwa futhi organic.
3. Okushintshwe uzimisele sezinzwa uhlelo izilonda kubangelwa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo esikuziphathimandla zofuzo. Bona abhekwa sitholwa njengefa. Okuvame kakhulu - Down Syndrome, Tourette Syndrome, Autism (disorder zofuzo-umzimba) ukuthi kwenzeke ngokushesha nje ngemva kokuzalwa noma onyakeni wokuqala wokuphila. isifo Kensington sika, Parkinson, Alzheimer futhi esiwohlozayo kubhekwe ukwenzeka yobudala emaphakathi noma ubudala.
4. Encephalopathy - Uvame ukuzithola ngenxa zisasebenza lapho ingqondo izicubu eziphilayo abangela izifo (herpetic encephalopathy, meningococcal, cytomegalovirus).

Isakhiwo neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa

PNS yakha ezinzwa engaphandle ubuchopho kanye umsele umgogodla. Siqukethe ganglia (cranial, umgogodla futhi autonomic). Futhi kule PNS, zikhona 31 namabhuzu izinzwa kwalapho kuhlangana khona imizwa.

Ngomqondo kokusebenza, PNS siqukethe le izinzwa ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo awuchaza motor amaza futhi nabo la mangqamuzana kwezitho umqondo, futhi vegetative, okuyinto banesibopho umsebenzi izitho zangaphakathi. Neuropathy izakhiwo yezinzwa aqukethe motor, yemisipha autonomic sensetivnye.

izinqubo ukuvuvukala

Izifo izinhlelo emaphakathi kanye neuropathy sezinzwa zihluke kakhulu ngokwemvelo. Uma CNS ukulimala ngokuvamile aba eziyinkimbinkimbi, lezinyathelo yonke, izifo PNS kuthiwa Ngokuvamile ubonakaliswa isimo sengqondo ngesimo izinqubo ukuvuvukala kule izindawo ganglia. Zokwelapha, ukuvuvukala enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi neuralgia.

neuralgia - a ukuvuvukala okubuhlungu ezonini wayenemfuyo ganglion, ukukhuthazwa elibangela ebukhali reflex ulahlwa. Ngu neuralgia zihlanganisa polyneuritis, radiculitis, yisihlungu noma awe lumbar ezinzwa trigeminal, plexitis nokunye okunjalo. D.

Indima izinhlelo emaphakathi kanye neuropathy ehlise ukuvela umzimba womuntu

isimiso sezinzwa - ungoyedwa sezimiso komzimba womuntu bokuthi kungathuthukiswa. Isakhiwo eyinkimbinkimbi ephakathi neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa kuyinto zofuzo kanye evolutionarily. Ubuchopho unalo impahla esiyingqayizivele - neuroplasticity. Kuyinto ikhono CNS amaseli ukuthi zilawule nemisebenzi amaseli aseduze efile, ukwakha ukuxhumana okusha kwemizwa. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kwenzeka izenzakalo yezokwelapha, lapho izingane organic izilonda ubuchopho athuthukile, ukuhamba oqeqeshiwe, yekukhuluma, kanye nokunye. D., Futhi abantu ngemva kokushaywa unhlangothi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukubuyisela ikhono ukuhamba ngendlela evamile. Lokhu konke kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe ukwakhiwa ezigidi izixhumanisi entsha phakathi izingxenye ezimaphakathi neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa.

Nge ngentuthuko ezihlukahlukene amasu yokutakula iziguli emva okulimala ebuchosheni ozalwa nezalo amasu nokuthuthuka komuntu. Zisekelwe nokucabanga okunengqondo ukuthi uma ephakathi neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa lingalulama ukulimala, amangqamuzana ezinzwa enempilo futhi bakwazi ukuthuthukisa amakhono abo cishe engapheli.