Qualitative izinkomba impumelelo kanye nokuhlaziywa

izici Inhloso imikhiqizo abizwa ngokuthi impahla yayo. Babonakala ekukhiqizeni, isitoreji, ukusetshenziswa, ukusungulwa izindleko. izinkomba quantitative and qualitative eyodwa noma ngaphezulu amaphathenti izakhiwo umkhiqizo. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, ingaxaka noma elula. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa iqoqo izici ukuthi zenzeka ndawonye. Ngokwesibonelo, umsoco iyinombolo nemingcele: digestibility, amandla, Umbuso indawo yemvelo bokuphila abathengi.

Quantitative and qualitative izinkomba: ekuhlaziyeni

Umkhiqizo ngamunye uhla yayo siqu ongakhetha. It kuncike uya khona imikhiqizo, izimo lapho ukukhiqizwa nokuthengiswa kwazo operation, nezinye izinto. Izinkomba ungaboniswa amayunithi ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube imitha, kilogram, izingcezu, yesibili, km / h, Watt, yesibili nokunye. Kukhona futhi amayunithi ezivamile, ngosizo lapho ukuhlolwa izinkomba izinga. Lezi zihlanganisa i-ruble, amaphuzu, iphesenti abavoti, nokuningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amayunithi kungaba dimensionless - ematfuba okuvela kuyo umcimbi, isibonelo. Ngesimo nezimfuneko zomsebenzi ngekhwalithi izinkomba womsebenzi afakiwe izidingo incazelo umkhiqizo athuthukile nemibandela.

kumiswa nemingcele

Ukwakheka yokugcina senhlobo izinkomba Kwenziwa ngaso esigabeni design zokukhiqiza, ngoba lokhu lapho lithathwa design (imodeli). Khona-ke, nemingcele ezisetshenziswa lapho besanda ukukhiqizwa. Ngesikhathi sigaba wokusebenza izinga nemingcele elichaza izinga izimpahla. Izihlaka izici ngazinye umkhiqizo, kwehlukaniswe ezinye izinhlobo izimpahla. Ngakho, benza umkhiqizo yokuncintisana futhi ekhangayo. Amapharamitha imikhiqizo yena, zibonisa izinga nokusebenza kwebhizinisi. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, umbuzo wokugcina ubuqotho nomkhiqizi ukwanelisa isidingo umthengi, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe besimanje nokunye.

esibalulekile

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isifiso acabangele kakhulu ngendlela imingcele kungenzeka kwebalingisi ephelele kunayo umkhiqizo kwenza nzima umklamo ukufeza. Kule ndaba kubalulekile ukwaba kuphela izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kungenziwa kuvezwa izici ezithile imikhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ziyisibopho izinga izinkomba yokukhiqiza kanye namasistimu okusebenza izimo ezithile. Lokhu ikakhulukazi iphathelene ukuphepha izimpahla.

Okuncane ovumelekile nezimfuneko umkhawulo setha iziqondiso ezifanele kwezitho esiphezulu kuhulumeni wezwe. Bafanelwe ukulawula izinga nokuphepha komkhiqizo. Kulezi zimo, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa Federal Service, Gosgortechnadzor nabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma izimpahla zenzelwe ukuqaliswa izigaba ethile yezakhamuzi, noma bangase ithengiswe noma ngayiphi indlela, izinkomba izinga zokukhiqiza kumelwe ekuhambisaneni nale migomo eyengeziwe babebeke umthetho, ukuvikela amalungelo abathengi.

izidingo eziyisisekelo

Ikhwalithi izinkomba kufanele:

1. Zibone ngeso lengqondo izindawo bento noma inqubo.
2. Be amelana ngephutha ukuphazamiseka.
3. Ubuhlobo Monotonic ne izinga ngezinye eziguquguqukayo njalo.
4. Yiba nozwela izinguquko property.
5. Vele kuchazwa, elibukhali kulinganiswa.
6. Athobele izakhiwo wamemezela.

Igama lepharamitha uba isici qualitative komkhiqizo. Ngokwesibonelo, ingxenyenamba mass sendaba ezomile. Inani ipharamitha - lokhu kuwumphumela sitholwe izilinganiso qualitative ambalwa. Isetshenziselwa ekunqumeni ukuhambisana noma abangahambisani nawo. Inani lisetshenzisiwe nangokuqondene yokuthola umphumela nesilinganiso. Ngokwesibonelo: "IMisa ucezu . Eziqinile - 9%" Ikhwalithi izinkomba amagama zihlukaniswe amaqembu ngokuvumelana nezici zabo noma injongo kuchazwe.

ngezigaba

Kuye izakhiwo ezichazwe, izinkomba qualitative yilezi:

1. Angawodwa. Lezi nemingcele libonise izakhiwo ezilula komkhiqizo. Ngokwesibonelo, zihlanganisa asidi, ubuqotho, ijamo, umbala kanye nokunye.
2. Inxanxathela. Lezi zinkomba izinga ichaze izici eziyinkimbinkimbi umkhiqizo. Ngakho, isimo imvuthuluka - ipharamitha eziyinkimbinkimbi echaza kuyaqina, porosity, umbala nokunye.
3. Uxhumano. Bayisibonelo eliphezulu zemisebenzi ukusetshenziswa izimpahla. Basuke efakwe njengoba isilinganiso Umbuso indawo ingqikithi ukusebenza ukuze izindleko design, ukukhiqiza, ukudayisa, indawo yabo futhi ukusetshenziswa. izinkomba qualitative ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ukubala lula imikhiqizo ukuncintisana.

ukwabela nemingcele

Kulesi sisekelo, wonke amanani zihlukaniswe zibe:

1. Basic, kuthathwe njengesisekelo ukuqhathanisa izinkomba izinga. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube ejwayelekile umbala olufana umbala kafulawa ebangeni lelitsite. Njengoba eziyisisekelo izinga izinkomba ingasetshenziswa kwemigomo amasampula imikhiqizo efanayo, okubonisa ucwaningo ezintsha nokuthuthukiswa, kanye kufakwe amazinga noma iziqondiso lobuchwepheshe.
2. Kuchazwa. Lezi zibalo ebalulekile inqubo ekuhloleni izinga izimpahla. zihlanganisa imingcele eminingi organoleptic kubo. Ngakho, imikhiqizo eziningi ngokuchaza izinga inkomba Akukhona ukubukeka. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa iphunga ne ukunambitheka imikhiqizo ukudla, umbala, izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali (ingxenyenamba mass ETHYL utshwala, amafutha, ingxenye ezomile, njll).

okusho

Zonke izinkomba kokungaphezulu eyinqaba kwemingcele ethile. Lamagugu zihlukaniswe zibe:

1. Isihlobo.
2. Umkhawulo.
3. Ezilawulwayo.
4. Kahle.
5. Ojwayelekile.

Ukuphumelelisa ezingeni kahle izinkomba izinga ukhomba ukwaneliseka ophelele izidingo abanesibalo oholele omunye kukho. Ngakho, inani elifanele iningi izakhiwo ezifana "ukubukeka imifino nezithelo", uchaza ibanga ejwayelekile umbala wemvelo, ijamo, ebusweni ihlanzekile futhi yomile ngaphandle umonakalo. Optimality kulokhu esasiyobonisa ukwaneliseka ephelele kunayo nezidingo bokuphila ngenhloso ukusebenza into, ngokuya sobuhle bayo kanye nokuphepha - ngenxa ukungabikho spoilage microbiological, mycotoxin. Kaningi, lesi silinganiso isetshenziswa njengento enhle esungulwe amazinga. Kulokhu, it ozuza isimo ngokomthetho.

Amanani kahle le efiseleka kakhulu, kodwa umkhuba kuvela ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kule ndaba, lapho kwenziwe ukuhlaziywa qualitative izinkomba, iqoqo langempela ezingeni. Litholakala ngumuntu izilinganiso eyodwa noma amaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, kwelinye uwoyela grade fat - 80,5%, ngesikhathi omunye - 82,5%. Le miphumela abhekwa amagugu evumelekile.

ezingeni elawulwayo isethwe esebenzayo umkhakha iziqondiso. Ngakho, okuqukethwe amanoni ibhotela, isibonelo, wathatha izivakashi futhi kufanele kube hhayi ngaphansi kuka 82%. Lokhu value ubhekwa kokubili elawulwayo nokukhawulela. Inchazelo yokugcina ibonisa ukuthi ngokweqile noma ukunciphisa alolu uthathwa njengomgcini ayihlangani esifakiwe.

Inani umkhawulo

Kungaba ububanzi (kusuka futhi) esiphezulu (ubuningi) noma ubuncane (ncane). Lesi sakamuva isetshenziswa lapho inkomba ihlinzeka ngcono izinga. Kusibonelo esingaphezulu, okuqukethwe amanoni ibhotela kubalulekile ukuba izinga layo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyoba ephakeme kunaleyo ezingeni, aba maningi ukubaluleka komkhiqizo. Ngakho, uma kungekhona value set liwohloka. Izinga esiphezulu esungulwe nemingcele ukunciphisa umthengi izakhiwo, uma umkhawulo kudlulwe. Ukungafani kwenzeka uma lokhu kungaholela ukukhubazeka ezibucayi noma ezinkulu, okuyinto ayikuvumeli ukusebenzisa umkhiqizo njengoba kuhlosiwe noma ukunciphisa nokuphepha yayo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, imikhiqizo zidluliselwa yesigaba langakufanelekela futhi iyingozi ngoba ukusetshenziswa futhi kufanele kabusha noma ubhujiswe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona eziningana izinkomba ukuthi nakuba ona izinga, kodwa nge kokweqa imikhawulo yamanani yabo musa ukwenza umkhiqizo eyingozi ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha. Lezi nemingcele, isibonelo, faka ingxenyenamba mass yamanzi imikhiqizo ukudla. Ngezinye nokuqukethwe kwalo okusezingeni eliphezulu lenani encishisiwe imikhiqizo. Amanzi ngaleyo ndlela kunomthelela oqonde ngqo ukuphepha ayinayo, kodwa nge ngokweqile abalulekile ingxenyenamba yayo mass ezinye izinhlobo zemikhiqizo kungaba yingozi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ingozi eliphezulu spoilage amagciwane abe nenkani.

Ububanzi bamanani isethwe lapho kokubili ngokweqile futhi wehlise umkhawulo ezilungisiwe kubangela ukuwohloka. Ngokwesibonelo, inani isanqante izimpande -. Hhayi ngaphansi kuka-2 futhi engekho ngaphezulu kuka 6 cm Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imikhiqizo yokulinganisa ngamasentimitha esingaphansi kwezinsuku ezimbili zingaletha kancane efanelekayo ukusetshenziswa ingxenye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zimbi kakhulu agcinwe. Umsuka, ukubaluleka okuyinto amasentimitha angaphezu kwayisithupha, ezahlukene enciphile umsoco.

tolerances

Basitshela ukuthi amagugu umkhawulo izinkomba izinga. Tolerances ukusungula amazinga kwesejwayelekile lokungafani ezilawulwayo noma imingcele elilungile. Lamagugu asetshenziselwa imikhiqizo eminingi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ekuthuthukiseni yesimanje ubuchwepheshe kanye nobuchwepheshe kunzima kakhulu futhi ezingenanzuzo ukukhiqiza izimpahla kuphela nge izinga ngokufanele okusezingeni eliphezulu ngaphandle. tolerances abaningi abanalo nomthelela obonakalayo umthengi izakhiwo. Ukuwohloka waphawula kuphela ngenhla kwala nakusoleka.

amanani isihlobo

Lo mkhawulo kunqunywa isilinganiso Inkomba langempela ukuqondisa noma isizinda. Cabanga ngendaba yendoda eyayinochoko ingxenyenamba mass fat in ibhotela. I langempela Inani - 83%, base - 82,5%. Inkomba isihlobo: 1.06% (83 / 82,5). Izinga izinga kunqunywa ngokuqhathanisa amagugu uqobo nge isisekelo ipharamitha eyodwa. Lapho-ke eyayibekwe njengoba base ingasetshenziswa izakhiwo amazinga, namasampula omkhiqizo the best basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle abakhiqizi.

yizinkomba zezomnotho qualitative

Lezi nemingcele zihlanganisa:

1. abakhiqizi Inzuzo nabathengisi umkhiqizo.
2. Intengo izindleko izimpahla, kuhlanganise ezihlobene Ukukhishwa, ukudayiswa kanye nokugcinwa okwalandela yayo izindleko lenkampani.
3. Intengo imikhiqizo (lwezeMpilo Usizo).
4. Operating kubiza abathengi. Ziyakwazi ezimweni jikelele akhiwa ezihlukahlukene ezibanjwayo (izintela, inkokhelo ukuze emkhathini, umshuwalense, njll) kanye nezindleko:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi, ukusebenza kahle nomthamo ukusetshenziswa.
• Consumables (amabhethri, uthambise, njll), amathuluzi nezinto zokuhlobisa.
• Service (inkokhelo ukuze coaching, Ukuvikelwa iholo, njll).
• Nokusebenzisa kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile nokulungisa (inkokhelo isiqinisekiso workshop amasevisi, repairmen, ukuqaqa, ukususwa kuya landfill noma kabusha isitshalo).

umkhiqizo sebhithi

Basuke emelelwa izigaba eziningana futhi esibonakala ngokuqina ikhono umkhiqizo ukwenza kahle imisebenzi yayo. Lezi zihlanganisa izidingo:

1. Ukusebenza. Lezi zihlanganisa imingcele amandla lecanjiwe isivinini, ethwele amandla nezinye ochaza umsebenzi elisebenzisekayo.
2. Ukuphumelela. Lezi zinkomba libonise degree usizo imikhiqizo isizathu sazo ehlosiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube amandla (kahle), kinematic (ukunyakaza ukunemba), amandla kanye neminye imingcele.
3. Constructiveness. Zichaza, isibonelo, ubukhulu, isisindo, kanye nezinzuzo nezinye imodeli.

Izinkomba lobuchwepheshe futhi zihlanganisa nokwethembeka. Lapho zihlanganiswa izakhiwo ezifana:

1. Ukuthembeka.
2. Maintainability.
3. Ukuvikeleka.
4. Ukuphepha.

izinkomba Technical, phakathi kokunye, zihlanganisa:

1. Ergonomics. Zichaza indlela yekutiphatsa izimfanelo lomkhiqizo njengengxenye uhlelo nokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu futhi imishini, ikhono alondoloze impilo yezakhamuzi ngokusebenzisa okhushuliwe induduzo ngesikhathi ukusebenza ngenxa ahlangane yokuhlanzeka, psycho-bokuphila, anthropometric, nezinye izimiso.

2. Versatility. Kuyinto ithuba ukusebenzisa impahla imisebenzi ehlukene kanye nokusebenza.

3. Security. It ephawula ngaphandle ezingozi kungenzeka ngokuhamba umsebenzi evamile futhi abangenawo amakhono uma imvelo bangaphandle indoda, futhi ezimweni eziphuthuma kakhulu, kanye yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo kule mboni abavamile futhi eziyingozi. Ngenxa yezizathu zokuvikeleka izinhlobo zihlanganisa:

• Fire.
• Yenhlanzeko futhi ihlanzekile.
• Heat.
• Kagesi.
• Ugesi.
• Magnetic.
• Mechanical.
• Kushisa bhé kule ndawo.
• Chemical.

4. Imvelo abanobungane. nemingcele yayo elichaza nezimo kwezimpahla zikhona nemibandela nokuxhumana indawo yemvelo ehlukene eziphilayo eziphilayo kanye nemvelo futhi uzihlanganyele amandla nokushisa), izinto (the odla imikhiqizo amandla omlilo, ukuvuza amafutha nokunye.), Signals (ukudalwa umsindo, amakhwela, njll ).

5. Aesthetics. Luhilela ukubonakaliswa ubuhle emikhiqizweni ukubukeka. Ukuze yobuhle imingcele zihlanganisa, isibonelo, okunengqondo Imininingwane ukuma inkulumo, ukuzinza ifomu, ubuqotho ukuphelela.

6. nokusebenzisa kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile izinkomba. Zichaza indlela zokuqeda umkhiqizo ekupheleni kwalo ukususwa kanye nokulinyazwa kwempahla.

Design kanye nemingcele zobuchwepheshe

Zichaza ukuphumelela izixazululo lobuchwepheshe esetshenziswa. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa:

1. amazinga Standardization, lokuqhubeka ubunye.
2. Amapharamitha zobuchwepheshe. Zichaza kungenzeka womshini izimpahla kanye aphansi izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi esikhathini esifishane.
3. Izinkomba transportability. Zichaza ikghono izimpahla emkhathini ngezindleko omncane. Ikakhulukazi, sikhuluma ukuhamba imikhiqizo izitolo, kusukela umenzi umthengisi bese ikhasimende, nokunye.
4. Ukuphepha. Lichaza ikhono umkhiqizo akuxhomekile ithonya elibi izici zangaphandle ehlukahlukene (ngamabomu, ngephutha, zezulu).

Patent zomthetho nemingcele

Lezi nemingcele njani izinga izimpahla ngokulandela umthetho. Ikakhulu, i-patent uchaza imingcele nobumsulwa Ukuvikelwa umkhiqizo. Lezi zihlanganisa degree of izixazululo lobuchwepheshe, zona kepha ezingangeni ngaphansi kwenkululeko patent kanye nezinga imikhiqizo ukuphepha kanye nobuchwepheshe in the Russian Federation futhi amazwe ukuthekelisa ohlosiwe.