Brass - laqanjwa zethusi ingxubevange sethusi ...

Lokhu ingxubevange iyafana igolide, kodwa kuba ishibhile. Akwaziwa eRoma yasendulo, kodwa kabusha wavula ekhulwini XVIII. Ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezimbili omuhle kakhulu izakhi zamakhemikhali, nethusi ithole isicelo ebanzi ensimini.

isakhiwo

Naphezu umbala enhle, ukubukeka, zethusi - a ingxubevange zethusi-zinc, igolide noma nezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu lapho. Ngaphezu kwalezi zingxenye ezimbili, ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo physicochemical futhi asetshenziswa nezinye izinto: .. Manganese, ithini nensimbi, i-silicon nickel, okuhola njll Ngokuvamile, inani lezi ukungcola akuyona ezingaphezu kuka-10%. Ezinye izindaba zika-Ukwakheka zethusi ucishe njalo, nakuba isilinganiso izingxenye zingahluka. Ngokuvamile okuqukethwe zinc ingeqi 30-35%, kodwa bukhona Alloys lobuchwepheshe ongafinyelela afinyelela ku-50%.

izakhiwo

Njengoba zethusi - kuyinto i ingxubevange zethusi zinc kanye izici zayo enibaziyo izimfanelo zabo. Kuye isilinganiso ingxenye, umbala waso kuhluka obomvu ophuzi ukukhanya. inhlanganiso Its 8500 kg / m ^3, futhi izinga lokushisa ukuncibilika kuyinto 880-950 degrees Celsius. Brass iphathwe kahle njengoba ingcindezi ku ashisayo nasesimweni sokungasokwa abandayo, onezici ezinhle mechanical, umelana imvelo bangaphandle, kodwa ngaphandle enamathela uphendulela abamnyama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Brass nethusi akulula ukuhlukanisa komunye nomunye ongewona Uchwepheshe njalo, nokho-ke has a ubulukhuni lokuqala, ukugqoka ukumelana, kuba refractory kancane, kodwa oluthambile kakhudlwana futhi viscous, futhi ngenxa yalokho kulula ukucubungula. Kuye okuqukethwe metal isizinda, ezahlukene conductivity ezishisayo kagesi ethusi - kuka ingxenye yalo ephakeme, i-evelele lezi izakhiwo.

Inani emlandweni

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ingxubevange edume kakhulu nebaluleke kunazo zonke esingasebenzisa ngethusi - a zethusi, ithusi waba nendima emlandweni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ingxenye yayo yesibili esemqoka - zinc - uvuliwe ukubonwa ngekhulu XVI, kwakwaziwa ezikhathini zasendulo. Roma elixutshiwe zethusi galmeem - nsimbi, kodwa le ndlela akusebenzi. zethusi yesibili kwavulwa eNgilandi ekhulwini XVIII futhi ngokushesha lwehla uvalo udumo ngoba kakhulu okusikhumbuza negolide, okuyiwona wona ngokuvamile owakhaphela. ERussia, lokhu ingxubevange evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "sethusi ophuzi". Ngisho kwamanje, kwezinye izindawo ungathola igama.

Emva "sokuzalwa yesibili" ngoba crucibles esetshenziswa wethusi uye savela lokushisa 1000 degrees Celsius. Zinc zethusi Izithandani ayegcwele, futhi uma kwakungekho okuphothula, bese okukhiphayo kuwumphumela edingekayo. Imikhiqizo ezenziwe kule ingxubevange ziye zasetshenziswa kakhulu ngenxa wentengo ongaphakeme futhi izakhiwo uvunyelwe. By the way, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isikhathi eside e ezincwadini zomlando wabhala ukuthi lesikhumbuzo ukuze Minin futhi Pozharsky e Moscow, waphonsa lethusi, restorers ukuthi eqinisweni it is yazalwa ingxubevange ezahlukene zethusi - zethusi. Namuhla, le nto ukuthi luselude kwezicelo, ngakho njengabakufanelekelayo zokufinyelela indawo jikelele khona, mhlawumbe ngokushesha.

reception

Njengoba siye saba sobala, zethusi - kuyinto ingxubevange zethusi zinc futhi (uma kunesidingo) ezinye izingxenye, kodwa kukhona inkinga eyodwa encane. Ikakhulukazi lokhu ngokuphazamisa nobunzima ekukhiqizeni commercial. Iqiniso ukuthi iphuzu ukuncibilika zinc ahlukene nethusi kuhluke kakhulu, ngakho ukuze kuxazululeke inkinga yokuthola ingxubevange yengezwe ligature - esincane ukwakheka esiphelele.

kucutshungulwe kuncike elamukelekile. Ingxubevange sengezwe nezinye izakhi, is doped, wangishaya, okwenyanga, nokunye. D. ngisho naphezu kobunzima, zomkhiqizo womhlaba kanye ukusetshenziswa kwalo mkhiqizo uhlala ezingeni eliphezulu.

Izinhlobo namazinga

Okokuqala, ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwa bese waphonsa ngethusi. GOST inikeza amakamelo ngasese ngabo: 15527-07 futhi 17711-93 ngokulandelana. ERussia ukumaka ingxubevange njengoba u- "L" ngenombolo, okhombisa Ingxenye wethusi. Uma Nokho, eziningi izakhi, umphumela ubizwa wokugubha kungase izobukeka ngale ndlela: LAZhMts66-6-3-2. Lokhu kuzosho ukuthi, ngaphezu 66% yethusi, loluphawu kuhlanganisa 6% aluminium, 3% lensimbi nangomthofu 2% manganese. Ingxenye zinc ibalwa njengoba umehluko phakathi 100% kanye nenani nezinye izakhi. Kulokhu u-23%. Ngu amagama Isifaniso nezinye brand ngethusi. Lezi izithasiselo ukuvumela ingxubevange ukuthola izakhiwo ezintsha kanye ngcono akhona. Kuye uvo Ithusi izinto ezihlukahlukene, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-aluminiyamu yayo, i-silicon zhelezomargantsovistoy m. P.

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani ne-United States yokutholwa amanye amagama lemikhiqizo ezifana CuZn37 noma S27200. isilinganiso ukungcola iyahlukahluka kancane kodwa ngokuvamile ukwakheka zethusi ezivela abakhiqizi ezahlukene ngokwanele iyunifomu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye ngokuthi okuqukethwe zinc e ingxubevange futhi tombak ovelele (10%) kanye polutompaki (kusukela ngo-10% kuya ku-20%). Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi brand ezithile ukuthola izihloko, ngokuhambisana kwenkululeko eyisisekelo. zihlukaniswa Ngakho "ulwandle", "ihora" namanye ngethusi.

isicelo

Izindawo ukusetshenziswa kwalesi ingxubevange awubalwa. I cheapness isihlobo kanye kalula ukucutshungulwa, kanye nezakhi zawo vumela zethusi cishe jikelele. Yena nofunda wire nama-rod, wangishaya e amaphepha kwenza ngisho ucwecwe thinnest.

Inqawe, izingxenye ezincane nezinkulu, nokufakwa, ama-valve - isetshenziswa yezimoto umkhakha, insimbi, i-chemistry, futhi asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni izakhi ezihlukahlukene zokuhlobisa, timphawu, njll Lezi kuphela uhlu olufushane ... Kuyinto asizombelezileko, futhi eqinisweni zethusi - a ingxubevange zethusi zinc - izakhi lalivamile. Ngakho, mhlawumbe, jikelele walo nekufinyelela zonke nje ususondele.

Esikhathini ibhizinisi ubucwebe

Ivame babecabanga ukuthi ubucwebe kufanele wenziwe amatshe ayigugu: igolide, isiliva, platinum. Kodwa ukubakhela imithetho yabo, futhi sekungamakhulu isikhathi emini, abesifazane abaningi bakhetha jewelry neqondayo. Brass, umbala okuyinto eduze igolide, kulesi simo, lubaluleke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikufanele ophucuziwe kahle, ukuze Ukwakheka efanele futhi ithalente ngamagugu ubucwebe, eyenziwe ingxubevange, ungabheka amahle kakhulu futhi kuyabiza. Ngakho ukuthi abantu abavamile musa ngisho usola ukuthi akusiyo igolide, nethusi. Izithombe ngokuvamile nje akusho adlulisele ubuhle imikhiqizo fake acatshangelwe, ngakho-ke kungcono ukukhetha izinto ezinjalo zokuhloba mathupha.

Kwenzeka ukuthi izintokazi ahlupheke ngenxa komzimba kanye esicasulayo. Uma uthi nhlá kungase kubonakale sengathi wonke sola is ngethusi. Kodwa njengoba umthetho, akusiyo. Ezimweni eziningi, ukusabela sokugembula kuyinto nickel, okwenza umbala ukubukeka kwayo yonke indawo ingxubevange lungaphezu ukubukeka sihle. Uma kukhona ukuthambekela yokungezwani komzimba ukuze izinsimbi kungcono ukukhetha ubucwebe, ingxenye ezingenakho le ngxenye. Ngokuvamile, abakhiqizi ukucacisa lolu ngokwehlukile.

analogs

Njengoba zethusi - kuyinto ingxubevange zethusi ne-zinc, lapho kukhona angaphezu lokuqala, kungase kubonakale sengathi izinsimbi okumsulwa (ngalunye ngokuhlukile) babe izakhiwo ezingcono, kodwa yinkimbinkimbi anjalo isetshenziswa ukunciphisa izindleko impahla. Empeleni akunjalo. Yethusi e ifomu okumsulwa has bokwenza ezifana ukuntengantenga ukugqwala, ductility ephansi iqhathaniswa ne Alloys zinc kanye ayebuthakathaka kakhulu. Brass organically ehlanganisa izakhiwo ezingcono kakhulu kokubili izingxenye vzavimokompensiruya nemibi.

Okunye ingxubevange zethusi - zethusi, cupronickel, njll - .. Ingabe futhi akunakwenzeka ukuba ngokuthi ngokugcwele analogue. Eyokuqala plastic kancane futhi indawo ngaphezulu, kuyilapho izinto yesibili ngempela refractory futhi ngenxa okuqukethwe nickel kungabangela isikhumba ukucasuka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici zangaphandle futhi abopha indawo yokuqala ngethusi. Umbala efana negolide, usetha ngokwayo ngaphandle hhayi ezikhangayo kakhulu zethusi ensundu silvery nickel esiliva.

emakethe emhlabeni

Industrial Ukukhiqizwa zethusi waqala cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuba yayo ukuvulwa kabusha. Ukwazisa izakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele, metallurgists basungula Umkhuba omusha kule mboni. Namuhla, nokukhiqizwa ukusetshenziswa zethusi kuncike kakhulu esimweni sethusi emakethe emhlabeni. ekukhuleni kwayo engaguquki kunikeza isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ukufuneka Alloys kuze ekwindla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibikezelo ngekusasa lezi izimboni ezingaphezu kuka evumayo, naphezu kwezinkinga ezifana nokuncipha izinga netshe, yokuntuleka kwengqalasizinda, ezenhlalakahle kanye nokubhekelela isimo sezombusazwe kuleli abahlinzeki ngobukhulu zethusi - Chile futhi eziningana emazweni ase-Afrika.

I abathengi main zethusi, zethusi Ngaleyo ndlela athuthukile kwezomnotho emazweni aseYurophu futhi i-United States, i-China, Japan kanye nabanye. Eminyakeni yamuva, isidingo lezi zinto kuphela ezikhulayo, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa Asians. Njengoba sebezinikele kule igxathu elikhulu phakathi nawo-kowezi-2000, intengo Cu wasala okufanayo sonke isikhathi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Nokho, ngo-2016 i-kulindeleke isiqongo iziphakamiso ezikhombisa ukuthi zingadala liyochukuluza ukwehla intengo.