B. Fisher, umdlali chess: Biography, izithombe kanye akufezile

Robert Dzheyms "Bobby" Fischer - chess umdlali ezivela emhlabeni wonke, iqhawe 11 kule isiyalo emhlabeni. Futhi phakathi sokunconywa wawo Invention futhi Isingeniso ukuzijayeza uhlobo olusha ukulawula isikhathi esekelwe kwalokho emva unhlangothi ngasinye. Okufanayo chess iwashi abizwa ngokuthi umsunguli walo - "iwashi Fischer". Bakhandwa lobunikazi by kuye ngo-1990.

Izingane kanye nentsha

Wazalwa Fisher - Mashi 9, 1943. Uyise wayengumGreki i-German yobuhlanga, nonina Swiss kanye izimpande abangamaJuda. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka emibili, Bobby ngasinda le nhlekelele kuqala ekuphileni - uyise kokushiya umndeni. Wabuyela eJalimane, kanye nawonina nabantwana wathuthela eBrooklyn.

Umuzwa wokuqala ukudlala chess okwenzeka eneminyaka eyisithupha. udadewabo omdala owafundisa Robert noJakobe uwadlale ngokushesha waqaphela ithalente umfowabo omncane semvelo sokufuna isu. Eminyakeni kamuva wabekwa njalo ngcono umdlalo we-chess. Ukutholakala inkumbulo kakhulu eyamenza wakwazi ukufunda izilimi eziningana (Spanish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, isiJalimane), kanye ne nolwazi angaphandle chess izincwadi wafunda Bobby yokuqala.

umncintiswano wokuqala

Ngesikhathi ngiba ibhungu, Fisher iqhaza imincintiswano eminingi. Kodwa umphumela wokuqala omkhulu Kwakuwukunqoba yakhe e-US Junior Championship (1957). Ngemva konyaka wonke uhalalisele Bobby nge isihloko iqhawe Melika. Kwakuwusuku lokuqala emlandweni oneminyaka engu-14 ubudala iqhawe kazwelonke. Kodwa lokhu kunqoba ayenakho nje waqala ukubamangaza abalandeli babo. Ngo-1958, eneminyaka engu-nanhlanu, Bobby waba Grandmaster encane kunawo wonke waba emhlabeni.

Ngesikhathi nanhlanu Fischer, umdlali chess ukuba ithambo, eshiya isikole azinikele ngokuphelele ukuba chess. Isihloko iqhawe emhlabeni - kungcono iphupho lakhe ezibaluleke kakhulu. Futhi Bobby nophikelelayo uya lo mgomo.

Nokho, ukushisekela ezemidlalo akugcini kuphela chess. Lo muntu eliyingqayizivele ukuthi uyathinteka ithenisi, ukubhukuda, skiing kanye ukushushuluza.

Okokuqala ukuba singangeni ngenkani ubuqhawe ezweni chess American Fischer wazama ngo-1959. Wayengomunye abahlanganyeli kwabazabalazayo mqhudelwano sesihloko emhlabeni eYugoslavia. Kodwa kulesi sikhathi akazange aphumelele.

ngecala lokuqala

Ngo-1962, ukhetho olulandelayo Tournament Curacao. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-umncintiswano lokugcina ngaphambi ikhefu oneminyaka emine eside Fisher sika. Khona-ke waphinda wanqoba, saqeda endaweni yesine. Ngenxa yalokhu wathola izizathu zakhe nezincazelo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi phakathi abahlanganyeli kwakukhona abadlali abaningi kakhulu ukuphuma ngaphansi kweSoviet Union. A uhlobo ukubaleka waze waphela Bobby wayengakwazi ukuhlola ngokuhlolisisa isimo. Khona-ke ebona ukuthi alikho izimbangi kanti lesi ukungeneli ikhono lakhe.

Ukuthuthukiswa chess umsebenzi

Ngemva kwalokho, wathola uchungechunge ngokunqoba enkulu tournaments yodumo, ekubeni omunye wabadlali eziqine kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngaleso sikhathi, Fischer - chess, iqembu ayeba eMelika, cishe ngo-100% yaphela nge ambikele wakhe, eminye kuqinisa izinga esinganqobeki kulo mdlalo. US Open ngo-1963, wathola nge yalokho ephelele. Phakathi kuka-1960 kuya ku-1970, ehola ithimba wezwe lakhe kuma-Olympics Umhlaba, wachitha 65 imidlalo: 40 zazo wayinqoba 18 kwangeniswa draw futhi walahlekelwa 7 kuphela.

Esikhathini yoma ekuqaleni, waqala ukubonisa irekhodi imiphumela. Iqembu abadlali best emhlabeni esikhathini candidate Tournament 1971, wathola iziqu nge yi engakaze ibonwe - 85% amaphuzu.

Bobby Fischer - umdlali chess ngohlamvu ihlazo

Lo muntu kuhlanganiswe ezingavamile isipho chess kanye ukuzidla oweqile futhi ihlazo. Yena njalo futhi yonke indawo bafuna yokuzibeka ngaphezu nezinye izimbangi, befuna amalungelo. Wayevame ukuhamba kuze kube manje ukuthi kuphula izimiso, okwenza luhlaza ukuhlaselwa sekukhomba ku abahleli mncintiswano kanye izimbangi. Ngokwesibonelo, njengoba ilungu Interzonal e Sousse ngo-1967, yena sebekubeke wawuthi, ngesisekelo yezimfundiso zenkolo, abantu ke alikwazi ukufana ngoLwesihlanu nangoMgqibelo ingadlala kuphela ngemva ngehora lesikhombisa kusihlwa. Abahleli ukumhlangabeza kanye nesimiso sakhe yemidlalo ngokuhambisana nalezi zimfuneko. Nokho, kule "emkhayeni" yakhe hhayi okwamanje. Waqhubeka waphoqelela lonke party ngoMgqibelo, futhi, yaze yaqala ngemva 19,00. Lesi sicelo engeyinhle, yebo, waliwa, ngemva kwalokho Bobby Fischer, umdlali chess ngohlamvu ihlazo, futhi akazange 'ngamathe "bonke ukufaneleka futhi ungabonisi i midlalo emibili. Ngokusho mithetho, la amaqembu bemdumaza abalwa alilahla, ekuphenduleni ekwenqabeni kwakhe iqhaza okwengeziwe kulo mqhudelwano.

Fisher kwabonisa imiphumela oluvelele, kanjalo wahlonishwa kubadlali. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, uye ngokuphindaphindiwe fela for kokumphoxa, nokubukisa kanye nabaqashi abafuna okungaphezu ku umuntu wakhe. Uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi sokukhula kokubili izimo futhi ubukhulu izimali, zinomthelela omkhulu ncono imphilo mqhudelwano kanye nenhlalakahle abadlali. Ikakhulukazi, ngenxa ukugxeka njalo ngo-Fisher ayekade anda izikhathi eziningana ubukhulu encane pool umklomelo we ubuqhawe nezwe. Osebenza nabo ngokuvamile Entela ebizwa kuye "umshado wethu," ukwazi njengoba ezama chess ihlonishwe.

iqhawe emhlabeni

Ngo ubuqhawe umdlalo ngo-1972, aphethwe e Reykjavik, lapho Fischer wadlala Boris Spassky, wathola nge isikolo 12.5: 8.5.

Ukunqoba umdlalo nge Spassky Wagcina umdlalo esemthethweni eyadlalwa Fisher. Won isihloko iqhawe elisha, waqala ukudlala akuvamile, bese party ngokwethukela kuphela. Imisebenzi at tournaments ezinkulu kwakungasekho. Abantu ayephakathi kwabo waphawula okubi kakhulu nakakhulu ayesanda kuluthola nokuziqhenya iqhawe. Futhi nokugedla amazinyo ngisho ukucabanga ngalokhu kokunqotshwa kwaholela yokuthi Fischer - chess umdlali, ababengeke bakwazi Waphinda ukujabulisa abalandeli babo ukunqoba zinkulu, eqinisweni, bavela kude.

Kungani umdlalo nge Karpov

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba umdlalo nge Anatoliem Karpovym iqhawe ebusa esebeké phambili lenqwaba izidingo (64) enhlanganweni yalo futhi ukuziphatha. Abaningi babo kwakungabantu bemvelo luyingxenye esisebenzayo, nakuba abaningi babebonakala ukwazi. Kwanele ukusebenzisa njengesibonelo omunye wabo: Fischer waphoqelela emnyango ekamelweni, lapho kukhona umdlalo, zonke saziso shot headgear. Kwakukhona labo izimo, okuyizinto ngokucacile buphikisana umkhuba esungulwe ngesikhathi lolu hlobo mncintiswano. Konke lokhu kusikisela ukuthi indlela B. Fischer, umdlali chess, ababengakholelwa ukuvumela ngisho nokucabanga ukuhlulwa kwakhe, bazama ukuphazamisa umdlalo nge Umphikisi ayengaba namandla kunomFilisti kuye.

Iqhawe zamanje isungule zidingo ezilandelayo ngoba imithetho umdlalo: kufanele kuhlale abafika kwabangu-10 imidlalo ngokuwina, hhayi ukubala udonsa; sikhulile isibalo samaqembu nganoma iyiphi indlela akufanele kubhekwe ukusebenza kwezikole zokusoka; uma score 9: 9, isihloko uhlala Fischer.

Lapho bobabili amaphuzu lokuqala ubude umdlalo kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukubikezela. Wayengase izinyanga eziningana, obekungadala kungamukeleki. Ngakho-ke, ikhomishini esezingaphezu eziholayo Fide yanquma ukuthi 6 imidlalo won kuyoba okwanele. Yini Bobby "wasongela" by zokuchithwa umqhele chess, futhi umdlalo nge Karpov. Lapha, abagqugquzeli wenza ukuqashelwa. Inani imidlalo won wavuselwa 9. kuphela imfuneko eyodwa okuyinto ngokufanelekile njengezidalwa ezingaphezu kwabantu ayinangqondo futhi ngokungafanele, awahlangabezananga. Sikhuluma Bill. Phela, uma i-akhawunti esebenzayo 9: 8 esivuna Karpov ke ukuwina umdlalo olulandelayo nakanjani kudingeke sinqobe, okungukuthi, ofaka isicelo ukunqoba 2 imidlalo ezingaphezu kuka iqhawe eyayibusa.

Besabela kuleso simemo, Fischer wenqaba noma kunjalo umdlalo, okuyiwona walahlekelwa chess wakhe umqhele. Anatoly Karpov limenyezelwe iqhawe elikhulu, futhi isenzo Fisher sika isikhathi eside okuxoxwe ngazo imvelo chess.

reclusion

Bobby Fischer - umdlali chess (bheka ngezansi isithombe.), Yikuphi ine uhlamvu enjalo ome njengeqanda, emva umdlalo kuhluleke Karpov is abasahilelekile ku chess imincintiswano olusemthethweni. It is ukuthi 1976-1977, wazwakalisa isifiso ukubamba umdlalo nge iqhawe ebusa Karpov futhi nezingxoxo ngisho olwenziwa ngalolu daba laziwe. Kodwa abaphumelelanga, futhi umhlangano akazange athathe indawo. It is eyaziwa ukuthi abadlali onjalo afana ngazo Enrike Meking, Svetozar Gligoric, uViktor Korchnoi and Jan Timman, kwaba nesithakazelo Fisher njengoba izimbangi ezingaba, kodwa futhi nabo ukuba imidlalo is ingafinyeleleki.

Esikhathini yoma sekwephuzile, cindezela libike ukuthi Fischer bajoyine ihlelo lenkolo "Umhlaba Church of sokukhulekela uMdali." Nokho, ngemva kokuphela kuhlulekile zomhlaba, ngubani labikezela umholi walo, kwaphuma zehlelo.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila nokufa

Ngaphambi kuka-1992, igama chess Fischer cishe akazange avele cindezela. Ngawo lowo nyaka yahlatshwa avumelane Isiphakamiso umnikazi commercial zaseYugoslavia ukudlala umdlalo nge Anatoliem Karpovym. Fischer ukunqoba it, kodwa, njengoba kwaphawula u-abagxeki abaningi, kokubili amakhosi amakhono, kuqhathaniswa yokuthi ziye zabonisa ngawo-1970, liye lehla ngokuphawulekayo.

Ukulandela ukunqoba kwalandelwa kungamanyala, itholene phezulu namabutho ehhovisi lentela kanye US UMnyango State. Iqiniso lokuthi Fisher, ningadli iqhaza umdlalo, i- i ukuvimbela ngamazwe, esakhiwa ngo bazoyiduba eYugoslavia, wamemezela-United States. Futhi, akazange akhokhe intela ambikele. Ngemva kwalokho Bobby benza nje ngokungakhethi wakhuluma ngesimo uhulumeni wase-US. Ngenxa yalokho, wona wehlela yokuthi i-passport yakhe kwase sihoxisiwe. Lapho ngemva kwesikhathi esithile waphinde wazama ukuya e-United, waboshwa futhi wagwetshwa izinyanga 8 ejele.

Ngemva kokuboshwa kwakhe, wayephile e-Iceland, e Reykjavik. Abafile Bobby Fischer - umdlali chess, ogama biography ligcwele izenzakalo ezinjalo ezahlukene futhi iphikisana, kusukela nokwehluleka ukusebenza kwezinso 17 Januwari 2008.